Discalculia e scuola secondaria di II grado

In questa tesi ho trattato l'argomento dei Disturbi Specifici di Apprendimento (DSA), in particolar modo mi sono interessata alla Discalculia e a come si potrebbe affrontare a livello di Scuola Secondaria di II Grado. Ho approfondito in particolar modo l'argomento dell'algebra alla base dei curricula di matematica nel biennio, attraverso il supporto del software Aplusix.

Studio di fattibilità di un dispositivo medico di emergenza per l'ipotermia cerebrale in pazienti traumatizzati

Le lesioni cerebrali possono generare danni permanenti e richiedono trattamenti immediati e a lungo termine. L’ipotermia cerebrale di 1 o 2°C inibisce il rilascio di aminoacidi neuro eccitatori e interrompe la risposta infiammatoria. L'effetto è maggiore se il raffreddamento viene eseguito immediatamente dopo il trauma. Oggi il raffreddamento viene effettuato in ospedale, raramente sul luogo dell’incidente (con ghiaccio). Tale soluzione è ostacolata dall’applicazione dei collari cervicali ed è condizionata dagli effetti a breve termine del ghiaccio. In questo studio è stata effettuata un’analisi di fattibilità di un dispositivo che, alle tecnologie per l’immobilizzazione cervicale, associ l'induzione terapeutica controllata e prolungata di una lieve ipotermia cerebrale (2-3°C), tramite raffreddamento transcutaneo del sangue nelle arterie carotidee. Il lavoro è suddiviso in due fasi: 1) modellizzazione teorica del fenomeno in esame; 2) verifica dei modelli teorici mediante test in vitro. Mediante i modelli numerici, sono state calcolate le temperature e i tempi per produrre un raffreddamento di 3°C. Considerando lo scambio di calore attraverso il collo, i vasi sanguigni e i tessuti cerebrali è stato calcolato un tempo minimo di circa 50 minuti per produrre il ΔT richiesto, con l’applicazione all’esterno del collo di un dispositivo che mantenga la temperatura a 5°C. Per la verifica è stata utilizzata una carotide sintetica ed una in tessuto biologico: queste sono state immerse in un contenitore isolato contenente acqua e connesse ad un simulatore dell’apparato circolatorio. Mantenendo costante la temperatura dell’acqua circolante mediante un termostato, sono stati misurati gli abbassamenti di temperatura nel vaso in funzione di quella esterna applicata. Il raffreddamento dei tessuti è stato realizzato con una cella di Peltier. La verifica dei modelli ha evidenziato un ΔT di -2°C. Il valore è inferiore a quello ipotizzato ma può ritenersi già efficace in ambito clinico e può essere migliorato ottimizzando il sistema di raffreddamento.

Development and testing of the atlas ibl rod pre production boards

Il lavoro di questa tesi riguarda principalmente la progettazione, simulazione e test di laboratorio di tre versioni successive di schede VME, chiamate Read Out Driver (ROD), che sono state fabbricate per l'upgrade del 2014 dell'esperimento ATLAS Insertable B-Layer (IBL) al CERN. IBL è un nuovo layer che diverrà parte del Pixel Detector di ATLAS. Questa tesi si compone di una panoramica descrittiva dell'esperimento ATLAS in generale per poi concentrarsi sulla descrizione del layer specifico IBL. Inoltre tratta in dettaglio aspetti fisici e tecnici: specifiche di progetto, percorso realizzativo delle schede e test conseguenti. Le schede sono state dapprima prodotte in due prototipi per testare le prestazioni del sistema. Queste sono state fabbricate al fine di valutare le caratteristiche e prestazioni complessive del sistema di readout. Un secondo lotto di produzione, composto di cinque schede, è stato orientato alla correzione fine delle criticità emerse dai test del primo lotto. Un'indagine fine e approfondita del sistema ha messo a punto le schede per la fabbricazione di un terzo lotto di altre cinque schede. Attualmente la produzione è finita e complessivamente sono state realizzate 20 schede definitive che sono in fase di test. La produzione sarà validata prossimamente e le 20 schede verranno consegnate al CERN per essere inserite nel sistema di acquisizione dati del rivelatore. Al momento, il Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia dell'Università di Bologna è coinvolto in un esperimento a pixel solamente attravers IBL descritto in questa tesi. In conclusione, il lavoro di tesi è stato prevalentemente focalizzato sui test delle schede e sul progetto del firmware necessario per la calibrazione e per la presa dati del rivelatore.

The atmospheric stable boundary layer: Data analysis and comparison with similarity theories

The objective of this dissertation is to study the structure and behavior of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) in stable conditions. This type of boundary layer is not completely well understood yet, although it is very important for many practical uses, from forecast modeling to atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. We analyzed data from the SABLES98 experiment (Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment in Spain, 1998), and compared the behaviour of this data using Monin-Obukhov's similarity functions for wind speed and potential temperature. Analyzing the vertical profiles of various variables, in particular the thermal and momentum fluxes, we identified two main contrasting structures describing two different states of the SBL, a traditional and an upside-down boundary layer. We were able to determine the main features of these two states of the boundary layer in terms of vertical profiles of potential temperature and wind speed, turbulent kinetic energy and fluxes, studying the time series and vertical structure of the atmosphere for two separate nights in the dataset, taken as case studies. We also developed an original classification of the SBL, in order to separate the influence of mesoscale phenomena from turbulent behavior, using as parameters the wind speed and the gradient Richardson number. We then compared these two formulations, using the SABLES98 dataset, verifying their validity for different variables (wind speed and potential temperature, and their difference, at different heights) and with different stability parameters (zita or Rg). Despite these two classifications having completely different physical origins, we were able to find some common behavior, in particular under weak stability conditions.

Modelli matematici applicati alla probabilità di default nei sistemi di rating.

L'obiettivo del seguente lavoro è determinare attraverso l'uso di procedure statistico-econometriche, in particolare del metodo ECM, le previsioni per i tassi di default nel triennio 2013-2015, partendo dalle serie storiche di questi ultimi e da quelle macroeconomiche.

Dall'insieme alla struttura matematica nella scuola di oggi

Percorso didattico alternativo dall'insieme alla struttura matematica con analisi di libri di testo di scuole superiori.

Alcuni problemi additivi riguardanti i numeri primi

La tesi prende spunto da due laboratori del Piano di Lauree Scientifiche, "Numeri primi e crittografia" e "Giocare con i numeri". Si approfondiscono i problemi additivi riguardanti i numeri primi. Questi sono stati scelti per due principali motivi: la semplicità dei contenuti, che possono essere compresi dagli studenti di tutti i tipi di scuola, e la possibilità di prestarsi bene ad un approccio di tipo laboratoriale da parte degli studenti, adattabile alle diverse preparazioni matematiche e al tempo stesso in grado di stimolare curiosità su problemi ancora irrisolti. Si mostreranno metodi di risoluzione di tipo elementare ma anche metodi che coinvolgono l'analisi complessa.

Scaled down physical properties of semiconductor nanowires for nanoelectronics scaling up

Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) are one- or quasi one-dimensional systems whose physical properties are unique as compared to bulk materials because of their nanoscaled sizes. They bring together quantum world and semiconductor devices. NWs-based technologies may achieve an impact comparable to that of current microelectronic devices if new challenges will be faced. This thesis primarily focuses on two different, cutting-edge aspects of research over semiconductor NW arrays as pivotal components of NW-based devices. The first part deals with the characterization of electrically active defects in NWs. It has been elaborated the set-up of a general procedure which enables to employ Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) to probe NW arrays’ defects. This procedure has been applied to perform the characterization of a specific system, i.e. Reactive Ion Etched (RIE) silicon NW arrays-based Schottky barrier diodes. This study has allowed to shed light over how and if growth conditions introduce defects in RIE processed silicon NWs. The second part of this thesis concerns the bowing induced by electron beam and the subsequent clustering of gallium arsenide NWs. After a justified rejection of the mechanisms previously reported in literature, an original interpretation of the electron beam induced bending has been illustrated. Moreover, this thesis has successfully interpreted the formation of NW clusters in the framework of the lateral collapse of fibrillar structures. These latter are both idealized models and actual artificial structures used to study and to mimic the adhesion properties of natural surfaces in lizards and insects (Gecko effect). Our conclusion are that mechanical and surface properties of the NWs, together with the geometry of the NW arrays, play a key role in their post-growth alignment. The same parameters open, then, to the benign possibility of locally engineering NW arrays in micro- and macro-templates.

Turbulence models in the atmospheric boundary layer under convective conditions

In this work a modelization of the turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer, under convective condition, is made. For this aim, the equations that describe the atmospheric motion are expressed through Reynolds averages and, then, they need closures. This work consists in modifying the TKE-l closure used in the BOLAM (Bologna Limited Area Model) forecast model. In particular, the single column model extracted from BOLAM is used, which is modified to obtain other three different closure schemes: a non-local term is added to the flux- gradient relations used to close the second order moments present in the evolution equation of the turbulent kinetic energy, so that the flux-gradient relations become more suitable for simulating an unstable boundary layer. Furthermore, a comparison among the results obtained from the single column model, the ones obtained from the three new schemes and the observations provided by the known case in literature ”GABLS2” is made.

Origini del calcolo delle probabilità e applicazioni alla valutazione del prezzo equo di un guadagno incerto

Sfruttando un approccio di tipo ordinale all'utilità è possibile semplificare notevolmente la teoria dell'asset prices. Rappresentando le distribuzioni di probabilità attraverso i suoi momenti (non soffermandoci solo ai primi due), si riesce infatti ad ottenere una miglior valutazione dei singoli assets, portando ad un effettivo miglioramento delle performance del portafoglio.

Il Compressed Sensing

Introduzione al metodo del Compressed Sensing per il campionamento di segnali sparsi.

Transport Properties and Novel Sensing Applications of Organic Semiconducting Crystals

The present thesis is focused on the study of Organic Semiconducting Single Crystals (OSSCs) and crystalline thin films. In particular solution-grown OSSC, e.g. 4-hdroxycyanobenzene (4HCB) have been characterized in view of their applications as novel sensors of X-rays, gamma-rays, alpha particles radiations and chemical sensors. In the field of ionizing radiation detection, organic semiconductors have been proposed so far mainly as indirect detectors, i.e. as scintillators or as photodiodes. I first study the performance of 4HCB single crystals as direct X-ray detector i.e. the direct photon conversion into an electrical signal, assessing that they can operate at room temperature and in atmosphere, showing a stable and linear response with increasing dose rate. A dedicated study of the collecting electrodes geometry, crystal thickness and interaction volume allowed us to maximize the charge collection efficiency and sensitivity, thus assessing how OSSCs perform at low operating voltages and offer a great potential in the development of novel ionizing radiation sensors. To better understand the processes generating the observed X-ray signal, a comparative study is presented on OSSCs based on several small-molecules: 1,5-dinitronaphthalene (DNN), 1,8-naphthaleneimide (NTI), Rubrene and TIPS-pentacene. In addition, the proof of principle of gamma-rays and alpha particles has been assessed for 4HCB single crystals. I have also carried out an investigation of the electrical response of OSSCs exposed to vapour of volatile molecules, polar and non-polar. The last chapter deals with rubrene, the highest performing molecular crystals for electronic applications. We present an investigation on high quality, millimeter-sized, crystalline thin films (10 – 100 nm thick) realized by exploiting organic molecular beam epitaxy on water-soluble substrates. Space-Charge-Limited Current (SCLC) and photocurrent spectroscopy measurements have been carried out. A thin film transistor was fabricated onto a Cytop® dielectric layer. The FET mobility exceeding 2 cm2/Vs, definitely assess the quality of RUB films.

Nanocrystalline Silicon Based Films for Renewable Energy Applications

The present thesis is focused on the study of innovative Si-based materials for third generation photovoltaics. In particular, silicon oxi-nitride (SiOxNy) thin films and multilayer of Silicon Rich Carbide (SRC)/Si have been characterized in view of their application in photovoltaics. SiOxNy is a promising material for applications in thin-film solar cells as well as for wafer based silicon solar cells, like silicon heterojunction solar cells. However, many issues relevant to the material properties have not been studied yet, such as the role of the deposition condition and precursor gas concentrations on the optical and electronic properties of the films, the composition and structure of the nanocrystals. The results presented in the thesis aim to clarify the effects of annealing and oxygen incorporation within nc-SiOxNy films on its properties in view of the photovoltaic applications. Silicon nano-crystals (Si NCs) embedded in a dielectric matrix were proposed as absorbers in all-Si multi-junction solar cells due to the quantum confinement capability of Si NCs, that allows a better match to the solar spectrum thanks to the size induced tunability of the band gap. Despite the efficient solar radiation absorption capability of this structure, its charge collection and transport properties has still to be fully demonstrated. The results presented in the thesis aim to the understanding of the transport mechanisms at macroscopic and microscopic scale. Experimental results on SiOxNy thin films and SRC/Si multilayers have been obtained at macroscopical and microscopical level using different characterizations techniques, such as Atomic Force Microscopy, Reflection and Transmission measurements, High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The deep knowledge and improved understanding of the basic physical properties of these quite complex, multi-phase and multi-component systems, made by nanocrystals and amorphous phases, will contribute to improve the efficiency of Si based solar cells.

Measurement of CP asymmetries in $\lambda^0_b \to pk^-$ and $\lambda^0_b \to p \pi^-$ decays at LHCb

The LHCb experiment has been designed to perform precision measurements in the flavour physics sector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) located at CERN. After the recent observation of CP violation in the decay of the Bs0 meson to a charged pion-kaon pair at LHCb, it is interesting to see whether the same quark-level transition in Λ0b baryon decays gives rise to large CP-violating effects. Such decay processes involve both tree and penguin Feynman diagrams and could be sensitive probes for physics beyond the Standard Model. The measurement of the CP-violating observable defined as ∆ACP = ACP(Λ0b → pK−)−ACP(Λ0b →pπ−),where ACP(Λ0b →pK−) and ACP(Λ0b →pπ−) are the direct CP asymmetries in Λ0b → pK− and Λ0b → pπ− decays, is presented for the first time using LHCb data. The procedure followed to optimize the event selection, to calibrate particle identification, to parametrise the various components of the invariant mass spectra, and to compute corrections due to the production asymmetry of the initial state and the detection asymmetries of the final states, is discussed in detail. Using the full 2011 and 2012 data sets of pp collisions collected with the LHCb detector, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 3 fb−1, the value ∆ACP = (0.8 ± 2.1 ± 0.2)% is obtained. The first uncertainty is statistical and the second corresponds to one of the dominant systematic effects. As the result is compatible with zero, no evidence of CP violation is found. This is the most precise measurement of CP violation in the decays of baryons containing the b quark to date. Once the analysis will be completed with an exhaustive study of systematic uncertainties, the results will be published by the LHCb Collaboration.