Several neuronal and axonal types form long intrinsic connections in the cat primary auditory cortical field (AI).

Intrinsic connections in the cat primary auditory field (AI) as revealed by injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) or biocytin, had an anisotropic and patchy distribution. Neurons, labelled retrogradely with PHA-L were concentrated along a dorsoventral stripe through the injection site and rostral to it; the spread of rostrally located neurons was greater after injections into regions of low rather than high characteristic frequencies. The intensity of retrograde labelling varied from weak and granular to very strong and Golgi-like. Out of 313 Golgi like retrogradely labelled neurons 79.6% were pyramidal, 17.2% multipolar, 2.6% bipolar, and 0.6% bitufted; 13.4% were putatively inhibitory, i.e. aspiny or sparsely spiny multipolar, or bitufted. Individual anterogradely labelled intrinsic axons were reconstructed for distances of 2 to 7 mm. Five main types were distinguished on the basis of the branching pattern and the location of synaptic specialisations. Type 1 axons travelled horizontally within layers II to VI and sent collaterals at regular intervals; boutons were only present in the terminal arborizations of these collaterals. Type 2 axons also travelled horizontally within layers II to VI and had rather short and thin collateral branches; boutons or spine-like protrusions occurred in most parts of the axon. Type 3 axons travelled obliquely through the cortex and formed a single terminal arborization, the only site where boutons were found. Type 4 axons travelled for some distance in layer I; they formed a heterogeneous group as to their collaterals and synaptic specializations. Type 5 axons travelled at the interface between layer VI and the white matter; boutons en passant, spine-like protrusions, and thin short branches with boutons en passant were frequent all along their trajectory. Thus, only some axonal types sustain the patchy pattern of intrinsic connectivity, whereas others are involved in a more diffuse connectivity.

Synthesis of Best Practice for Increasing Protection and Visibility of Highway Maintenance Vehicles, CTRE Final Report Iowa DOT Project TR-475, August 2002

The purpose of this research project is to study current practices in enhancing visibility and protection of highway maintenance vehicles involved in moving operations such as snow removal and shoulder operations, crack sealing, and pothole patching. The results will enable the maintenance staff to adequately assess the applicability and impact of each strategy to their use and budget. The report’s literature review chapter examines the use of maintenance vehicle warning lights, retroreflective tapes, shadow vehicles and truck-mounted attenuators, and advanced vehicle control systems, as well as other practices to improve visibility for both snowplow operators and vehicles. The chapter concludes that the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices does not specify what color or kind of warning lights to use. Thus, a wide variety of lights are being used on maintenance vehicles. The study of the relevant literatures also suggests that there are no clear guidelines for moving work zones at this time. Two types of surveys were conducted to determine current practices to improve visibility and safety in moving work zones across the country and in the state of Iowa. In the first survey of state departments of transportation, most indicated using amber warning lights on their maintenance vehicles. Almost all the responding states indicated using some form of reflective material on their vehicles to make them more visible. Most participating states indicated that the color of their vehicles is orange. Most states indicated using more warning lights on snow removal vehicles than their other maintenance vehicles. All responding state agencies indicated using shadow vehicles and/or truck-mounted attenuators during their moving operations. In the second survey of Iowa counties, most indicated using very similar traffic control and warning devices during their granular road maintenance and snow removal operations. Mounting warning signs and rotating or strobe lights on the rear of maintenance vehicles is common for Iowa counties. The most common warning devices used during the counties’ snow removal operations are reflective tapes, warning flags, strobe lights, and auxiliary headlamps.

Design and Construction Procedures for Concrete Overlay and Widening of Existing Pavements, September 2005

State Highway Departments and local street and road agencies are currently faced with aging highway systems and a need to extend the life of some of the pavements. The agency engineer should have the opportunity to explore the use of multiple surface types in the selection of a preferred rehabilitation strategy. This study was designed to look at the portland cement concrete overlay alternative and especially the design of overlays for existing composite (portland cement and asphaltic cement concrete) pavements. Existing design procedures for portland cement concrete overlays deal primarily with an existing asphaltic concrete pavement with an underlying granular base or stabilized base. This study reviewed those design methods and moved to the development of a design for overlays of composite pavements. It deals directly with existing portland cement concrete pavements that have been overlaid with successive asphaltic concrete overlays and are in need of another overlay due to poor performance of the existing surface. The results of this study provide the engineer with a way to use existing deflection technology coupled with materials testing and a combination of existing overlay design methods to determine the design thickness of the portland cement concrete overlay. The design methodology provides guidance for the engineer, from the evaluation of the existing pavement condition through the construction of the overlay. It also provides a structural analysis of various joint and widening patterns on the performance of such designs. This work provides the engineer with a portland cement concrete overlay solution to composite pavements or conventional asphaltic concrete pavements that are in need of surface rehabilitation.

Utility Cut Repair Techniques— Investigation of Improved Cut Repair Techniques to Reduce Settlement in Repaired Areas, December 2005

Pavement settlement occurring in and around utility cuts is a common problem, resulting in uneven pavement surfaces, annoyance to drivers, and ultimately, further maintenance. A survey of municipal authorities and field and laboratory investigations were conducted to identify the factors contributing to the settlement of utility cut restorations in pavement sections. Survey responses were received from seven cities across Iowa and indicate that utility cut restorations often last less than two years. Observations made during site inspections showed that backfill material varies from one city to another, backfill lift thickness often exceeds 12 inches, and the backfill material is often placed at bulking moisture contents with no Quality control/Quality Assurance. Laboratory investigation of the backfill materials indicate that at the field moisture contents encountered, the backfill materials have collapse potentials up to 35%. Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) deflection data and elevation shots indicate that the maximum deflection in the pavement occurs in the area around the utility cut restoration. The FWD data indicate a zone of influence around the perimeter of the restoration extending two to three feet beyond the trench perimeter. The research team proposes moisture control, the use of 65% relative density in a granular fill, and removing and compacting the native material near the ground surface around the trench. Test sections with geogrid reinforcement were also incorporated. The performance of inspected and proposed utility cuts needs to be monitored for at least two more years.

Homeodomain-only protein HOP is a novel modulator of late differentiation in keratinocytes.

The homeodomain-only protein (HOP) contains an atypical homeodomain which is unable to bind to DNA due to mutations in residues important for DNA binding. Recently, HOP was reported to regulate proliferation/differentiation homeostasis in different cell types. In the present study, we performed transcriptional profiling of cultured primary human keratinocytes and noted a robust induction of HOP upon calcium-induced cell differentiation. Immunohistochemistry of human skin localized HOP to the granular layer in the epidermis. Overexpression of HOP using a lentiviral vector up-regulated FLG and LOR expression during keratinocyte differentiation. Conversely, decreasing HOP expression using small interfering RNA markedly reduced the calcium-induced expression of late markers of differentiation in vitro, with the most prominent effect on profilaggrin (FLG) mRNA. Moreover, mRNA levels of profilaggrin and loricrin were downregulated in the epidermis of HOP knockout mice. Analysis of skin disorders revealed altered HOP expression in lichen planus, psoriasis and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Our data indicate that HOP is a novel modulator of late terminal differentiation in keratinocytes.

Silencing mutant ataxin-3 rescues motor deficits and neuropathology in machado-joseph disease transgenic mice.

Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) or spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is an autosomal dominantly-inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by the over-repetition of a CAG codon in the MJD1 gene. This expansion translates into a polyglutamine tract that confers a toxic gain-of-function to the mutant protein - ataxin-3, leading to neurodegeneration in specific brain regions, with particular severity in the cerebellum. No treatment able to modify the disease progression is available. However, gene silencing by RNA interference has shown promising results. Therefore, in this study we investigated whether lentiviral-mediated allele-specific silencing of the mutant ataxin-3 gene, after disease onset, would rescue the motor behavior deficits and neuropathological features in a severely impaired transgenic mouse model of MJD. For this purpose, we injected lentiviral vectors encoding allele-specific silencing-sequences (shAtx3) into the cerebellum of diseased transgenic mice expressing the targeted C-variant of mutant ataxin-3 present in 70% of MJD patients. This variation permits to discriminate between the wild-type and mutant forms, maintaining the normal function of the wild-type allele and silencing only the mutant form. Quantitative analysis of rotarod performance, footprint and activity patterns revealed significant and robust alleviation of gait, balance (average 3-fold increase of rotarod test time), locomotor and exploratory activity impairments in shAtx3-injected mice, as compared to control ones injected with shGFP. An important improvement of neuropathology was also observed, regarding the number of intranuclear inclusions, calbindin and DARPP-32 immunoreactivity, fluorojade B and Golgi staining and molecular and granular layers thickness. These data demonstrate for the first time the efficacy of gene silencing in blocking the MJD-associated motor-behavior and neuropathological abnormalities after the onset of the disease, supporting the use of this strategy for therapy of MJD.

Molecular and cellular analysis of genodermatoses

Summary Skin is the essential interface between our body and its environment; not only does it prevent water loss and protect us from external insults it also plays an essential role in the central nervous system acting as a major sense organ primarily for touch and pain. The main cell type present in skin, keratinocyte, undergoes a differentiation process leading to the formation of this protecting barrier. This work is intended to contribute to the understanding of how keratinocyte differentiates and skin functions. To do this, we studied two genetic skin diseases: Erythrokeratodermia variabilis and Mal de Meleda. Our approach was to examine the expression and localization of proteins implicated in these two pathologies in normal and diseased tissues and to determine the influence of mutant proteins at the molecular and cellular levels. Connexins are major components of gap junctions, channels allowing direct communication between cells. Our laboratory has identified mutations in both connexin 30.3 (Cx30.3) and 31 (Cx31) to be causally involved in erythrokeratodermia variabilis (EKV), an autosomal dominant disorder of keratinization. In the first chapter, we show a new mutation of Cx31, L209P-Cx31, in 3 EKV patients, extending the field of EKV-causing mutations although the mechanism by which connexin mutations lead to the disease is unclear. In the second chapter, we studied the effect of F137L-Cx30.3 on expression, trafficking and localization of cotransfected Cx31 and Cx30.3 in connexin-deficient HeLa cells. The F137 amino acid, highly conserved in connexin family, is oriented towards the channel pore and F137L mutation in either Cx30.3 or Cx31 lead to EKV. As two genes can lead to EKV when mutated, our hypothesis was that Cx31 and Cx30.3 might cooperate at a molecular level. We were able to demonstrate a physical interaction between Cx31 and Cx30.3. The presence of F137L-Cx30.3 disturbed the trafficking of both connexins, less connexins were integrated into gap junctions and thus, the coupling between cell was diminished. Connexins formed in the presence of F137L-Cx30.3 are degraded at their exit from the endoplasmic reticulum. In conclusion, our results indicate that the genetic heterogeneity of EKV is due to mutations in two interacting proteins. F137L-Cx30.3 has a dominant negative effect and affects Cx31, disturbing cellular communication in epidermal cells. Mal de Meleda is an autosomal recessive inflammatory and a keratotic palmoplantar skin disorder due to mutations in SLURP1 (secreted LY6/PLAUR-related protein 1). SLURP1 belongs to the LY6/PLAUR family of proteins and has the particularity of being secreted instead of being GPI-anchored. The high degree of structural similarity between SLURP1 and the three fingers motif of snake neurotoxins and LYNX 1-C suggests that this protein could interact with the neuronal acetylcholine receptors. In the third chapter, we show that SLURP1 potentiates responses of the a7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAchR) to acetylcholine. These results identify SLURP1 as a secreted epidermal neuromodulator that is likely to be essential for palmoplantar skin. In the fourth chapter, we show that SLURP1 is expressed in the granular layer of the epidermis but is absent from skin biopsies of Mal de Meleda patients. SLURP1 is also present in secretions such as sweat, tears or saliva. An in vitro analysis on two mutant of SLURP-I demonstrates that W15R-SLURP1 is absent in cells while G86R-SLURP1 is expressed and secreted, suggesting that SLURP1 can lead to the disease by either an absent or an abnormal protein. Finally, in the fifth chapter, we analyse the expression and biological properties of other LY6/PLAUR members, clustered around SLURP] on chromosome 8. Their GPI-anchored or secreted status were analysed in vitro. SLURP1, LYNX1-A and -B are secreted while LYPDC2 and LYNX 1-C are GPI anchored. Three of these proteins are expressed in the epidermis and in cultured keratinocytes. These results suggest that these LY6/PLAUR members may have an important role in skin homeostasis. Résumé Résumé La peau est la barrière essentielle entre notre corps et l'environnement, nous protégeant des agressions extérieures, de la déshydratation et assurant aussi un rôle dans le système nerveux central en tant qu'organe du toucher et de la douleur. Le principal type de cellules présent dans la peau est le kératinocyte qui suit un processus de différenciation aboutissant à la formation de cette barrière protectrice. Ce travail est destiné à comprendre la différenciation des kératinocytes et le fonctionnement de la peau. Pour cela, nous avons étudié deux maladies génodermatoses : l'Erthrokeratodermia Variabilis (EKV) et le Mal de Meleda. Nous avons examiné l'expression et la localisation des protéines impliquées dans ces deux pathologies dans des tissus normaux et malades puis déterminé l'influence des protéines mutantes aux niveaux moléculaires et cellulaires. Les connexines (Cx) sont les composants majeurs des jonctions communicantes, canaux permettant la communication directe entre les cellules. Notre laboratoire a identifié des mutations dans les Cx30.3 et Cx31 comme responsables de l'EKV, génodermatose de transmission autosomique dominante. Dans le ler chapitre, nous décrivons une nouvelle mutation de Cx31, L209-Cx31, et contribuons à l'établissement du catalogue des mutations de Cx31 entraînant cette maladie. Cependant, le mécanisme par lequel les mutations de Cx31 et C3x0.3 provoquent l'EKV est inconnu. Dans le 2ème chapitre, nous étudions les effets de la mutation F137L-Cx30.3 sur l'expression, le trafic et la localisation des Cx31 et Cx30.3 transfectées dans des cellules HeLa, déficientes en connexines. Comme deux gènes peuvent causer une EKV quand ils sont mutés, notre hypothèse était que Cx31 et Cx30.3 pourraient coopérer au niveau moléculaire. Nous avons montré l'existence d'une interaction physique entre ces deux connexines. La présence de la mutation F137L-Cx30.3 perturbe le trafic des deux connexines, moins de connexines sont intégrées dans les jonctions communicantes et donc le couplage entre les cellules est diminué. Les connexons formés en présence de cette mutation sont dégradés à leur sortie du réticulum endoplasmique. En conclusion, nos résultats indiquent que l'hétérogénéité génétique de EKV est due à des mutations dans deux protéines qui interagissent. F137L-Cx30.3 a un effet dominant négatif et affecte Cx31, perturbant la communication entre les cellules épidermiques. Le Mal de Meleda est une maladie récessive de la peau palmoplantaire due à des mutations dans SLURP1. SLURP1 appartient à la famille des protéines contenant un domaine LY6/PLAUR et a la particularité d'être sécrétée. La grande homologie de structure existant entre SLURP1, les neurotoxines de serpent et LYNX1-C suggère que la protéine pourrait interagir avec des récepteurs à acétylcholine (Ach). Dans le 3ème chapitre, nous montrons que SLURP1 module la réponse à l'Ach du récepteur nicotinique α7. Ces résultats identifient SLURP1 comme un neuromodulateur épidermique sécrété, probablement essentiel pour la peau palmoplantaire. Dans le 4ème chapitre, nous montrons que SLURP1 est exprimé dans la couche granuleuse de l'épiderme et qu'il est absent des biopsies des patients. SLURP1 a aussi été détecté dans des sécrétions telles que la sueur, les lamies et la salive. Une analyse in vitro de deux mutants de SLURP1 a montré que W15R-SLURP1 est absent des cellules tandis que G86R-SLURP1 est exprimé et sécrété, suggérant qu'une absence ou une anomalie de SLURP1 peuvent causer la maladie. Finalement, dans le 5ème chapitre, nous analysons l'expression et les propriétés biologiques d'autres membres de la famille LY6/PLAUR localisés autour de SLURP1 sur le chromosome 8. Leur statut de protéines sécrétées ou liées à la membrane par une ancre GPI est analysé in vitro. SLURP1, LYNXI-A et -B sont sécrétées alors que LYPDC2 et LYNX1-C sont liés à la membrane. Trois de ces protéines sont exprimées dans l'épiderme et dans des kératinocytes cultivés. Ces résultats suggèrent que la famille LY6/PLAUR pourrait avoir un rôle important dans l'homéostasie de la peau.

Effective Shoulder Design and Maintenance, 2007

Granular shoulders are an important element of the transportation system and are constantly subjected to performance problems due to wind- and water-induced erosion, rutting, edge drop-off, and slope irregularities. Such problems can directly affect drivers’ safety and often require regular maintenance. The present research study was undertaken to investigate the factors contributing to these performance problems and to propose new ideas to design and maintain granular shoulders while keeping ownership costs low. This report includes observations made during a field reconnaissance study, findings from an effort to stabilize the granular and subgrade layer at six shoulder test sections, and the results of a laboratory box study where a shoulder section overlying a soft foundation layer was simulated. Based on the research described in this report, the following changes are proposed to the construction and maintenance methods for granular shoulders: • A minimum CBR value for the granular and subgrade layer should be selected to alleviate edge drop-off and rutting formation. • For those constructing new shoulder sections, the design charts provided in this report can be used as a rapid guide based on an allowable rut depth. The charts can also be used to predict the behavior of existing shoulders. • In the case of existing shoulder sections overlying soft foundations, the use of geogrid or fly ash stabilization proved to be an effective technique for mitigating shoulder rutting.

Experiments on substratum roughness, grainsize and volume influence on the motion and spreading of rock avalanches

The main objective of the research is to link granular physics with the modelling of rock avalanches. Laboratory experiments consist to find a convenient granular material, i.e. grainsize and physical behaviour, and testing it on simple slope geometry. When the appropriate sliding material is selected, we attempted to model the debris avalanche and the spreading on a slope with different substratum to understand the relationship between the volume and the reach angle, i.e. angle of the line joining the top of the scar and the end of the deposit. For a better understanding of the mass spreading, the deposits are scanned with a laser scanner. Datasets are compared to see how the grain size and volume influence a debris avalanche. The relationship between the roughness and grainsize of the substratum shows that the spreading of the sliding mass is increased when the roughness of the substratum starts to be equivalent or greater than the grainsize of the flowing mass. The runout distance displays a more complex relationship, because a long runout distance implies that grains are less spread. This means that if the substratum is too rough the distance diminishes, as well if it is too smooth because the effect on the apparent friction decreases. Up to now our findings do not permit to validate any previous model (Melosh, 1987; Bagnold 1956).

Mineralogia da fração argila e estrutura de latossolos da região sudeste do Brasil

Este trabalho objetivou estudar a relação entre os constituintes mineralógicos da fração argila e o desenvolvimento da micro e macroestrutura de Latossolos do sudeste brasileiro. Para tanto, foram obtidas amostras do horizonte B de sete Latossolos, representativos deste grupamento, ocorrentes nos estados de Minas Gerais e Espírito Santo. As diferentes amostras foram submetidas à caracterização morfológica, química, física, mineralógica e micromorfológica. A partir dos diferentes resultados, foi possível concluir que caulinita e gibbsita são os principais constituintes mineralógicos responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento da estrutura dos Latossolos estudados. Latossolos cauliníticos apresentam estrutura em blocos, reflexo do ajuste face a face das placas de caulinita, enquanto os gibbsíticos apresentam estrutura granular, reflexo da ausência daquele ajuste.

Atributos micromorfológicos de solos do Projeto Jaíba, norte de Minas Gerais

Amostras indeformadas de horizontes representativos de solos do Projeto Jaíba, norte de Minas Gerais, e camadas compactadas e não compactadas de solos sob uso intensivo foram coletadas e analisadas micromorfologicamente, com vistas em obter maiores informações relativas ao seu grau de evolução e avaliar as alterações causadas nos solos pelo uso agrícola. Foram estudados quatro solos derivados de calcário (P1, P2, P3 e P4) e um originado a partir de sedimentos detríticos (P5), além das camadas com e sem indícios de compactação. A micromorfologia revelou que os solos apresentam características bastante distintas e variáveis, dependendo da classe e do material de origem. O Cambissolo originado de calcário tem como característica marcante o fluxo vertical de sílica e argila, sem, no entanto, caracterizar horizonte B textural, além de maior desenvolvimento de estrutura em blocos. O Cambissolo originado de sedimentos detríticos apresenta fluxo lateral de argila, presença marcante de cutãs de difusão de ferro e estrutura menos desenvolvida tendendo a granular. O Podzólico Vermelho-Escuro apresentou estrutura em blocos e presença de cutãs de deposição, muitos destes incorporados pela matriz, o que pode indicar transição para Latossolo. Os Latossolos apresentam-se com estrutura granular, mas esta é muito menos desenvolvida que a observada para os Latossolos gibbsíticos já analisados no País, o que pode indicar um menor grau de evolução destes solos. A atividade da fauna parece ser o principal agente responsável pelo desenvolvimento da microestrutura do Podzólico e dos Latossolos. Quanto à compactação, a micromorfologia relevou diferenças na organização do plasma e na forma dos poros, quando se compararam camadas compactadas com não compactadas. De maneira geral, o plasma das camadas compactadas é mais denso e os poros se apresentam alterados em razão do esforço físico impingido aos solos.

Caracterização micropedológica de solos reabilitados após exploração de bauxita em Porto Trombetas (PA)

Foi realizado um estudo micromorfológico em solos alterados após a exploração de bauxita, em sítios recuperados entre 1981 e 1987, em comparação ao Latossolo Amarelo inalterado (LA), como referência, para subsidiar indicadores de recuperação dos solos. O estudo foi desenvolvido no Platô Saracá, na mina de bauxita de Porto Trombetas, município de Oriximiná, no estado do Pará. Técnicas micromorfológicas e uso de microssonda de EDS, microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura foram avaliadas em conjunto com dados físicos e químicos dos solos alterados e do LA, nas profundidades de 0-10 e 40-50 cm. O Latossolo Amarelo mostrou forte microestrutura granular, enquanto os solos alterados apresentaram grande variabilidade em microestrutura e feições micropedológicas. O retorno do horizonte superficial, rico em matéria orgânica, favoreceu a microagregação. De modo geral, os solos alterados mostraram maior massividade e agregados mais coalescidos, em relação ao LA de referência. Análises microquímicas de EDS comprovaram a heterogeneidade dos solos superficiais alterados, com ocorrência de nódulos gibbsíticos, ferruginosos, concreções, agregados cauliníticos e plasma dominado por argilominerais 1:1, sob intensa pedobioturbação.

Mineralogia, micromorfologia e gênese de solos planossólicos do Sertão do Araripe, estado de Pernambuco

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se realizar a caracterização mineralógica e micromorfológica de solos planossólicos do Sertão do Araripe, estado de Pernambuco, visando proporcionar melhor entendimento de suas propriedades e dos processos envolvidos em sua gênese. Tais solos foram, até então, pouco estudados e se caracterizam pela ocorrência de um horizonte B plânico subjacente a um horizonte B textural, plíntico ou não. No município de Ouricuri, foram selecionados três perfis representativos destes solos, classificados como: Plintossolo Argilúvico eutrófico planossólico sódico (perfil 1); Argissolo Amarelo eutrófico planossólico solódico (perfil 2) e Argissolo Amarelo eutrófico plíntico planossólico sódico (perfil 3). A mineralogia das frações calhau e cascalho foi determinada macroscopicamente, enquanto a da areia, por lupa binocular. As frações silte e argila foram analisadas por difratometria de raios X. As descrições micromorfológicas foram realizadas em seções delgadas de amostras de horizontes selecionados. A fração areia destes solos é essencialmente composta por quartzo, mas feldspatos e mica também ocorrem a partir do horizonte 2Btbn. O silte é basicamente constituído por quartzo, feldspatos e mica. A argila é composta por caulinita, mica, interestratificados irregulares, esmectita e quartzo, ocorrendo as maiores quantidades de esmectita e interestratificados nos horizontes 2Btbn e 2BCn. O horizonte B plânico (2Btbn) apresenta microestrutura em blocos angulares e expressivos argilãs (de iluviação e intemperização), enquanto o horizonte Bt sobrejacente apresenta microestrutura granular e ausência de qualquer tipo de argilã. A disparidade observada na mineralogia da fração argila e as distintas feições micromorfológicas corroboram a identificação de uma mudança de material de origem entre os horizontes Bt e B plânico dos solos estudados. A posição do horizonte B plânico, que apresenta muitos argilãs de iluviação, e a ausência de características que evidenciem mobilização de argila do Bt precedente revelam uma paleopedogênese para o solo. Estes resultados indicam que os solos foram desenvolvidos em duas etapas. As rochas do embasamento cristalino sofreram uma primeira pedogênese, da qual o marco atual de evidência é a camada de litofragmentos, em sua maioria arestados, que ocorre no topo do B plânico, e que foi, provavelmente, acumulada pela erosão diferencial, formando um pavimento desértico. Posteriormente, os solos foram recobertos por camadas de sedimentos intemperizados, relacionados com a Chapada do Araripe, que se misturaram, em proporções variadas, ao material já edafizado das rochas do embasamento. Estes materiais estão, desde sua deposição, sendo retrabalhados pelos processos pedogenéticos atuais.

Mineralogia, morfologia e análise microscópica de solos do bioma cerrado

As características macro e micromorfológicas dos horizontes diagnósticos superficiais e subsuperficiais de Latossolos e Neossolos Quartzarênicos das superfícies Sul-Americana e Velhas foram estudadas em perfis sob cobertura de vegetação nativa, visando estabelecer um referencial para futuras comparações com áreas similares sob constante intervenção antrópica em termos de sustentabilidade. Com os solos referenciados por sub-região e pela superfície geomórfica que representam, três agrupamentos foram constituídos: Grupo 1: solos de textura argilosa a muito argilosa e hipo a mesoférricos; Grupo 2: solos de textura média a arenosa e hipoférricos, e Grupo 3: solos de textura argilosa a muito argilosa e férricos. O horizonte Bw dos Latossolos argilosos e muito argilosos estudados (Grupos 1 e 3), com relações cauliníticas/(caulinita + gibbsita) variando de 0,27 a 0,77, apresentaram grande coincidência de estrutura e microestrutura, respectivamente, forte muito pequena granular e de microagregados. Os solos do Grupo 2, Latossolos de textura média e um Neossolo Quartzarênico, apresentaram o plasma preferencialmente como películas aderidas aos grãos que dominam o fundo matricial. A presença marcante de agregados na fração areia, resistentes ao tratamento para dispersão da terra fina, se deu apenas nos Latossolos argilosos e muito argilosos do Grupo 3 (com caráter férrico) e em parte do Grupo 1 (naqueles mais gibbsíticos). No leste de Goiás, o horizonte Bw dos perfis de G2, Latossolos Amarelos de mineralogia gibbsítica e isenta de hematita, apresentaram feições observadas em lâmina delgada de cor vermelha e agregados residuais da fração areia com hematita detectada pela difração de raios-X, aspectos que corroboram a hipótese de um pedoambiente mais úmido dessa posição na paisagem relativamente à posição G1, com perfis de Latossolos Vermelhos.

Gênese e micromorfologia de solos sob vegetação xeromórfica (caatinga) na região dos Lagos (RJ)

Na região dos Lagos do Rio de Janeiro, a existência de um clima mais seco condiciona um ambiente peculiar no sudeste brasileiro, com forte tendência à salinização e xerofitismo. Foram realizados estudos físicos, químicos, mineralógicos e micromorfológicos em transectos de solos da região. Os solos são eutróficos, considerando a ciclagem de nutrientes, o baixo grau de intemperismo e a presença de minerais primários com reserva de nutrientes. Os perfis mais desenvolvidos e latolizados são eutróficos e mostram evidências de pré-intemperismo em condições mais úmidas, nos topos mais conservados da região. Estes Latossolos (P2 e P7) são cauliníticos, com microestrutura granular, e apresentam índice Ki, feições micromorfológicas e submicroscópicas, relação Fe o/Fe d e valores de Fe-ataque sulfúrico típicas da classe. Apresentam também goethita, ilita e gibbsita, subordinadamente. A presença de ilita, a reserva em K e o caráter "intergrade" indicam menor grau de evolução dos Latossolos da região em relação aos Latossolos típicos da região Sudeste. Todos os solos estudados são geneticamente policíclicos e revelam uma tendência atual à acidificação superficial, mostrando que, em tempos subatuais relativamente recentes, prevaleceram condições de sazonalidade mais pronunciadas. Em subsuperfície, a acidificação provoca a desestabilização dos minerais 2:1 expansíveis e liberação de Al e Mg estruturais para formas mais solúveis, originando desbalanço da relação Ca:Mg no horizonte B. Há um papel destacado do Na e, ou, Na + Mg na dispersão de colóides, tendo como conseqüências os valores de argila dispersa nos solos e o gradiente textural observados. Teores elevados de Na e K trocáveis são atribuíveis a "sprays" salinos da laguna nos horizontes superficiais, além do intemperismo de plagioclásios de Na e Ca e feldspatos potássicos em subsuperfície. Pelo fracionamento de substâncias húmicas, observou-se uma tendência à formação e migração de complexos orgânicos por soluções ricas em sódio, como fulvatos e humatos de sódio, conforme mostram as altas e significativas correlações entre o Na trocável e as frações fúlvicas e húmicas.