Caracterização do tolueno e o seu tempo de permanência na atmosfera terrestre

O tolueno é um poluente atmosférico com potencial de aquecimento global (Global warming potential, GWP) e que contribui para a formação tanto de ozono troposférico como de aerossóis orgânicos secundários (AOS), dois elementos participativos nos mecanismos das alterações climáticas. As principais fontes de emissões para a atmosfera terrestre são principalmente pela queima de combustíveis fósseis e biomassa, na qual a principal fonte emissora é através do uso da gasolina, tintas, solventes e fumo de cigarros. Nesta dissertação foi estudada a relevância do tolueno na atmosfera terrestre e analisado detalhadamente o espectro de foto-absorção na região do ultravioleta do vácuo (UVV) por radiação sincrotrão, tendo-se identificado várias transições eletrónicas. O foco principal deste estudo recaiu nos dois mecanismos da sua degradação, i.e. por mecanismos de reação química com radicais livres presentes na atmosfera terrestre bem como através do processo de fotólise. O processo mais eficiente de remoção do tolueno da atmosfera terrestre a baixas altitudes, (< 20 km) é através de reações com radicais OH●. Para o estudo do segundo processo de degradação do tolueno, determinaram-se as taxas de fotólise para várias altitudes na troposfera (0 - 10 km) e na estratosfera (10 - 50 km) através de um modelo matemático, assim como os seus tempos de residência deste poluente nas mesmas altitudes da atmosfera terrestre. As taxas de fotólise determinadas foram superiores e competitivas com os processos químicos para altitudes mais elevadas i.e. a partir dos 20 km de altitude.

Production of secondary metabolites in cell suspension cultures of Ocimum sanctum L.

Dissertação de mestrado em Plant Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioentrepreneurship

Remoção fotocatalítica de micropoluentes em meios porosos funcionalizados

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil

Incidencia de la mutación del gen braf en pacientes de Córdoba (Argentina) con melanoma.

El melanoma es un tumor originado en los melanocitos con alta capacidad metastatizante, que puede originarse en la piel, las mucosas u otras localizaciones. Su incidencia y la mortalidad de los pacientes a aumentado en las últimas décadas. La frecuencia es muy variable en diferentes partes del mundo y los factores de riesgo son tanto genéticos como ambientales: La mutación más importante descubierta en el melanoma no familiar es el del gen BRAF, presente hasta en el 66% de los melanomas según estudios(17),principalmente la V600E, en personas jóvenes (hasta 40 años) y en áreas de exposición solar intermitente como el tronco y miembros inferiores. La expansión del conocimiento de la genética y los avances en la inmunidad anti-tumoral proporcionan un rico terreno para el despliegue de nuevas terapéuticas. La mutación del gen BRAF en la actualidad representa el principal biomarcador genético. Sorafenib, un inhibidor de BRAF, tiene un efecto citostático en la mayoría de los melanomas con mutaciones que afectan a la proteína cinasa activada por mitógenos (MAPK). Los agentes terapéuticos, de ser eficaces, deberán ser seleccionados de acuerdo a las vías relacionadas con las mutaciones genéticas presentes en el melanoma. Dado estos avances se abre una gran posibilidad terapéutica para aquellos melanomas que presentarían este tipo de mutaciones. Nuestro objetivo es, determinar la mutación V600E del gen BRAF en pacientes con diagnóstico histopatológico de melanoma de la ciudad de Córdoba y relacionar la con la edad del paciente en el momento del diagnóstico, sexo, fototipo , antecedentes de melanoma en familiares de 1 y 2 grado , de foto exposición y variante clínica y localización del melanoma.

INCIDENCIA DE LA MUTACIÓN DEL GEN BRAF EN PACIENTES DE CÓRDOBA (ARGENTINA) CON MELANOMA.

El melanoma es un tumor originado en los melanocítos con alta capacidad metastatizante, que puede originarse en la piel, las mucosas u otras localizaciones. Su incidencia y la mortalidad de los pacientes a aumentado en las últimas décadas. La frecuencia es muy variable en diferentes partes del mundo y los factores de riesgo son tanto genéticos como ambientales: La mutación más importante descubierta en el melanoma no familiar es el del gen BRAF, presente hasta en el 66% de los melanomas según estudios(17),principalmente la V600E, en personas jóvenes (hasta 40 años) y en áreas de exposición solar intermitente como el tronco y miembr inferiores. La expansión del conocimiento de la genética y los avances en la inmunidad anti-tumoral proporcionan un rico terreno para el despliegue de nuevas terapéuticas. La mutación del gen BRAF en la actualidad representa el principal biomarcador genético. Sorafenib, un inhibidor de BRAF, tiene un efecto citostático en la mayoría de los melanomas con mutaciones que afectan a la proteína cinasa activada por mitógenos (MAPK). Los agentes terapéuticos, de ser eficaces, deberán ser seleccionados de acuerdo a las vías relacionadas con las mutaciones genéticas presentes en el melanoma. Dado estos avances se abre una gran posibilidad terapéutica para aquellos melanomas que presentarían este tipo de mutaciones. Nuestro objetivo es, determinar la mutación V600E del gen BRAF en pacientes con diagnostico histopatológico de melanoma de la ciudad de Córdoba y relacionar la con la edad del paciente en el momento del diagnóstico, sexo, fototipo , antecedentes de melanoma en familiares de 1 y 2 grado , de foto exposición y variante clínica y localización del melanoma.

Desarrollo de sistemas nano/micro-particulados con aplicación en la fotodegradación selectiva de contaminantes orgánicos en solución. Development of nano / micro-particles systems with application to selective photodegradation of organic pollutants in solution.

IDENTIFICACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA DE ESTUDIO. Las sustancias orgánicas solubles en agua no biodegradables tales como ciertos herbicidas, colorantes industriales y metabolitos de fármacos de uso masivo son una de las principales fuentes de contaminación en aguas subterráneas de zonas agrícolas y en efluentes industriales y domésticos. Las reacciones fotocatalizadas por irradiación UV-visible y sensitizadores orgánicos e inorgánicos son uno de los métodos más económicos y convenientes para la descomposición de contaminantes en subproductos inocuos y/o biodegradables. En muchas aplicaciones es deseable un alto grado de especificidad, efectividad y velocidad de degradación de un dado agente contaminante que se encuentra presente en una mezcla compleja de sustancias orgánicas en solución. En particular son altamente deseables sistemas nano/micro -particulados que formen suspensiones acuosas estables debido a que estas permiten una fácil aplicación y una eficaz acción descontaminante en grandes volúmenes de fluidos. HIPÓTESIS Y PLANTEO DE LOS OBJETIVOS. El objetivo general de este proyecto es desarrollar sistemas nano/micro particulados formados por polímeros de impresión molecular (PIMs) y foto-sensibilizadores (FS). Un PIMs es un polímero especialmente sintetizado para que sea capaz de reconocer específicamente un analito (molécula plantilla) determinado. La actividad de unión específica de los PIMs en conjunto con la capacidad fotocatalizadora de los sensibilizadores pueden ser usadas para lograr la fotodescomposición específica de moléculas “plantilla” (en este caso un dado contaminante) en soluciones conteniendo mezclas complejas de sustancias orgánicas. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS A UTILIZAR. Se utilizaran técnicas de polimerización en mini-emulsión para sintetizar los sistemas nano/micro PIM-FS para buscar la degradación de ciertos compuestos de interés. Para caracterizar eficiencias, mecanismos y especificidad de foto-degradación en dichos sistemas se utilizan diversas técnicas espectroscópicas (estacionarias y resueltas en el tiempo) y de cromatografía (HPLC y GC). Así mismo, para medir directamente distribuciones de afinidades de unión y eficiencia de foto-degradación se utilizaran técnicas de fluorescencia de molécula/partícula individual. Estas determinaciones permitirán obtener resultados importantes al momento de analizar los factores que afectan la eficiencia de foto-degradación (nano/micro escala), tales como cantidad y ubicación de foto- sensibilizadores en las matrices poliméricas y eficiencia de unión de la plantilla y los productos de degradación al PIM. RESULTADOS ESPERADOS. Los estudios propuestos apuntan a un mejor entendimiento de procesos foto-iniciados en entornos nano/micro-particulados para aplicar dichos conocimientos al diseño de sistemas optimizados para la foto-destrucción selectiva de contaminantes acuosos de relevancia social; tales como herbicidas, residuos industriales, metabolitos de fármacos de uso masivo, etc. IMPORTANCIA DEL PROYECTO. Los sistemas nano/micro-particulados PIM-FS que se propone desarrollar en este proyecto se presentan como candidatos ideales para tratamientos específicos de efluentes industriales y domésticos en los cuales se desea lograr la degradación selectiva de compuestos orgánicos. Los conocimientos adquiridos serán indispensables para construir una plataforma versátil de sistemas foto-catalíticos específicos para la degradación de diversos contaminantes orgánicos de interés social. En lo referente a la formación de recursos humanos, el proyecto propuesto contribuirá en forma directa a la formación de 3 estudiantes de postgrado y 2 estudiantes de grado. En las capacidades institucionales se contribuirá al acondicionamiento del Laboratorio para Microscopía Óptica Avanzada (LMOA) en el Dpto. de Química de la UNRC y al montaje de un sistema de microscopio de fluorescencia que permitirá la aplicación de técnicas avanzadas de espectroscopia de fluorescencia de molecula individual. Water-soluble organic molecules such as certain non-biodegradable herbicides, industrial dyes and metabolites of widespread use drugs are a major source of pollution in groundwater from agricultural areas and in industrial and domestic effluents. Photo-catalytic reactions by UV-visible irradiation and organic sensitizers are one of the most economical and convenient methods for the decomposition of pollutants into harmless byproducts. In many applications it is highly desirable a high degree of specificity, effectiveness and speed of degradation of specific pollutants present in a complex mixture. In particular nano/micro-particles systems that form stable aqueous suspensions are highly desirable because they allow for easy application and effective decontamination of large volumes of fluids. Herein we propose the development of nano/micro particles composed by molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) and photo-sensitizers (PS). The specific binding of MIP and the photo-catalytic ability of the sensitizers are used to achieve the photo-decomposition of specific "template" molecules in complex mixtures. Mini-emulsion polymerization techniques will be used to synthesize nano/micro MIP-FS systems. Spectroscopy (steady-state and time resolved) and chromatography (GC and HPLC) will be used to characterize efficiency, mechanisms and specificity of photo-degradation in these systems. In addition single molecule/particle fluorescence spectroscopy techniques will be used to directly measure distributions of binding affinities and photo-degradation efficiency in individual particles. The proposed studies point to a more detailed understanding of the factors affecting the photo-degradation efficiency in nano/micro-particles and to apply that knowledge in the design of optimized systems for photo-selective destruction of socially relevant aqueous pollutants.

Revisão e atualização da lista das aves do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Neste artigo, a lista das aves do estado do Rio Grande do Sul (281.749 km²) é revisada e atualizada. A inclusão de espécies na lista seguiu dois critérios principais: (i) ocorrência no estado documentada por evidência tangível - pele ou espécime completo, foto, vídeo ou gravação de áudio - publicada na literatura ou disponível para verificação independente em coleções ou arquivos científicos de acesso público, ou (ii) pelo menos um registro no estado acompanhado de evidência não-material que permita a identificação segura do táxon, tal como um relato circunstanciado, publicado ou fornecido aos autores, contendo descrição detalhada ou referência às características diagnósticas observadas. Espécies com registros específicos para o estado que não estão em conformidade com esses critérios não foram incluídas na lista principal e foram consideradas "prováveis" ou "hipotéticas", de acordo com as evidências disponíveis e a coerência distribucional dos registros existentes. A lista resultante contém 661 espécies, das quais 649 estão documentadas por evidências físicas. Outras 10 e 16 espécies são consideradas de ocorrência provável e hipotética, respectivamente. Em comparação com a lista anterior, 44 espécies foram adicionadas e sete táxons foram excluídos ou substituídos, resultando em um incremento de 37 espécies. Fregetta grallaria (Vieillot, 1818), Polytmus guainumbi (Pallas, 1764), Nonnula rubecula (Spix, 1824), Stymphalornis acutirostris Bornschein, Reinert & Teixeira, 1995, Fluvicola albiventer (Spix, 1825) e Xenopsaris albinucha (Burmeister, 1869) são aqui mencionadas para o estado pela primeira vez. O número de espécies adicionadas desde a última revisão da lista corresponde a um aumento médio de pouco mais de quatro espécies por ano. A análise retrospectiva das adições recentes indica que o número de espécies de aves com ocorrência assumida no Rio Grande do Sul deverá continuar crescendo a uma taxa similar ao longo da próxima década. Em vista disso, são propostas ações práticas para aperfeiçoar o processo de revisão da lista estadual no futuro. Também é recomendada a aplicação de critérios adequados para distinguir entre extensões e expansões de distribuição, e entre casos de vagância e pseudo-vagância, para que as novas ocorrências de aves registradas no estado ao longo do tempo possam ser mais bem interpretadas.

O virus do mixoma no coelho do mato (Sylvilagus minenses), sua transmissão pelos Aedes scapularis e aegypti

The brazilian wild rabbit (Sylvilagus minensis) is sensible to the virus of the mixomatosis but the desease takes on it a mild character, lasts for long time and generally do not kill the animal. The tumors are generally smaller and less numerous than those of the domestic rabbit, but sometimes there were noted large and flat lesions (fig. 3). The natural infection of the wild rabbit may be quite common not only because many rabbits caught in the country were found to be immune as also because it was found among the animals caught in the country near Rio, one that was infected with mixomatosis. The experimental infection of the Sylvilagus may be easily obtained by cutan, subcutan or conjuntival way and also when a health wild rabbit is placed in the same cage with a sick domestic animal. It is also possible to obtain the infection of the wild and domestic rabbits by the bite of infected blood sucking insects as fleas and mosquitoes. The infected mosquito can transmit the disease 2 or 3 times til 17 days after an infective meal on a sick rabbit. The transmission is a mecanical one and only the proboscis of the insect contains the virus as it was shown by the inoculation of emulsions of the proboscis, thorax and abdomen of the mosquito. Though mecanical this kind of transmission acts as an important epidemiological mean of dissemination of the deseasse and splains the suddendly outbreaks of mixomatosis in rabbits breedings where no new rabbits were introduced since very long time. The transmition of mixomatosis by fleas (Slenopsylla) was at first demonstrated by us, then S. Torres pointed out the capacity of Culex fatigans to transmit the desease and now we have proved that Aedes scapularis and Aedes aegypti were also able to transmit it (Foto 1 and 2). The virus of the mixomatosis (Chlamidozoon mixoma) is seen on the smeavs of the tumors of the wild reabbit with the same morphology, as in the material of the domestic animal.

Diagnostic interview for genetic studies (DIGS): inter-rater and test-retest reliability of the French version.

The National Institute of Mental Health developed the semi-structured Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS) for the assessment of major mood and psychotic disorders and their spectrum conditions. The DIGS was translated into French in a collaborative effort of investigators from sites in France and Switzerland. Inter-rater and test-retest reliability of the French version have been established in a clinical sample in Lausanne. Excellent inter-rater reliability was found for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, and unipolar schizoaffective disorder while fair inter-rater reliability was demonstrated for bipolar schizoaffective disorder. Using a six-week test-retest interval, reliability for all diagnoses was found to be fair to good with the exception of bipolar schizoaffective disorder. The lower test-retest reliability was the result of a relatively long test-retest interval that favored incomplete symptom recall. In order to increase reliability for lifetime diagnoses in persons not currently affected, best-estimate procedures using additional sources of diagnostic information such as medical records and reports from relatives should supplement DIGS information in family-genetic studies. Within such a procedure, the DIGS appears to be a useful part of data collection for genetic studies on major mood disorders and schizophrenia in French-speaking populations.

Quality assurance in the EORTC 22033-26033/CE5 phase III randomized trial for low grade glioma: the digital individual case review.

INTRODUCTION: The phase III EORTC 22033-26033/NCIC CE5 intergroup trial compares 50.4 Gy radiotherapy with up-front temozolomide in previously untreated low-grade glioma. We describe the digital EORTC individual case review (ICR) performed to evaluate protocol radiotherapy (RT) compliance. METHODS: Fifty-eight institutions were asked to submit 1-2 randomly selected cases. Digital ICR datasets were uploaded to the EORTC server and accessed by three central reviewers. Twenty-seven parameters were analysed including volume delineation, treatment planning, organ at risk (OAR) dosimetry and verification. Consensus reviews were collated and summary statistics calculated. RESULTS: Fifty-seven of seventy-two requested datasets from forty-eight institutions were technically usable. 31/57 received a major deviation for at least one section. Relocation accuracy was according to protocol in 45. Just over 30% had acceptable target volumes. OAR contours were missing in an average of 25% of cases. Up to one-third of those present were incorrectly drawn while dosimetry was largely protocol compliant. Beam energy was acceptable in 97% and 48 patients had per protocol beam arrangements. CONCLUSIONS: Digital RT plan submission and review within the EORTC 22033-26033 ICR provide a solid foundation for future quality assurance procedures. Strict evaluation resulted in overall grades of minor and major deviation for 37% and 32%, respectively.

EORTC Radiation Oncology Group quality assurance platform: establishment of a digital central review facility.

OBJECTIVE: Quality assurance (QA) in clinical trials is essential to ensure treatment is safely and effectively delivered. As QA requirements have increased in complexity in parallel with evolution of radiation therapy (RT) delivery, a need to facilitate digital data exchange emerged. Our objective is to present the platform developed for the integration and standardization of QART activities across all EORTC trials involving RT. METHODS: The following essential requirements were identified: secure and easy access without on-site software installation; integration within the existing EORTC clinical remote data capture system; and the ability to both customize the platform to specific studies and adapt to future needs. After retrospective testing within several clinical trials, the platform was introduced in phases to participating sites and QART study reviewers. RESULTS: The resulting QA platform, integrating RT analysis software installed at EORTC Headquarters, permits timely, secure, and fully digital central DICOM-RT based data review. Participating sites submit data through a standard secure upload webpage. Supplemental information is submitted in parallel through web-based forms. An internal quality check by the QART office verifies data consistency, formatting, and anonymization. QART reviewers have remote access through a terminal server. Reviewers evaluate submissions for protocol compliance through an online evaluation matrix. Comments are collected by the coordinating centre and institutions are informed of the results. CONCLUSIONS: This web-based central review platform facilitates rapid, extensive, and prospective QART review. This reduces the risk that trial outcomes are compromised through inadequate radiotherapy and facilitates correlation of results with clinical outcomes.

Disseny i desenvolupament d'una botiga online

Aquest projecte consisteix en dissenyar i crear una aplicació web que cobreixi les necessitats de comerç electrònic d’una empresa que es dedica als consumibles d’informàtica. L’aplicació a implementar contindrà un catàleg de productes amb totes les seves característiques (preu, foto, descripció) part principal de la botiga virtual. També hi haurà un servei d’enregistrament per dur a terme el procés de compra amb èxit que proporcionarà les dades del client. També existirà la possibilitat per part de l’usuari d’escollir entre diverses formes de pagament i d’enviament del producte. A més hi haurà un panell d’administració a disposició del venedor per poder gestionar la botiga virtual de manera senzilla i còmoda.

Fotocatalog : sistema de catalogació multimèdia

Multimèdia, vídeo, foto, metadades, mediateca, catalogació, cerca, visualització, paraulesclau.

Dissociation of allocentric and egocentric orientation: Effect on hippocampal place cells and place navigation

Navigation by means of cognitive maps appears to require the hippocampus; hippocampal place cells (PCs) appear to store spatial memories because their discharge is confined to cell-specific places called firing fields (FFs). Experiments with rats manipulated idiothetic and landmark-related information to understand the relationship between PC activity and spatial rotation. Rotating a circular arena in the caused a discrepancy between these cuse. This discrepancy caused most FFs to disappear in both the arena and room reference frames. However, FFs persisted in the rotating arena frame when the discrepancy was reduced by darkness or by a card in the arena. The discrepancy was increased by "field clamping" the rat in a room-defined FF location by rotations that countered its locomotion. Most FFs disspared and reappeared an hour or more after the clamp. Place-avoidance experiments showed that navigation uses independent idiothetic and exteroceptive memories. Rats learned to avoid the unmarked footshock region within a circular arena. When acquired on the stable arena in the light, the location of the punishment was learned by using both room and idiothetic cues; extinction in the dark transferred to the following session in the light. If, however, extinction occured during rotation, only the arena-frame avoidance was extinguished in darkness; the room-defined location was avoided when the light were turned back on. Idiothetic memory of room-defined avoidance was not formed during rotation in light; regardless of rotation with a randomly dispersed pellet. The resulting behaviour alternated between random pellet searching and target-directed navigation, making it possible to examine PC correlates of these two classes of spatial behaviour. The independence of idiothetic and exteroceptive spatial memories and the disruption of PC firing during rotation suggest that PCs may not be necessary for spatial cognition; this idea can be tested by recording during place-avoidance and preference tasks.