Seasonal flight and resource collection patterns of colonies of the stingless bee Melipona bicolor schencki Gribodo (Apidae, Meliponini) in an Araucaria forest area in southern Brazil

Melipona bicolor schencki occurs in southern Brazil and at high elevations in southeastern Brazil. It has potential for use in meliponiculture but this stingless bee species is vulnerable to extinction and we have little knowledge about its ecology. In order to gather essential information for species conservation and management, we made a study of seasonal flight activities in its natural environment. We sampled bees entering the nests with pollen, nectar/water and resin/mud, in five colonies during each season. In parallel, we analyzed the influence of hour of the day and meteorological factors on flight activity. Flights were most intense during spring and summer, with daily mean estimates of 2,100 and 2,333 flights respectively, while in fall and winter the daily flight estimate was reduced to 612 and 1,104 flights, respectively. Nectar and water were the most frequently-collected resources, followed by pollen and building materials. This preference occurred in all seasons, but with variations in intensity. During spring, daily flight activity lasted over 14 hours; this period was reduced in the other seasons, reaching eight hours in winter. Meteorological factors were associated with 40.2% of the variation in flight and resource collection activity. Apparently, other factors that we did not measure, such as colony needs and availability of floral resources, also strongly influence the intensity of resource collection.

Host preference of the egg parasitoids Telenomus remus and Trichogramma pretiosum in laboratory

Host preference of the egg parasitoids Telenomus remus and Trichogramma pretiosum in laboratory. This research aimed to evaluate the host preference of the egg parasitoids Telenomus remus and Trichogramma pretiosum. Trials were carried out in laboratory, under controlled environmental conditions (25 ± 2ºC temperature; 70 ± 10% RH; and 14 h photophase). The parasitoid searching behavior was evaluated based on the distribution (%) of eggs parasitized by each parasitoid, on egg masses of each host species. Results showed the host preference of T. remus by Spodoptera cosmioides eggs. T. pretiosum, reared in A. gemmatalis eggs, choose to parasitize always eggs of the host where the parasitoid had been reared. The egg preference was not observed when T. pretiosum was reared in S. frugiperda eggs. These results show that, in general, host preference of T. remus is less influenced by the host where it is developed than T. pretiosum. Host preference is an important parameter for biological control programs because more than one pest species may occur in the field, different from those where they were reared in the laboratory.

Ultramorphological features of the egg of Telmatoscopus albipunctatus (Williston) (Diptera, Psychodidae)

Ultramorphological features of the egg of Telmatoscopus albipunctatus (Williston) (Diptera, Psychodidae). Psychodidae flies, also known as sewage, sand and filter flies are important for medical and veterinary purposes. General information about life cycle and adult habits is available, but few species are known about the egg morphology. Therefore, in this study, the egg ultramorphology of Telmatoscopus albipunctatus (Williston, 1893) was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy to describe its structure, generating data for further comparison between different fly species and genera. General aspects of T. albipunctatus egg are similar to other Psychodidae; egg measuring approximately 0.4 mm in length and 0.1 mm in width. However, based on the continuous and discontinuous longitudinal ridge sculptures observed on the exochorion, which can be species-specific, we can infer that T. albipunctatus eggs can survive under dry or moist conditions, making their control much more difficult. Our data emphasize the advantages of the electron microscope approach in the study of the exochorion patterns. Eggshell morphology of T. albipunctatus can be used as basis for further studies and as a tool to compare different species of Psychodidae flies.

A catalogue of types of Conopoidea, Diopsoidea, Nerioidea and Tephritoidea (Diptera, Schizophora) in the collection of the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo

A catalogue is provided with the type material of four superfamilies of "Acalyptrate" (Conopoidea, Diopsoidea, Nerioidea and Tephritoidea) held in the collection of the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP), São Paulo, Brazil. Concerning the taxa dealt with herein, the Diptera collection of MZUSP held 77 holotypes, 4 "allotypes" and 194 paratypes. In this paper, information about data labels, preservation and missing structures of the type specimens is given.

Catalogue d'une collection précieuse de tableaux et dessins des meilleurs maîtres des trois écoles, bronzes, marbres, terres cuites... dont la vente se fera... le lundi 15 et jours suivans du mois de mars 1779 . Par N. F. J. Boileau,...

[Vente (Art). 1779-03-15. Paris]

Catalogue des dessins anciens du Moyen-Age et de la Renaissance (XVe et XVIe siècles), Oeuvres de J. Amman, B. Beham, P. Brueghel, H. Burgkmair, L. Cambiaso, J. Cousin, A. Durer, H. Goltzius, U. Graf, Lagneau, E. de Laune, F. Mazzuola, M. Ostendrofer, J. Palma, Le Primatice, B. Ramenghi, D. Robusti, J. Romain, T. Stimmer, P. Vénronèse, L. de Vinci, etc., etc. ; Dessins, pastels, aquarelles des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècle par N. Berchem, Brauwer, A. Guyp, Dumonstier, C. Dusart, A. Van Dyck, J.-H. Fragonard, Cl. Gellée, Van Goyen, J. Jordaens, J. Lievens, G. Metzu, I. Moucheron, R. Nanteuil, A. Van Ostade, A. Pajou, J.-B. Perronneau, P. Potter, N. Poussin, Rembrandt, P.-P. Rubens, J. Ruysdael, G.-B. Tiepolo, A. et W. Van de Velde, C. Visscher, A. Watteau, etc., etc., composant la collection de M. A. Beurdeley et dont la vente [6e vente] aux enchères publiques, après décès, aura lieu Galerie Georges Petit, 8, rue de Sèze, les mardi 8, mercredi 9 et jeudi 10 juin 1920 / Commissaires-priseurs, Me F. Lair-Dubreuil, Me Henri Baudoin ; experts M. Jules Féral, M. Marius Paulme ; [préface de Marcel Nicolle]

[Vente (Art). 1920-06-08 - 1920-06-10. Paris]

Audit report on the Iowa Egg Council for the year ended June 30, 2008

Audit report on the Iowa Egg Council for the year ended June 30, 2008

Adaptive sequence evolution in a color gene involved in the formation of the characteristic egg-dummies of male haplochromine cichlid fishes.

BACKGROUND: The exceptionally diverse species flocks of cichlid fishes in East Africa are prime examples of parallel adaptive radiations. About 80% of East Africa's more than 1 800 endemic cichlid species, and all species of the flocks of Lakes Victoria and Malawi, belong to a particularly rapidly evolving lineage, the haplochromines. One characteristic feature of the haplochromines is their possession of egg-dummies on the males' anal fins. These egg-spots mimic real eggs and play an important role in the mating system of these maternal mouthbrooding fish. RESULTS: Here, we show that the egg-spots of haplochromines are made up of yellow pigment cells, xanthophores, and that a gene coding for a type III receptor tyrosine kinase, colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor a (csf1ra), is expressed in egg-spot tissue. Molecular evolutionary analyses reveal that the extracellular ligand-binding and receptor-interacting domain of csf1ra underwent adaptive sequence evolution in the ancestral lineage of the haplochromines, coinciding with the emergence of egg-dummies. We also find that csf1ra is expressed in the egg-dummies of a distantly related cichlid species, the ectodine cichlid Ophthalmotilapia ventralis, in which markings with similar functions evolved on the pelvic fin in convergence to those of the haplochromines. CONCLUSION: We conclude that modifications of existing signal transduction mechanisms might have evolved in the haplochromine lineage in association with the origination of anal fin egg-dummies. That positive selection has acted during the evolution of a color gene that seems to be involved in the morphogenesis of a sexually selected trait, the egg-dummies, highlights the importance of further investigations of the comparative genomic basis of the phenotypic diversification of cichlid fishes.

Egg parasitoids of Edessa meditabunda (Fabricius) (Pentatomidae) in lettuce crop

Egg parasitoids of Edessa meditabunda (Fabricius) (Pentatomidae) in lettuce crop. This study evaluated the occurrence of parasitoids in eggs of the stink bug, Edessa meditabunda (Fabricius, 1794) (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae) found on lettuce crop in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Samples were collected in the vegetable garden "Cheiro Verde", in the municipality of Tangará da Serra, in curly lettuce. A bed of lettuce was selected randomly, where the eggs of E. meditabunda were collected. Five-hundred and seventy eight eggs of E. meditabunda were collected, 86.3% of them parasitized by Telenomus podisi Ashmead, 1893 (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae), Trissolcus urichi Crawford, 1913 (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae) and Neorileya albipes Girault, 1913 (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae), representing respectively 57.0%, 38.2% and 4.8% of the emerged individuals. This is the first record of these three species parasitizing eggs of E. meditabunda in lettuce.

La Manie épistolaire : d'une analyse textuelle à une poétique des lettres asilaires conservées à la Collection de l'Art Brut

Relevant globalement de l'analyse de discours, cette thèse se propose en deux temps (questions de méthode, puis analyses) d'étudier dans le détail et d'interpréter des lettres asilaires initialement gardées au sein d'archives médicales de différents hôpitaux psychiatriques de Suisse romande et désormais conservées à la Collection de l'Art Brut, à Lausanne. Ce transfert institutionnel noue le problème central posé par le corpus recueilli : quelle lecture accorder à ces productions qui, dans ces conditions, semblent échapper à toute catégorisation générique a priori ou, en reformulant l'interrogation, en quoi est-ce que les oeuvres d'art brut dépassent-elles leur statut de documents cliniques? Pour répondre à cette ample question, il faut une théorie du langage qui conceptualise des modalités de réception. En l'occurrence, les textes retenus sont abordés à partir de la théorie de Yénonciation, élaborée au moins depuis Emile Benveniste, qui implique de saisir le langage non à partir de la perspective de l'interprété mais depuis celle de l'interprétant.¦Une fois ce fondement énonciatif posé, de nombreux problèmes peuvent être posés et permettent d'architecturer le travail. L'énonciation installe en premier lieu l'univers du discours, qui implique de tenir globalement compte du primat de l'interdiscursivité, autant dans le geste raisonné de constitution du corpus que dans la conduite de son interprétation. En l'occurrence, la thématique de la folie est ici centrale : les production retenues ont en effet d'abord fait l'objet du diagnostic psychiatrique et y ont eu valeur de symptômes ; elles ont ensuite intégré les rangs de la Collection de l'Art Brut, dont les principaux artisans (Jean Dubuffet et Michel Thévoz en tête) ont beaucoup insisté sur le renouvellement du regard à apporter sur la folie, celle-ci y étant considérée pour ses vertus créatrices et contestatrices.¦Le cadrage (doublement) dialogique du corpus implique à grands traits de lier la folie et le langage ou, plus spécifiquement, de faire de la folie non plus une pathologie mais un problème de (théorie du) langage. Pour conceptualiser ce passage, les notions de manie et de manière (Dessons) sont primordiales. La première est dotée d'une mémoire psychiatrique et fait de la folie une maladie mentale dont souffre un individu doté de son empirie et d'une psycho-biologie. La seconde, en revanche, est énonciative et concerne la subjectivation d'un langage, si spécifique qu'il implique de sortir des catégories linguistiques conventionnelles pour le désigner et le décrire, inaptes à le rationaliser. La manière rejoint donc la folie parce qu'elle rend, littéralement, fou (elle déstabilise nos grilles préformatées de lecture). En ce sens, elle implique, dans le discours, de passer d'une énonciation qui n'est pas une simple interlocution (où le langage permet à un sujet de communiquer à propos de quelque chose à un autre sujet) à une énonciation dont la réception fait problème.¦Pour saisir cette énonciation dans le discours, il importe de se débarrasser d'une rhétorique des genres pour passer, radicalement, à une poétique de Γénonciation. La rhétorique ne peut appréhender la spécificité des textes retenus ou, autrement dit, leur mode propre de signifier, pour plusieurs raisons : elle se centre sur les effets provoqués par le discours sur un « auditoire » en vue de certaines visées préalables, elle instrumentalise le langage à des fins uniquement communicatives, elle repose sur un réalisme linguistique (le rapport presque naturel entre le signifiant et le concept qu'il est censé transcrire de façon transparente), elle n'a pas de théorie du sujet (sinon un bien trop flou « locuteur »).¦Une poétique de l'énonciation offre « au contraire » (l'opposition est caricaturale ici) l'avantage de traiter dans le discours d'une énonciation qui n'est pas pensée à partir de modèles collectifs (genres, signe linguistique, ...). Dans ce dernier cas, l'appréhension du discours ne peut considérer que des variations (quand ce n'est pas des « déviances » ou des symptômes) internes à tel ou tel modèle générique, pas remis en cause comme tel. En somme, une poétique renverse la pensée du langage : elle ne l'appréhende plus à partir de catégories qui lui sont externes, mais s'intéresse à des « procédés » indésignables a priori, ou, plus globalement, à un mode spécifique de signifier, c'est-à-dire qu'il ne « fait sens » que pour un seul langage - et pas un autre.¦Le langage est alors si subjectivé qu'il confond son statut d'objet avec celui de sujet. Pour preuve, on ne le désigne plus dans le discours à partir d'une catégorie sociale générique (« c'est une lettre »), mais à partir d'un « nom d'auteur » ou, plus spécifiquement, une manière (« c'est un Aloïse », par exemple pour le cas d'une oeuvre apparentée à l'art brut), sujet théorique de l'énonciation artistique. Cette forme-sujet, comme la nommait Henri Meschonnic dans sa théorie dite du poème, se reconnaît dans l'unité (sémantique) du texte et ouvre dans le discours à un système-sujet d'organisation identifiable à l'échelle élargie d'une oeuvre. Elle permet d'inscrire pleinement la démarche dans le cadre englobant non seulement de l'analyse du discours mais aussi d'une anthropologie linguistique.¦En somme, l'objet au centre de nos préoccupations fait de ce passage (d'une rhétorique à une poétique) un problème épistémologique. Les oeuvres d'art brut impliquent de passer d'une discursivité à une autre, d'une folie psychiatrique à une folie artistique, déplaçant la folie dans le champ social. Le langage dessine bel et bien la société. Ce travail permet finalement de comprendre la contribution du langage à la construction des réalités sociales, dans l'élaboration du sens qui s'y fabrique. Son orientation herméneutique aboutit à identifier une nouvelle figure de l'altérité, inscrite au sein même de la pensée linguistique.

Egg laying site selection by a host plant specialist leaf miner moth at two intra-plant levels in the northern Chilean Atacama Desert

Egg laying site selection by a host plant specialist leaf miner moth at two intra-plant levels in the northern Chilean Atacama Desert. The spatial distribution of the immature stages of the leaf miner Angelabella tecomae Vargas & Parra, 2005 was determined at two intra-plant levels (shoot and leaflet) on the shrub Tecoma fulva fulva (Cav.) D. Don (Bignoniaceae) in the Azapa valley, northern Chilean Atacama Desert. An aggregated spatial pattern was detected for all the immature stages along the shoot, with an age dependent relative position: eggs and first instar larvae were clumped at apex; second, third and fourth instar larvae were mostly found at intermediate positions; meanwhile the spinning larva and pupa were clumped at basis. This pattern suggests that the females select new, actively growing leaflets for egg laying. At the leaflet level, the immature stages were found more frequently at underside. Furthermore, survivorship was higher for larvae from underside mines. All these results highlight the importance of an accurate selection of egg laying site in the life history of this highly specialized leaf miner. By contrast, eventual wrong choices in the egg laying site selection may be associated with diminished larval survivorship. The importance of the continuous availability of new plant tissue in this highly human modified arid environment is discussed in relation with the observed patterns.

No impact of Bt soybean that express Cry1Ac protein on biological traits of Euschistus heros (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) and its egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae)

No impact of Bt soybean that express Cry1Ac protein on biological traits of Euschistus heros (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) and its egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae). Biological traits of the stink bug Euschistus heros and its main biological control agent Telenomus podisi were evaluated under controlled environmental conditions (25 ± 2ºC; 60 ± 10% RH; and 14/10 h photoperiod) by placing first instar nymphs into Petri dishes with pods originating from two soybean isolines (Bt-soybean MON 87701 × MON 89788, which expresses the Cry1Ac protein, and its near non-Bt isoline A5547) where they remained until the adult stage. Due to gregarious behavior exhibited by first instar nymphs, they were individualized only when at the second instar. Adults were separated by sex and weighed, and pronotum width of each individual was subsequently measured. They were placed into plastic boxes containing soybean grains of the same soybean isoline as food source. Egg viability and female fecundity were assessed in adult individuals. Adult females of T. podisi (up to 24h old) were placed with eggs of E. heros from mothers reared on both soybean isolines. Nymphal development time, insect weight, pronotum width, sex ratio, female fecundity, and egg viability (% emergence) of Euschistus heros did not differ between treatments. Eggto-adult development time, female longevity, sex ratio, and percentage of parasitized eggs were not impacted by the Bt-soybean (expressing Cry1Ac protein). Results indicate that the Bt-soybean, MON 87701 × MON 89788, has no direct significant impact on the two studied species.

Larval development of Physocephala (Diptera, Conopidae) in the bumble bee Bombus morio (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Larval development of Physocephala (Diptera, Conopidae) in the bumble bee Bombus morio (Hymenoptera, Apidae). In the summer of 2012, a high incidence of conopid larvae was observed in a sample of female B. morio collected in remaining fragments of semidecidual forest and Cerrado, in the municipality of Sorocaba, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The larval development of conopid flies was studied, beginning at the larval instars (LO to L3) and PUP, until the emergence of the imago under laboratory conditions and inside the host. At the first instar, or LO, the microtype larvae measured less than 1 mm in length. During the transition from L1 to L3, the larvae grew in length. At L3, the larvae doubled their length (4 mm) and then started to develop both in length and width, reaching the PUP stage with 10 mm in length and 7 mm in width. The main characteristic that differentiates L3 from the early instars is the larger body size and the beginning of posterior spiracle development. The development from PUP to puparium took less than 24h. The bees died ten days after the fly oviposition, or just before full PUP development. The early development stages (egg-LO to L1) were critical for larva survival. The pupa was visible between the intersegmental sternites and, 32 days after pupation, a female imago of Physocephala sp. emerged from one bee. The puparium and the fly measured approximately 10 mm in length. In a single day of collection, up to 45% of the bumble bees collected were parasitized by conopid flies.