Étude du comportement des fluides magnétorhéologiques (MR) en compression-cisaillement simultanée

Les fluides magnétorhéologiques (MR) sont des fluides intelligents dont la viscosité apparente peut être modifiée rapidement (<1ms) par l'application d'un champ magnétique externe. À l'aide de cette caractéristique unique, les embrayages MR permettent de moduler rapidement un couple entre deux surfaces sans contact mécanique direct. De construction simple et robuste, les embrayages MR offrent ainsi un potentiel remarquable d'innovation pour diverses applications robotiques nécessitant un contrôle rapide et une haute fiabilité, comme dans les domaines de l'automobile [10], de l'aéronautique [16] ou de l'interaction humaine [77]. À ce jour, les embrayages MR exploitent le fluide MR strictement en cisaillement pur. Dans de telles conditions, la densité de couple des embrayages est limitée par l'optimisation de la mécanique des embrayages (ex. : poids) [63] et les propriétés fondamentales des fluides MR (ex. : contrainte) [11]. Alors qu'en cisaillement pur, la contrainte des fluides MR est limitée à ∼100 kPa, des études récentes démontrent qu'elle peut être augmentée d'un ordre de grandeur (>1000 kPa) lorsque le fluide MR est soumis à une compression, avant d'être cisaillé [89]. La combinaison de la compression et du cisaillement du fluide MR pourrait ainsi décupler la densité de couple des embrayages MR, mais ce phénomène d'agrégation assistée par compression, aussi appelé squeeze-strengthening ou super-strong} (SS), est toujours très mal compris. Beaucoup d'incertitude persiste quant à l'origine exacte du phénomène [45], des conditions qui le favorisent [55] [75] et des effets qu'il engendre [31]. Dans le but ultime d'augmenter la densité de couple des embrayages MR à l'aide du phénomène SS, le présent projet de recherche vise à étudier le comportement rhéologique des fluides MR dans des conditions de compression et de cisaillement simultané afin d'en comprendre les conditions qui favorisent le phénomène d'augmentation des contraintes. Pour ce faire, un banc d'essai permettant la compression pure, le cisaillement pur et la compression-cisaillement simultanée des fluides MR est conçu et utilisé pour étudier le fluide MR lorsque soumis à des conditions de chargement typique des embrayages MR. Les résultats expérimentaux issus de cette vaste étude expérimentale permettront d'établir un lien direct entre ce phénomène et le celui de filtration, duquel un modèle prédictif sera proposé. À l'aide du modèle théorique, le phénomène SS sera étudié à l'aide de diverses compositions de fluide MR (ex. : concentration, taille des particules, viscosité) et différentes géométries de compression, ce qui permettra de valoriser le modèle pour la conception préliminaire d'embrayages MR qui exploitent le phénomène SS.

BATTERY POWERED PORTABLE VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE SYSTEM WITH PCM CONDENSER

A battery powered air-conditioning device was developed to provide an improved thermal comfort level for individuals in inadequately cooled environments. This device is a battery powered air-conditioning system with the phase change material (PCM) for heat storage. The condenser heat is stored in the PCM during the cooling operation and is discharged while the battery is charged by using the vapor compression cycle as a thermosiphon loop. The main focus of the current research was on the development of the cooling system. The cooling capacity of the vapor compression cycle measured was 165.6 W with system COP at 2.85. It was able to provide 2 hours cooling without discharging heat to the ambient. The PCM was recharged in nearly 8 hours under thermosiphon mode.

Compression stockings and the prevention of symptomatic venous thromboembolism: data from the Tinzaparin in Acute Ischaemic Stroke Trial

Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a well recognised and preventable complication of acute stroke. While graduated compression stockings reduce the risk of VTE in surgical patients their benefit in acute stroke remains uncertain. Methods: The relationship between symptomatic VTE and use of stockings using observational data from the ‘Tinzaparin in Acute Ischaemic Stroke Trial’, which compared 10 days of treatment with tinzaparin (175 IU.kg-1 or 100 IU.kg-1) with, aspirin (300 mg od), was assessed using logistic regression adjusted for known VTE risk factors and treatment. Results: Symptomatic VTE occurred in 28 patients (1.9%, DVT 18, PE 13) within 15 days of enrolment in 1,479 patients. Patients wearing one or two stockings for any period of time during the first 10 days (n=803) had a non-significant increase (odds ratio, OR 2.45, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.95 - 6.32) in the risk of symptomatic VTE. In contrast, those wearing bilateral stockings for 10 days (n=374) had a non-significant reduction in the odds of symptomatic VTE as compared to those who wore no stockings or wore them for less than 10 days (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.26-1.65). Mild stroke and treatment with tinzaparin were associated with a reduced risk of VTE. Conclusions: Bilateral graduated compression stockings may reduce the incidence of VTE by one-third in patients with acute ischaemic stroke. However, the uncertainty in this finding, low frequency of symptomatic VTE, potential for stockings to cause harm, and cost of stockings highlight the need for a large randomised-controlled trial to examine the safety and efficacy of stockings in acute stroke.

3D Porous Architecture of Stacks of β-TCP Granules Compared with That of Trabecular Bone: A microCT, Vector Analysis, and Compression Study

International audience

The impact of mechanical compression on cortical microtubules in Arabidopsis: a quantitative pipeline

Exogenous mechanical perturbations on living tissues are commonly used to investigate whether cell effectors can respond to mechanical cues. However, in most of these experiments, the applied mechanical stress and/or the biological response are described only qualitatively. We developed a quantitative pipeline based on microindentation and image analysis to investigate the impact of a controlled and prolonged compression on microtubule behaviour in the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem, using microtubule fluorescent marker lines. We found that a compressive stress, in the order of magnitude of turgor pressure, induced apparent microtubule bundling. Importantly, that response could be reversed several hours after the release of compression. Next, we tested the contribution of microtubule severing to compression-induced bundling: microtubule bundling seemed less pronounced in the katanin mutant, in which microtubule severing is dramatically reduced. Conversely, some microtubule bundles could still be observed 16 hours after the release of compression in the spiral2 mutant, in which severing rate is instead increased. To quantify the impact of mechanical stress on anisotropy and orientation of microtubule arrays, we used the nematic tensor based FibrilTool ImageJ/Fiji plugin. To assess the degree of apparent bundling of the network, we developed several methods, some of which were borrowed from geostatistics. The final microtubule bundling response could notably be related to tissue growth velocity that was recorded by the indenter during compression. Because both input and output are quantified, this pipeline is an initial step towards correlating more precisely the cytoskeleton response to mechanical stress in living tissues.

Nonlinear combining and compression in multicore fibers

We demonstrate numerically light-pulse combining and pulse compression using wave-collapse (self-focusing) energy-localization dynamics in a continuous-discrete nonlinear system, as implemented in a multicore fiber (MCF) using one-dimensional (1D) and 2D core distribution designs. Large-scale numerical simulations were performed to determine the conditions of the most efficient coherent combining and compression of pulses injected into the considered MCFs. We demonstrate the possibility of combining in a single core 90% of the total energy of pulses initially injected into all cores of a 7-core MCF with a hexagonal lattice. A pulse compression factor of about 720 can be obtained with a 19-core ring MCF.

Optimisation thermodynamique d’un procédé solaire utilisant un système de réfrigération à éjecto-compression pour la production du froid

L’objectif essentiel de cette thèse est de développer un système industriel de réfrigération ou de climatisation qui permet la conversion du potentiel de l’énergie solaire en production du froid. Ce système de réfrigération est basé sur la technologie de l’éjecto-compression qui propose la compression thermique comme alternative économique à la compression mécanique coûteuse. Le sous-système de réfrigération utilise un appareil statique fiable appelé éjecteur actionné seulement par la chaleur utile qui provient de l’énergie solaire. Il est combiné à une boucle solaire composée entre autres de capteurs solaires cylindro-paraboliques à concentration. Cette combinaison a pour objectif d’atteindre des efficacités énergétiques et exergétiques globales importantes. Le stockage thermique n’est pas considéré dans ce travail de thèse mais sera intégré au système dans des perspectives futures. En première étape, un nouveau modèle numérique et thermodynamique d’un éjecteur monophasique a été développé. Ce modèle de design applique les conditions d’entrée des fluides (pression, température et vitesse) et leur débit. Il suppose que le mélange se fait à pression constante et que l’écoulement est subsonique à l’entrée du diffuseur. Il utilise un fluide réel (R141b) et la pression de sortie est imposée. D’autre part, il intègre deux innovations importantes : il utilise l'efficacité polytropique constante (plutôt que des efficacités isentropiques constantes utilisées souvent dans la littérature) et n’impose pas une valeur fixe de l'efficacité du mélange, mais la détermine à partir des conditions d'écoulement calculées. L’efficacité polytropique constante est utilisée afin de quantifier les irréversibilités au cours des procédés d’accélérations et de décélération comme dans les turbomachines. La validation du modèle numérique de design a été effectuée à l’aide d’une étude expérimentale présente dans la littérature. La seconde étape a pour but de proposer un modèle numérique basé sur des données expérimentales de la littérature et compatible à TRNSYS et un autre modèle numérique EES destinés respectivement au capteur solaire cylindro-parabolique et au sous-système de réfrigération à éjecteur. En définitive et après avoir développé les modèles numériques et thermodynamiques, une autre étude a proposé un modèle pour le système de réfrigération solaire à éjecteur intégrant ceux de ses composantes. Plusieurs études paramétriques ont été entreprises afin d’évaluer les effets de certains paramètres (surchauffe du réfrigérant, débit calorifique du caloporteur et rayonnement solaire) sur sa performance. La méthodologie proposée est basée sur les lois de la thermodynamique classique et sur les relations de la thermodynamique aux dimensions finies. De nouvelles analyses exergétiques basées sur le concept de l’exergie de transit ont permis l'évaluation de deux indicateurs thermodynamiquement importants : l’exergie produite et l’exergie consommée dont le rapport exprime l’efficacité exergétique intrinsèque. Les résultats obtenus à partir des études appliquées à l’éjecteur et au système global montrent que le calcul traditionnel de l’efficacité exergétique selon Grassmann n’est désormais pas un critère pertinent pour l'évaluation de la performance thermodynamique des éjecteurs pour les systèmes de réfrigération.

Vocabulary Transfer and Knowledge Distillation for Language Model Compression

Natural Language Processing (NLP) has seen tremendous improvements over the last few years. Transformer architectures achieved impressive results in almost any NLP task, such as Text Classification, Machine Translation, and Language Generation. As time went by, transformers continued to improve thanks to larger corpora and bigger networks, reaching hundreds of billions of parameters. Training and deploying such large models has become prohibitively expensive, such that only big high tech companies can afford to train those models. Therefore, a lot of research has been dedicated to reducing a model’s size. In this thesis, we investigate the effects of Vocabulary Transfer and Knowledge Distillation for compressing large Language Models. The goal is to combine these two methodologies to further compress models without significant loss of performance. In particular, we designed different combination strategies and conducted a series of experiments on different vertical domains (medical, legal, news) and downstream tasks (Text Classification and Named Entity Recognition). Four different methods involving Vocabulary Transfer (VIPI) with and without a Masked Language Modelling (MLM) step and with and without Knowledge Distillation are compared against a baseline that assigns random vectors to new elements of the vocabulary. Results indicate that VIPI effectively transfers information of the original vocabulary and that MLM is beneficial. It is also noted that both vocabulary transfer and knowledge distillation are orthogonal to one another and may be applied jointly. The application of knowledge distillation first before subsequently applying vocabulary transfer is recommended. Finally, model performance due to vocabulary transfer does not always show a consistent trend as the vocabulary size is reduced. Hence, the choice of vocabulary size should be empirically selected by evaluation on the downstream task similar to hyperparameter tuning.

Implementazione di un protocollo Header-compression a livello applicazione per scenari IoT

Il fenomeno noto come Internet of Things costituisce oggi il motore principale dell'espansione della rete Internet globale, essendo artefice del collegamento di miliardi di nuovi dispositivi. A causa delle limitate capacità energetiche e di elaborazione di questi dispositivi è necessario riprogettare molti dei protocolli Internet standard. Un esempio lampante è costituito dalla definizione del Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), protocollo di comunicazione client-server pensato per sostituire HTTP in reti IoT. Per consentire la compatibilità tra reti IoT e rete Internet sono state definite delle linee guida per la mappatura di messaggi CoAP in messaggi HTTP e viceversa, consentendo così l'implementazione di proxies in grado di connettere una rete IoT ad Internet. Tuttavia, questa mappatura è circoscritta ai soli campi e messaggi che permettono di implementare un'architettura REST, rendendo dunque impossibile l'uso di protocolli di livello applicazione basati su HTTP.La soluzione proposta consiste nella definizione di un protocollo di compressione adattiva dei messaggi HTTP, in modo che soluzioni valide fuori dagli scenari IoT, come ad esempio scambio di messaggi generici, possano essere implementate anche in reti IoT. I risultati ottenuti mostrano inoltre che nello scenario di riferimento la compressione adattiva di messaggi HTTP raggiunge prestazioni inferiori rispetto ad altri algoritmi di compressione di intestazioni (in particolare HPACK), ma più che valide perchè le uniche applicabili attualmente in scenari IoT.

Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Resection Of Pituitary Adenomas: Preliminary Evaluation Of Consecutive Cases.

Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery has gained increasing acceptance by otolaryngologists and neurosurgeons. In many centers throughout the world, this technique is now routinely used for the same indications as conventional microsurgical technique for pituitary tumors. To present a surgical experience of consecutive endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoidal resections of pituitary adenomas. In this study, consecutive patients with pituitary adenomas submitted to endoscopic endonasal pituitary surgery were evaluated regarding the rate of residual tumor, functional remission, symptoms relief, complications, and tumor size. Forty-seven consecutive patients were evaluated; 17 had functioning adenomas, seven had GH producing tumors, five had Cushing's disease, and five had prolactinomas. Of the functioning adenomas, 12 were macroadenomas and five were microadenomas; 30 cases were non-functioning macroadenomas. Of the patients with functioning adenomas, 87% improved. 85% of the patients with visual deficits related to optic nerve compression progressed over time. Most of the patients with complaints of headaches improved (76%). Surgical complications occurred in 10% of patients, which included with two carotid lesions, two cerebrospinal fluid leaks, and one death of a patient with a previous history of complications. Endoscopic endonasal pituitary surgery is a feasible technique, yielding good surgical and functional outcomes, and low morbidity.

Trypanosoma Cruzi Strains From Triatomine Collected In Bahia And Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil.

Collection of triatomines in domestic, peridomestic and sylvatic environments in states of Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul, Northeastern and Southern Brazil respectively, and isolation of Trypanosoma cruzi strains. First, the captured triatomines were identified using insect identification keys, then their intestinal content was examined by abdominal compression, and the samples containing trypanosomatid forms were inoculated in LIT medium and Swiss mice. Six triatomine species were collected in cities in Bahia, namely Panstrongylus geniculatus (01), Triatoma melanocephala (11), T. lenti (94), T. pseudomaculata (02), T. sherlocki (26) and T. sordida (460), and two in cities in Rio Grande do Sul, namely T. circummaculata (11) and T. rubrovaria (115). Out of the specimens examined, T. cruzi was isolated from 28 triatomine divided into four different species: T. melanocephala (one), T. lenti (one), T. rubrovaria (16) and T. sordida (10). Their index of natural infection by T. cruzi was 6.4%. The isolation of T. cruzi strains from triatomines found in domestic and peridomestic areas shows the potential risk of transmission of Chagas disease in the studied cities. The maintenance of those T. cruzi strains in laboratory is intended to promote studies that facilitate the understanding of the parasite-vector-host relationship.

Cervical Injuries Scored According To The Subaxial Injury Classification System: An Analysis Of The Literature.

The Subaxial Injury Classification (SLIC) system and severity score has been developed to help surgeons in the decision-making process of treatment of subaxial cervical spine injuries. A detailed description of all potential scored injures of the SLIC is lacking. We performed a systematic review in the PubMed database from 2007 to 2014 to describe the relationship between the scored injuries in the SLIC and their eventual treatment according to the system score. Patients with an SLIC of 1-3 points (conservative treatment) are neurologically intact with the spinous process, laminar or small facet fractures. Patients with compression and burst fractures who are neurologically intact are also treated nonsurgically. Patients with an SLIC of 4 points may have an incomplete spinal cord injury such as a central cord syndrome, compression injuries with incomplete neurologic deficits and burst fractures with complete neurologic deficits. SLIC of 5-10 points includes distraction and rotational injuries, traumatic disc herniation in the setting of a neurological deficit and burst fractures with an incomplete neurologic deficit. The SLIC injury severity score can help surgeons guide fracture treatment. Knowledge of the potential scored injures and their relationships with the SLIC are of paramount importance for spine surgeons who treated subaxial cervical spine injuries.

Basilar Invagination: Surgical Results.

Basilar invagination (BI) is a congenital craniocervical junction (CCJ) anomaly represented by a prolapsed spine into the skull-base that can result in severe neurological impairment. In this paper, we retrospective evaluate the surgical treatment of 26 patients surgically treated for symptomatic BI. BI was classified according to instability and neural abnormalities findings. Clinical outcome was evaluated using the Nürick grade system. A total of 26 patients were included in this paper. Their age ranged from 15 to 67 years old (mean 38). Of which, 10 patients were male (38%) and 16 (62%) were female. All patients had some degree of tonsillar herniation, with 25 patients treated with foramen magnum decompression. Nine patients required a craniocervical fixation. Six patients had undergone prior surgery and required a new surgical procedure for progression of neurological symptoms associated with new compression or instability. Most of patients with neurological symptoms secondary to brainstem compression had some improvement during the follow-up. There was mortality in this series, 1 month after surgery, associated with a late removal of the tracheal cannula. Management of BI requires can provide improvements in neurological outcomes, but requires analysis of the neural and bony anatomy of the CCJ, as well as occult instability. The complexity and heterogeneous presentation requires attention to occult instability on examination and attention to airway problems secondary to concomitant facial malformations.

Structural And Biomechanical Changes In The Achilles Tendon After Chronic Treatment With Statins.

Cases of tendinopathy and tendon ruptures have been reported as side effects associated with statin therapy. This work assessed possible changes in the structural and biomechanical properties of the tendons after chronic treatment with statins. Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: treated with atorvastatin (A-20 and A-80), simvastatin (S-20 and S-80) and the group that received no treatment (C). The doses of statins were calculated using allometric scaling, based on the doses of 80 mg/day and 20 mg/day recommended for humans. The morphological aspect of the tendons in A-20, S-20 and S-80 presented signals consistent with degeneration. Both the groups A-80 and S-80 showed a less pronounced metachromasia in the compression region of the tendons. Measurements of birefringence showed that A-20, A-80 and S-80 groups had a lower degree of organization of the collagen fibers. In all of the groups treated with statins, the thickness of the epitenon was thinner when compared to the C group. In the biomechanical tests the tendons of the groups A-20, A-80 and S-20 were less resistant to rupture. Therefore, statins affected the organization of the collagen fibers and decreased the biomechanical strength of the tendons, making them more predisposed to ruptures.