945 resultados para Walton, Izaak, 1593-1683.


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我们系统地比较研究了木通科全部七个属十三个常见种的心皮、胚珠、果实、种子、花粉和染色体等性状,并就木通科科的系统位置和科内属间亲缘关系作了初步的探讨。 研究结果认为: 1、木通科是一个单元超源的自然类群,并且对它的原始性的认识比以往更为深化。 2、整个木通科可分为四个自然类群(族)。Stauntonieae族是东亚支系的主要类群、具典型的散生胎座,包括3个属(Akebia、Holboellia和Stauntonia)。这三个属是本科中系统位置明显相近的属,其中又以Holboellia和Stauntonia最为近缘;LArdizabaleae族具减化的散生胎座包括两个属(Lardizabala和Boquila)与Stauntonieae族有亲缘关系。但族内两个属之间的分化是明显的,应为南美支系上已分化的类群;Decaisneae族(仅Decaisnea—属)以其不完全闭合的心皮而与上两族有一定的渊源,但它有很多的特殊性状。Sinofranchaotioao族(仅Sinofranchotia一属)虽具亚边缘胎座和其他性状而与Decaisneae族有联系,但它的心皮完全闭合,从而成为本科中性状比较特殊而系统位置比较孤立的类群。 3、木通科与小檗目中各科近缘还不如与木兰类中的Winteraceae和Illiciaceae等科近缘才显得更为自然些。

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丁香属Syringa是木樨科Oleaceae中一个中等大小的属,大多数种类花形美丽,具有很高的园林观赏价值。本文以标本检查为主,结合形态学、孢粉学、细胞学和植物地理学几个方面对丁香属进行了分类研究。 一.形态学:丁香属分类的主要性状为:单叶或复叶、圆锥花序的着生位置、花冠管的长短。这些性状的演化趋势为:单叶--羽状深裂--羽状复叶,圆锥花序由顶芽抽生--圆锥花序由侧芽抽生,长花冠管,雄蕊不伸出花冠管--短花冠管,雄蕊伸出花冠管。 二.孢粉学:本文首次对丁香属的花粉形态作了较为全面而系统的研究。所取材料为各组、系、亚系的代表种。孢粉学的研究表明,本属花粉形态一致。均为近球形,极面观3裂圆形,三(拟)孔沟,沟边缘不加厚,外壁分层明显,外层厚于内层,半覆盖层,粗网状纹饰。扫描电镜观察结果表明,本属花粉的表面纹饰可区分为6种类型:1).网眼小,网脊细、较直而使网眼呈多边形,网脊下小柱不明显,2).网眼稍大,网脊细、直,网脊下小柱不明显,3),网眼较大,网脊细、稍弯曲,网脊下小柱可见,4).网眼大,网脊细而弯曲, 网脊下小明显,5).网眼小,网脊细、弯曲而使网眼呈不规则扁长形,6).网眼较大,网脊粗、直,网脊下小柱不明显。顶生花序系Ser. Villosae (Schneid.) Rehd. 以1型为主,侧生花序系Ser. Syringa从2-4型,羽叶丁香系Ser, Pinnatifolia Rehd,为5型,短花冠管组Sect.Ligustrina Rupr.为6型。其变化规律与形态学上的系统演化关系相—致。 三,细胞学:本文对丁香属部分种进行了染色体数目的观察,初步的结果显示,本属的染色体基数为n=23或24,这两种情况在不同的组、系都存在。本属为异源多倍体起源,由陵花目中染色体基数为n=ll和n=12的祖先类群通过杂交形成,并由于染色体组在减数分裂过程中非整倍性变异,而产生n 2或n=24的变化。 四,分类修订及系统位置和演化趋势: 本文在查看了本所标本馆全部丁香属的标本、考证了约22个种的原始描述以及部分模式标本和模式照片的基础上,对该属分类作下列修订:1.将华丁香Syringa protolaciniata、花叶丁香S.x persica、 裂叶丁香S.x laciniata、阿富汗丁香S.afghanica 四个种从欧丁香亚系中移出,置于羽叶丁香系Ser. Pinnatifolia,2.改欧丁香系Set. Vulgares和巧铃花系Ser. Pubescentes为亚系等级,均置于侧生花序系Ser. Syringa中,3.恢复山丁香Syringa potaninii Schneid.、小叶丁香S.micropylla Diels、关东丁香s.patula (Palibin) Nakai、光萼丁香S.juliana Schneid.、朝鲜丁香S.dilatata Nakai,并作为种的等级,毛萼云南丁香S.yunanensis Franch.f.pubicalyx (Jien ex P.Y. Bai) M.C. Chang仍作变种处理。在此基础上,本文将丁香属分为2组3系2亚系: 组1.长花冠管组Sect.l. Syringa:系1.顶生花序系Ser.1.Villosae(Sch- neid.)Rehd.;系2.侧生花序系Ser.2. Syringa,亚系1.欧丁香亚系Subser.1.Syring,亚系2.巧铃花亚系Pubescentes(Schneid.)Rehd.;系3.羽叶丁香系Ser.3. Pinnatifoliae Rehd. 组2.短花冠管组Sect.2. Ligustrina Rupr. 各分类单元的命名,仍沿用已有的名称。 结合各方面的研究成果,表明丁香属是一个十分自然的类群。在木樨科中,本属与女贞属的关系密切,由女贞属裂果女贞组Sect. Sarcocarpion (Franch.)Mansf.衍生而来。属内演化趋势始为长花冠管组的顶生花序系,而后是侧生花序系、羽叶丁香系,短花冠管组为本属中进化程度较高的类群。 五.植物地理学:丁香属为旧世界温带分布型属,分布区连续。约28种5变种9变型。除2种产于欧洲,1种产于阿富汗、巴基斯坦,1种产于朝鲜,1种产于日本外,其余种类均分布于中国。其中,中国西南地区丁香属的种类、原始类型及其在该地区所占比例均显示是丁香属现代分布中心和起源演化中心,并由此沿三条主线向周围扩散。

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In 2004, Congress reauthorized the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998 with the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Amendments Act (HABHRCA 2004). The 2004 legislation required the generation of five reports, including this "Scientific Assessment of Freshwater Harmful Algal Blooms." HABHRCA 2004 stipulates that this report 1) examine the causes, consequences, and economic costs of freshwater HABs, 2) establish priorities and guidelines for a research program on freshwater HABs, and 3) make recommendations to improve coordination among Federal agencies with respect to research on HABs in freshwater environments. This report is divided into five chapters: Chapter 1 provides the legislative background and process for developing the report, Chapter 2 describes the problem of freshwater and inland HABs in the United States, Chapter 3 outlines the current Federal efforts in freshwater and inland HAB research and response, Chapter 4 discusses the future research priorities, and Chapter 5 delineates opportunities for coordination to advance research efforts. The document is based, in large part, on the proceedings (Hudnell 2008) of the International Symposium on Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms, a meeting convened by EPA and sponsored by a variety of Federal agencies, to describe current scientific knowledge and identify priorities for future research on CyanoHABs. This report offers a plan for coordinating the important research that is currently ongoing in the United States and for guiding future research directions for Federal programs as well as for state, local, private, and academic institutions in order to maximize advancements. To this end, the Interagency Working Group on Harmful Algal Blooms, Hypoxia, and Human Health (IWG-4H) identifies seven priorities, all of equal weight, for freshwater HAB research and response. These priorities represent research areas where there is the greatest potential for progress in freshwater HAB research. This report does not attempt to assess the relative importance of freshwater HAB research compared to other research areas or other priorities for Federal or state investment.