Simulação da dinâmica operacional de um processo industrial de abate de aves

Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de implementar um modelo computacional empregando a linguagem de simulação EXTEND TM para: a) simular a dinâmica de atividades de um matadouro-frigorífico de aves; e b) conduzir experimentos de análise de sensibilidade. Para tanto, foi implementado um modelo dinâmico, estocástico e discreto. O sistema real modelado está localizado na região sudoeste do Paraná, onde são abatidas cerca de 500000 aves por dia, empregando três linhas de processamento operando em três turnos diários. Na validação do modelo foram coletados dados relativos a três turnos e comparadas as variáveis de saída obtidas a partir do sistema real e as geradas pelo modelo, as quais foram: i) tempo de processamento; ii) peso vivo total; iii) peso vivo aproveitado; iv) peso de subproduto; v) peso da produção total; vi) peso do frango inteiro; e vii) peso total dos cortes. O modelo implementado demonstrou ser aplicável, uma vez que os erros médios percentuais foram inferiores a 1,13%. O experimento de análise de sensibilidade conduzido, mediante as alterações das velocidades de processamento das linhas em 7000, 8000 e 9000 frangos h-1, apresentou os seguintes valores médios para a variável tempo de processamento: 8,69; 7,86 e 7,86 horas, respectivamente. Além disso, o experimento demonstrou que a velocidade de processamento de 9000 frangos h-1 não implica na direta redução do tempo de processamento, pois a cadência de chegada das cargas pode ter ocasionado períodos de ociosidade do matadouro-frigorífico.

Volatile compounds profile of fresh-cut peki fruit stored under different temperatures

The objective of this work was to identify and verify the influence of time and temperature on the volatile compounds profile of fresh cut peki. Peki fruits were washed, sanitized, their kernels were extracted, and they were packaged and stored for 15 days at 0, 5, and 10 °C and 6 days at 22 °C. The volatiles compounds were analyzed by GC - MS. Ethyl hexanoate and ethyl octanoate were found in higher percentages, 63 and 16.3%, respectively. The determined volatiles were not influenced by the storage period. Hexanoic acid, ethyl 2-octenoate and ethyl decanoate were not influenced by the different temperatures. The temperatures 0, 5, and 10 °C did not influence ethyl hexanoate, ethyl 2-hexenoate and ethyl octanoate either. In addition, the temperatures 5, 10, and 22 °C did not influence ethyl hexanoate, cis-β-ocimene and ethyl octanoate. The temperature of 22 °C determined higher percentages of ethyl hexanoate and lower percentages of ethyl octanoate, in comparison to the temperature of 0 °C, and higher percentages of ethyl 2-hexenoate in comparison to the temperatures of 0, 5, and 10 °C. The temperature of 5 °C determined higher percentage of cis-β-ocimene when compared with the temperature of 0 °C. The storage temperatures of 0 and 5 °C were the most appropriate for the conservation.

Caracterização física, química e fisiológica de gabiroba (Campomanesia pubescens) durante o desenvolvimento

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a gabiroba (Campomanesia pubescens) ao longo do seu desenvolvimento por meio de análises físicas, químicas e fisiológicas. Os frutos foram coletados a 8 km de Lavras, sul de Minas Gerais, em intervalos de 5 dias, a partir da antese até a sua maturação completa. A floração da gabiroba iniciou-se no mês de agosto e o ápice do evento foi no mês de setembro; sua frutificação inicial ocorreu no mês de setembro, sendo outubro o período ideal para coleta. O período compreendido entre a abertura da flor (antese) e o amadurecimento foi de 63 dias (9 semanas). O fruto atingiu o tamanho máximo aos 63 dias (9ª semana) após a antese, com 4,26 g, 17,39 mm e 16,03 mm, representando a sua massa, os diâmetros transversal e longitudinal, respectivamente. A gabiroba apresentou um incremento nos valores de massa, diâmetros transversal e longitudinal, valores L* e a*, vitamina C, açúcares totais, sólidos solúveis (SS) e pectina solúvel com o decorrer do desenvolvimento do fruto, seguindo um padrão sigmoidal simples. Observou-se redução na taxa respiratória e atividade de poligalacturonase entre 48 e 53 dias, além de redução na firmeza e clorofila total e oscilação do valor b* e pectina total ao longo do desenvolvimento.

Prolongamento da vida pós-colheita de bananas-maçã submetidas ao 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) - qualidade sensorial e física

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) sobre a qualidade e extensão da vida pós-colheita de bananas-maçã. Frutas no grau 2 de coloração da casca foram tratadas com 50 nL.L-1 de 1-MCP durante 0 (controle), 6, 9, 12 e 24 horas. Posteriormente, foram armazenadas sob condição ambiente: 22± 2 ºC 85± 5% UR. Avaliaram-se as características sensoriais: aparência dos frutos no grau 4 (frutos mais verdes que amarelos) e grau 7 (frutos amarelos com pontuações marrons) de coloração da casca; descasque, aroma, sabor, firmeza da polpa e aspecto global nos frutos no grau 7, utilizando-se um teste de aceitabilidade através de escala hedônica de 9 pontos; e ainda a intenção de compra nos frutos nos graus 4 e 7, através de escala de 5 pontos. Avaliou-se também, visualmente, a extensão da vida pós-colheita, e, instrumentalmente, a coloração da casca e firmeza da polpa. Conclui-se que a aplicação de 50 nL.L-1 por um período de 12 horas é a mais adequada, pois promove extensão na vida pós-colheita de bananas-maçã, armazenadas em temperatura ambiente, em aproximadamente 11 dias, sem alterar a qualidade sensorial, a intenção de compra, coloração da casca e firmeza dos frutos quando maduros, comparados ao controle.

Qualidade de produto minimamente processado à base de abóbora, cenoura, chuchu e mandioquinha-salsa

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de produto minimamente processado, à base de quatro hortaliças - abóbora, cenoura, chuchu e mandioquinha-salsa, armazenado a 5 ºC por 8 dias. Observou-se que os teores de umidade, fibra, proteína, cinza e fração glicídica das quatro hortaliças não foram afetados pelo tempo de armazenamento, entretanto o teor de extrato etéreo aumentou. Durante o armazenamento, o teor de vitamina C e de acidez titulável diminuiu em todas as hortaliças. O teor de β-caroteno do chuchu não alterou, entretanto, aumentou na abóbora, na cenoura e na mandioquinha-salsa. O pH das quatro hortaliças aumentou com o armazenamento. Os teores de sólidos solúveis da cenoura e da mandioquinha-salsa aumentaram, não sendo afetados na abóbora e no chuchu. As notas de aparência do "mix" não foram inferiores a 7 (gostei moderadamente), durante o armazenamento. Os coliformes a 35 ºC presentes no "mix" aumentaram e não foi constatada a presença de coliformes a 45 ºC e Salmonella sp. em nenhum tempo avaliado. Conclui-se que a vida útil, entendida sob os aspectos nutricionais, sensoriais e microbiológicos, pode ser estabelecida em 8 dias sob refrigeração para abóbora, cenoura, chuchu e mandioquinha-salsa submetidos ao processamento mínimo.

Characterization of fruits from the savanna: Araça (Psidium guinnensis Sw.) and Marolo (Annona crassiflora Mart.)

The objective of this work was to characterize fruits from the Brazilian savanna by means of physical and chemical analyses. The results obtained for araça peel, araça pulp and marolo pulp, respectively, were: moisture (77.03, 80.41 and 70.56 g.100 g-1), ash (0.65, 0.44 and 0.54 g.100 g-1), protein (1.39, 1.87 and 1.99 g.100 g-1), lipids (0.32, 0.33 and 2.36 g.100 g-1), total carbohydrates (90.88 , 78.25 and 24.55 g.100 g-1), total soluble sugars (8.45, 9.99 and 127.4 g.100 g-1), pH (3.76, 3.99 and 4.49), soluble solids (11° Brix, 8.8 °Brix and 21.4 °Brix) and antioxidant potential (16.33, 12.75 and 34.29 discoloration DPPH/100 mL). Calcium was the predominant mineral in araça (490 mg.kg-1 peel and 485 mg.kg-1 pulp) while magnesium was in marolo (350 mg.kg-1). Citric acid was the predominant organic acid in araça (3125 μg.g-1 peel and 881.25 μg.g-1 pulp) and Malic acid was predominant in marolo (76.68 μg.g-1). Therefore, given their nutrient contents, the consumption of these fruits from the savanna should be encouraged.

Volatile profile and physical, chemical, and biochemical changes in fresh cut watermelon during storage

Existing data about the aroma of fresh-cut watermelon and the metabolic changes that occur with minimal processing are scarce. Given the close relationship that exists between aroma, texture, and quality characteristics, it is necessary to investigate the changes in the volatile profile and texture of watermelon, a fruit extensively sold in supermarket chains throughout Brazil. The objective of this work was to analyze the volatile profile using solid phase microextraction (SPME) as well as texture changes in fresh-cut watermelon stored at 5 °C for ten days. Chromatography associated with sensory analysis (sniffing) led us to conclude that 9-carbon (C9) alcohols and aldehydes are the major responsible for the flavor and aroma of minimally processed watermelon stored at 5 ± 1 °C/90 ± 5% RH for ten days, and also that the aroma diminishes in intensity with storage, but it does not affect the final quality of the product. It was noted that the amount of drained liquid, soluble pectin, and weight loss increased during storage concurrently with a reduction in firmness and a structural breakdown of the cells. Pectin methyl esterase activity remained constant and polygalacturonase activity was not detected.

Study of the shelf-life of a mixed araça (Psidium guineensis Sw.) and marolo (Annona crassiflora Mart.) jam

The objective of this study was to add value to araça and marolo fruits by developing jams and verifying changes in their physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters during storage. The analyses were carried out every 2 months. From the results, it was shown that the levels of moisture (35.89 - 26.34%), lipids (0.43 - 0.27%), sucrose (30.62 - 28.98%), total pectin (0.83 - 0.50%), soluble pectin (0.52 - 0.38%), total phenolic compounds (180.31 - 135.52 mg.GAE 100 g-1), and organic acids (401.1 - 68.5 µg.g-1 citric acid) decreased during storage. However, the levels of protein (0.83 - 0.95%), carbohydrate (62.52 - 72.5%, calories (257,11 - 295,931 kcal), fiber (0.72 - 1.4%), total soluble sugar (62.52 - 70.44%), reducing sugar (32.05 - 41.41%), soluble solids (68.4 - 72.18 °Brix), consistency (0.33 - 0.44 N), total antioxidant potential (11.3 - 22.63%), and color (a* 7.56 - 9.49, and b* 8.63 - 10.49) increased during 1-year storage. The quality of the fruit jams studied was in accordance with the microbiological standards established by the Brazilian legislation. It was concluded that the mixed araça and marolo jam can be stored for 1 year without the addition of additives.

Influence of the extraction method and storage time on the physicochemical properties and carotenoid levels of pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) oil

The objective of this study was to analyze the physicochemical properties and carotenoid levels of pequi oil obtained by different extraction methods and to evaluate the preservation of these properties and pigments during storage time. The pequi oil was obtained by solvent extraction, mechanical extraction, and hot water flotation. It was stored for over 180 days in an amber bottle at ambient conditions. Analyses for the determination of the acidity, peroxide, saponification and iodine values, coloration, total carotenoids, and β-carotene levels were conducted. The oil extraction with solvents produced the best yield and carotenoid levels. The oil obtained by mechanical extraction presented higher acidity (5.44 mg KOH.g-1) and peroxide values (1.07 mEq.kg-1). During the storage of pequi oil, there was an increase in the acidity and the peroxide values, darkening of the oil coloration, and a reduction of the carotenoid levels. Mechanical extraction is the less advantageous method for the conservation of the physicochemical properties and carotenoid levels in pequi oil.

Effect of postharvest temperature on the shelf life of gabiroba fruit (Campomanesia pubescens)

The objective of this study was to determine the optimal temperature for storing gabiroba fruit (Campomanesia pubescens) without affecting compounds' quality. The fruits were stored at different temperatures (0 ºC, 6 ºC, 12 ºC, and 20 ºC) and the effect on the pH, total titratable acidity, soluble solids, total sugars, vitamin C, and antioxidant components such as tannins and total phenolic compounds was evaluated. It was observed an increase in the pH and total titratable acidity during storage at all the temperatures tested. Gabiroba fruits were stored for 9 and 3 days at 12 ºC and 20 ºC, respectively, and under both temperatures they showed a reduction in tannins and an increase in vitamin C content. As gabirobas armazenadas a 0º and 6 ºC alcançaram maior tempo de armazenamento After 12 days of storage, the fruits stored at 6 ºC contained higher amounts of water soluble solids, sugars, and antioxidants. In general, for long term storage, it is suggested to store gabiroba fruits at 6 ºC. On the other hand, for short term storage, the temperature of 12 ºC would be the better to keep high levels of vitamin C and phenolic compounds.

Characterization and development of marolo (Annona crassiflora, Mart.)

The objectives of this study was the physical, chemical, and physiological characterization of marolo (Annona crassiflora, Mart.) during its development. The fruits were harvested 12 Km off Itumirim, Southern Minas Gerais, Brazil, at 20-d intervals from anthesis to fruit maturity. The first fruits were harvested within 60 days. The total development of the fruit took 140 days starting from anthesis. At 140 days after anthesis, the fruit reached its maximum size, with mass of 1.380g, transverse diameter of 13.0 cm, and longitudinal diameter of 11.5 cm. During its development, the fruit showed increase in mass and in traverse and longitudinal diameters. The changes during maturation and ripening, such as: pH reduction and starch degradation, pectic solubilization, and increase in total sugars, soluble solids (ºB), respiratory rate (CO2), titratable acidity, vitamin C, and β-caroteno were observed from the 120th day of marolo development. A decrease in ability to sequester free radicals was observed up the 120th day, followed by an increase. The volatile compounds identified at the end of the development included the esters group only.

Stability of frozen marolo pulp during storage

Marolo, also known as araticum or head-to-black, is a globular berry, a species native to the Brazilian savannah. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical, chemical, and microbiological stability of frozen marolo pulp during 12 months of frozen storage. It was observed that the levels of ash (0.28-0.22%), protein (0.77-0.71%), lipids (1.75-1.73%), carbohydrates (12.1-10.15%), calorie (67.23-59.01 kcal), sucrose (2.50-1.29%), citric acid (435.63-197.5 µg.g-1), tartaric acid (4.38-1.88 µg.g-1) , acetic acid (470.38-279.25 µg.g-1), ascorbic acid (3.00-0.00 µg.g-1), total pectin (0.67-0.39%), pH (3.88-3.83), and b* chromaticity coordinates (24.85-20.53) decreased reduced during storage, whereas the levels of moisture (85.10-87.19%), color parameters (L* 58.89-62.62 and a* 5.37-7.86), reducing sugars (4.53-5.62%), total soluble sugars (7.1-7.36%), soluble solids (7.0-8.4 ºBrix), total acidity (0.9-1.0%), malic acid (514.13-781.25 µg.g-1), soluble pectin (0.16-0.24%), and antioxidant (6.85-37.35% of DPPH discoloration) increased over the one-year of storage period. According to the physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters assessed, the product can be stored for 12 months without loss of quality with addition of citric acid as a preservative.

Changes in the physicochemical and microbiological properties of frozen araça pulp during storage

Araça belongs to the Myrtaceae family and is popularly known as araçá-comum, araçá-azedo, or araçá-do-campo. Frozen fruit pulp is of great importance for the food industry, which can produce it at the time of harvest, store it, and use it according to the demand of the consumer market and/or as an ingredient in the formulation of products such as yogurt, candies, and ice creams among others. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical, chemical, and microbiological stability of frozen araça pulp during 12 months of frozen storage. It was observed that the levels of moisture (90.55-88.75%), ash (0.34-0.26%) total soluble sugars (7.11-6.62%), sucrose (3.55-1.39%), soluble pectin (0.24-0.23%), total pectin (0.5-0.46%), pH (3.82-2.31%), organic acids (698.12-122.25 µg.g-1 citric acid), and phenolic compounds (6.22-0.00 mg GAE.100 g-1) decreased during storage, whereas the levels of protein (0.61-0.83%), lipids (0.14-0.38%), total carbohydrates (8.36-9.78%), calorific value (37.14-45.86 kcal.100 g-1), reducing sugars (3.51-5.21%), soluble solids (5.17-6.0%), total antioxidant capacity (6.89-35.13%), and color parameters (L*49.75-50.67; a*0.79-1.82 and b*22.5-25.19) increased over the one-year storage period. According to the chemical and microbiological parameters assessed, the product can be stored for 12 months without loss of quality with addition of citric acid as a preservative.

Modified atmosphere efficiency in the quality maintenance of Eva apples

Modified atmosphere is a method of food preservation that provides increased lifetime, decreases deterioration losses, and facilitates marketing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of different plastic films in modifying the atmosphere around Eva apples to assure quality maintenance during postharvest storage. The fruits were cleaned and separated into three treatment groups: polypropylene, low density polyethylene, and high density polyethylene packing with a total of 5 fruits per package for each evaluation period. A group of control apples was not submitted to atmospheric modification. After the treatment, all fruits were stored at 0.5±0.5°C (cold storage) for up to 225 days. The analyses were performed at 45, 135, and 225 days after cold storage. Respiration, ethylene production, firmness, mass loss, total pectin, soluble pectin, soluble solids, total acidity, and epidermis background color of each treatment group were evaluated. The high density polyethylene film treatment did not show a decrease in ethylene production during storage and allowed the fruits to maintain a greater firmness and smaller percentage of mass loss during the study period. Moreover, the storage of the Eva apple cultivar under modified atmosphere allowed the preservation of quality for up to seven months.

Growth and maturation of pequi fruit of the Brazilian cerrado

The objective of this study was to characterize the development of pequi fruit (Caryocar brasiliense) of the Brazilian cerrado. It takes 84 days (12 weeks) for pequi to develop with the onset of flowering in September and early fruit set in January. Pequi fruit showed a simple sigmoid growth curve, and its growth was characterized based on fresh mass and longitudinal and transverse diameters. The contents of titratable acidity, soluble solids, β-carotene, and vitamin C increased during fruit growth, reaching their maximum values at the 12th week (84 days) after anthesis. Pequi is a fruit with an extremely high respiratory activity; its respiratory rate decreased during its development. Pequi fruit has been classified as a non-climacteric fruit due to the decrease of both respiration and ethylene production rates during maturation and ripening.