Lämmitysvoimalaitoksella tuotetun kaukolämpöenergian korvaaminen erillishankinnalla

Diplomityön tavoitteena on määrittää rajahinta Mertaniemen lämmitysvoimalaitoksella tuotetun kaukolämpöenergian korvaamiselle erillishankinnalla Lappeenrannan Energian kannalta tarkasteltuna. Tarkoituksena on muodostaa taulukkolaskentapohjat erilaisille lämmönkorvaustapauksille sekä päivittää kyseisen lämmitysvoimalaitoksen sähköteho/kaukolämpöteho -karakteristikat. Työssä selvitetään myös lämmön erillishankinnan vaikutusta laitoksen ajotapaan. Laadittujen laskentapohjien ja karakteristikoiden avulla arvioitiin erillishankinnan kannattavuutta suunnitellun UPM-Kymmene Oyj:n Kaukaan voimalaitoksen, paikkakunnan teollisuuslaitoksien, Mertaniemen voimalaitoksen kaasukattiloiden sekä Lappeenrannan Energian lämpökeskuksien lämmöntuotannon tapauksissa. Lisäksi työssä tehtiin kustannuslaskelma kiinteälle lämpökeskukselle sekä laadittiin optimointilaskelma lämmöntuotannon polttoaineiden käytölle. Tuloksiksi saatiin, että yhteistuotanto on erillishankintaa paljon edullisempaa kaikissa tapauksissa. Kaukaan voimalaitoshankkeesta Lappeenrannan Energia jättäytyi täten toistaiseksi pois. Paikkakunnan teollisuuslaitoksilta ostetaan lämpöä edelleen, koska se on todettu edulliseksi yhteistuotannon seisokkien aikaan. Lappeenrantaan suunnitellaan uutta kiinteää lämpökeskusta, mutta sen käyttö korvaamaan yhteistuotantoa ei kannata nykyisillä polttoaineen hinnoilla.

A concurrent region growing algorithm guided by circumscribed contours

Image segmentation of natural scenes constitutes a major problem in machine vision. This paper presents a new proposal for the image segmentation problem which has been based on the integration of edge and region information. This approach begins by detecting the main contours of the scene which are later used to guide a concurrent set of growing processes. A previous analysis of the seed pixels permits adjustment of the homogeneity criterion to the region's characteristics during the growing process. Since the high variability of regions representing outdoor scenes makes the classical homogeneity criteria useless, a new homogeneity criterion based on clustering analysis and convex hull construction is proposed. Experimental results have proven the reliability of the proposed approach

Recomendações para calibração em química analítica: parte I. Fundamentos e calibração com um componente (calibração univariada)

This paper is a translation from IUPAC nomenclature document by K. Danzer and L. A. Currie (Pure Appl. Chem., 1998, 70(4), 993-1014). Its goal is to establish an uniform and meaningful approach to terminology (in Portuguese), notation, and formulation for calibation in analytical chemistry. In this first part, general fundamentals of calibration are presented, namely for both relationships of qualitative and quantitative variables (relations between variables characterizing certain types analytes of the measured function on the other hand and between variables characterizing the amount or concentration of the chemical species and the intensities of the measured signals, on the other hand). On this basis, the fundamentals of the common single component calibration (Univariate Calibration) which models the relationship y = f(x) between the signal intensities y and the amounts or concentrations x of the analyte under given conditions are represented. Additional papers will be prepared dealing with extensive relationships between several intensities and analyte contents, namely with multivariate calibrations and with optimization and experimental design.

Quimiometria II: planilhas eletrônicas para cálculos de planejamentos experimentais, um tutorial

This work describes, through examples, a simple way to carry out experimental design calculations applying an spreadsheets. The aim of this tutorial is to introduce an alternative to sophisticated commercial programs that normally are too complex in data input and output. An overview of the principal methods is also briefly presented. The spreadsheets are suitable to handle different types of computations such as screening procedures applying factorial design and the optimization procedure based on response surface methodology. Furthermore, the spreadsheets are sufficiently versatile to be adapted to specific experimental designs.

Química Analítica de Processos

Process Analytical Chemistry (PAC) is an important and growing area in analytical chemistry, that has received little attention in academic centers devoted to the gathering of knowledge and to optimization of chemical processes. PAC is an area devoted to optimization and knowledge acquisition of chemical processes, to reducing costs and wastes and to making an important contribution to sustainable development. The main aim of this review is to present to the Brazilian community the development and state of the art of PAC, discussing concepts, analytical techniques currently employed in the industry and some applications.

Reconeixement de gestos de la mà amb el sensor Kinect

El reconeixement dels gestos de la mà (HGR, Hand Gesture Recognition) és actualment un camp important de recerca degut a la varietat de situacions en les quals és necessari comunicar-se mitjançant signes, com pot ser la comunicació entre persones que utilitzen la llengua de signes i les que no. En aquest projecte es presenta un mètode de reconeixement de gestos de la mà a temps real utilitzant el sensor Kinect per Microsoft Xbox, implementat en un entorn Linux (Ubuntu) amb llenguatge de programació Python i utilitzant la llibreria de visió artifical OpenCV per a processar les dades sobre un ordinador portàtil convencional. Gràcies a la capacitat del sensor Kinect de capturar dades de profunditat d’una escena es poden determinar les posicions i trajectòries dels objectes en 3 dimensions, el que implica poder realitzar una anàlisi complerta a temps real d’una imatge o d’una seqüencia d’imatges. El procediment de reconeixement que es planteja es basa en la segmentació de la imatge per poder treballar únicament amb la mà, en la detecció dels contorns, per després obtenir l’envolupant convexa i els defectes convexos, que finalment han de servir per determinar el nombre de dits i concloure en la interpretació del gest; el resultat final és la transcripció del seu significat en una finestra que serveix d’interfície amb l’interlocutor. L’aplicació permet reconèixer els números del 0 al 5, ja que s’analitza únicament una mà, alguns gestos populars i algunes de les lletres de l’alfabet dactilològic de la llengua de signes catalana. El projecte és doncs, la porta d’entrada al camp del reconeixement de gestos i la base d’un futur sistema de reconeixement de la llengua de signes capaç de transcriure tant els signes dinàmics com l’alfabet dactilològic.

Utilização de resíduos agroindustriais para a produção de proteases pelo termofílico Bacillus sp em fermentação submersa: otimização do meio de cultura usando a técnica de planejamento experimental

Thermophilic Bacillus sp. SMIA-2, produced protease when grown on apple pectic, whey protein and corn step liquor medium, whose concentration was varied from 3 to 10 gL-1, according to the central composite design 2³. The experiments were conducted in shaker, at 50 °C, 150 rpm and initial pH 6.5. The results revealed that the culture medium affected both, cell growth and enzyme production. After graphical and numerical optimization procedure, the enzyme production reached its maximum value at 30 h fermentation, reaching, approximately, 70 U protein mg-1, suggesting that this process was partially associated to the growth.

Extração de bifenilas policloradas de amostras de leite materno: otimização univariada versus planejamento experimental

The convenience of the multivariate optimization of SPME procedures through ANOVA calculated using Doehlert designs has been demonstrated for twelve PCBs in the complex matrix of milk. For this study, the main parameters of the extraction were selected and valued through univariate and multivariate optimization. In addition, the analysis of variance allowed identification of the statistically significant variables in this model: high temperature (95 ºC) and ionic strength (36% m/v) proved significant for all the PCBs while intermediate time (70 min) and low methanol concentration (5% v/v) also contributed to the extraction of the majority of these PCBs.

Tuoteryhmän kehitysprojektin optimointi

Tämä diplomityö toteutettiin Sammet Dampers Oy:ltä saatuna toimeksiantona. Yritys haluaa yhä parempia tuloksia tuoteryhmien kehitysprojekteista, jolloin se asettaa vaatimuksia kehitysprojekteissa käytettävälle kehitysprosessille. Yrityksen täytyy optimoida ja systematisoida käytettävää menetelmää, jotta näihin parempiin tuloksiin voidaan päästä. Työn ensimmäisenä tavoitteena on optimoida yrityksen käytössä oleva tuoteryhmien kehitysprojekteissa käytettävä prosessimalli. Tavoitteen mukaisesti työssä luodaan uusi optimoitu tuoteryhmien kehitysprosessimalli, joka vastaa yrityksen tarpeisiin. Tämä uusi malli kirjataan osaksi yrityksen toiminnanohjausjärjestelmää. Työn toisena tavoitteena on käyttää uutta optimoitua prosessimallia kellopeltien tuoteryhmän kehitysprojektissa. Tätä kehitysprojektia käytetään samalla uuden prosessimallin sisäänajamiseen osaksi yrityksen toimintoja.Tämän diplomityön puitteissa kellopeltien kehitysprojektista käydään läpi kehitysprojektin ensimmäinen osio eli vaatimustenmäärittelyprosessi ja esitellään sen tuloksena syntynyt toteutussuunnitelma. Työn tuloksena syntyneen uuden tuoteryhmien kehitysprojektin prosessimallin avulla voidaan saavuttaa merkittäviä parannuksia tarkasteltaessa kehitysprojektin tuloksia ajankäytön, laadun ja kustannusten suhteen.

Metsäteollisuusyhtiön liiketoimintaportfolion synergioiden määrittäminen ja optimointi: Case UPM-Kymmene Oyj

Tutkielmassa selvitettiin UPM-Kymmene Oyj:n liiketoimintaportfolion muodostamia synergioita julkisiin lähteisiin pohjautuen. Synergioiden määrittämistä varten muodostettiin malli, jonka avulla määritettiin synergiat montaa eri liiketoimintaa harjoittavalle yhtiölle. Synergianäkemystä hyödynnettiin portfolion optimoinnissa uudella lähestymistavalla. Synergian mittausmallissa arvotettavan yhtiön liiketoiminta-alueille valittiin vertailuyhtiöt, joiden taloudellista suoriutumista arvioimalla pystyttiin määrittämään arvio synergian määristä. Tutkielman aihe synergioiden muodostumisesta ja mittaamisesta on tärkeä, sillä montaa liiketoimintaa harjoittavat yhtiöt oikeuttavat olemassa olonsa vetoamalla liiketoimintojen välillä syntyviin hyötyihin ja synergioihin. Synergiat ja portfolion optimointi ovat johdolle tärkeä aihe, sillä portfolion hallinta on yrityksen liiketoiminnan jatkuvuuden, taloudellisen suoriutumisen ja olemassa olon kannalta erittäin keskeistä Tutkielman tulosten perusteella UPM:n liiketoimintaportfoliossa muodostuvien synergioiden voidaan arvioida olevan vuosittain 44 miljoonasta eurosta 117 miljoonaan euroon. Portfolion optimoinnin tuloksena ainoastaan paperin ja vaneriliiketoimintojen suhteellista painoarvoa tulee laskea, mikä johtuu lähinnä näiden liiketoimintojen jatkuvasta huonosta taloudellisesta suoriutumisesta.

Sulfuric acid - glucose separation using mixed-recycle steady state recycling chromatography

Batch chromatography is a widely used separation technique in a variety of fields meeting difficult separations. Several technologies for improving the performance of chromatography have been studied, including mixed-recycle steady state recycling (MR-SSR) chromatography. Design of MR-SSR has been commonly limited on 100 % purity constraint cases and empirical work. In this study a predictive design method was used to optimize feed pulse size and design a number of experimental MR-SSR separations for a solution of 20 % sulfuric acid and 100 g/L glucose. The design was under target product fraction purities of 98.7 % for H2SO4 and 95 % for glucose. The experiments indicate a maximum of 59 % increase in sulfuric acid productivity and 82 % increase for glucose when compared to corresponding batch separation. Eluent consumption was lowered by approximately 50 % using recycling chromatography. Within this study the target purities and yields set in design were not completely met, and further optimization of the process is deemed necessary.

Polttoaineet ja niiden kustannusten optimointi lämmöntuotossa

Työ esittelee suomessa lämmöntuotantoon käytettävät polttoaineet, niiden verotuksen, hinnan kehityksen ja kustannusten optimoinnin. Polttoaineista maakaasu on käsitelty kattivimmin. Työssä perehdytään syihin, joista polttoaineiden hinnan vaihtelut johtuvat ja miten ne tiedostamalla voidaan vaikuttaa kustannuksiin. Työssä käydään läpi lämmöntuotannon rakenteen ja käytetyn tekniikan vaikutukset erilaisten polttoaineiden käyttöön.

Unusual bismuth-containing surface layers of III-V compound semiconductors

The understanding and engineering of bismuth (Bi) containing semiconductor surfaces are signi cant in the development of novel semiconductor materials for electronic and optoelectronic devices such as high-e ciency solar cells, lasers and light emitting diodes. For example, a Bi surface layer can be used as a surfactant which oats on a III-V compound-semiconductor surface during the epitaxial growth of IIIV lms. This Bi surfactant layer improves the lm-growth conditions if compared to the growth without the Bi layer. Therefore, detailed knowledge of the properties of the Bi/III-V surfaces is needed. In this thesis, well-de ned surface layers containing Bi have been produced on various III-V semiconductor substrates. The properties of these Bi-induced surfaces have been measured by low-energy electron di raction (LEED), scanning-tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM), and synchrotron-radiation photoelectron spectroscopy. The experimental results have been compared with theoretically calculated results to resolve the atomic structures of the studied surfaces. The main ndings of this research concern the determination of the properties of an unusual Bi-containing (2×1) surface structure, the discovery and characterization of a uniform pattern of Bi nanolines, and the optimization of the preparation conditions for this Bi-nanoline pattern.

Inbound marketing in practice. Case study: Lainaaja.fi

The general purpose of the thesis was to describe and explain the particularities of inbound marketing methods and the key advantages of those methods. Inbound marketing can be narrowed down to a set of marketing strategies and techniques focused on pulling prospects towards a business and its products on the Internet by producing useful and relevant content to prospects. The main inbound marketing methods and channels were identified as blogging, content publishing, search engine optimization and social media. The best way to utilise these methods is producing great content that should cover subjects that interest the target group, which is usually a composition of buyers, existing customers and influencers, such as analysts and media The study revealed increase in Lainaaja.fi traffic and referral traffic sources that was firmly confirmed as statistically significant, while number of backlinks and SERP placement were clearly positively correlated, but not statistically significant. The number of new registered users along with new loan applicants and deposits did not show correlation with increased content producing. The conclusion of the study shows inbound marketing campaign clearly increasing website traffic and plausible help on getting better search engine results compared to control period. Implications are clear; inbound marketing is an activity that every business should consider implementing. But just producing content online is not enough; equal amount of work should be put into turning the visitors into customers. Further studies are recommended on using inbound marketing combined with monitoring of landing pages and conversion optimization to incoming visitors.

Energy-efficient control strategies for variable speed driven parallel pumping systems based on pump operation point monitoring with frequency converters

The pumping processes requiring wide range of flow are often equipped with parallelconnected centrifugal pumps. In parallel pumping systems, the use of variable speed control allows that the required output for the process can be delivered with a varying number of operated pump units and selected rotational speed references. However, the optimization of the parallel-connected rotational speed controlled pump units often requires adaptive modelling of both parallel pump characteristics and the surrounding system in varying operation conditions. The available information required for the system modelling in typical parallel pumping applications such as waste water treatment and various cooling and water delivery pumping tasks can be limited, and the lack of real-time operation point monitoring often sets limits for accurate energy efficiency optimization. Hence, alternatives for easily implementable control strategies which can be adopted with minimum system data are necessary. This doctoral thesis concentrates on the methods that allow the energy efficient use of variable speed controlled parallel pumps in system scenarios in which the parallel pump units consist of a centrifugal pump, an electric motor, and a frequency converter. Firstly, the suitable operation conditions for variable speed controlled parallel pumps are studied. Secondly, methods for determining the output of each parallel pump unit using characteristic curve-based operation point estimation with frequency converter are discussed. Thirdly, the implementation of the control strategy based on real-time pump operation point estimation and sub-optimization of each parallel pump unit is studied. The findings of the thesis support the idea that the energy efficiency of the pumping can be increased without the installation of new, more efficient components in the systems by simply adopting suitable control strategies. An easily implementable and adaptive control strategy for variable speed controlled parallel pumping systems can be created by utilizing the pump operation point estimation available in modern frequency converters. Hence, additional real-time flow metering, start-up measurements, and detailed system model are unnecessary, and the pumping task can be fulfilled by determining a speed reference for each parallel-pump unit which suggests the energy efficient operation of the pumping system.