For Your Freedom and Ours: The Polish Question in Wilson's Peace Initiatives, 1916 - 1917

The first eighteen months of the Great War witnessed an unprecedented awakening of interest in the Polish Question, when worldwide attention was drawn to the prolonged devastation of the Polish territories. Thereafter, a steady increase in media comment and criticism, highlighting Poland's plight, fostered public indignation at the continual stalling of humanitarian relief efforts for Polish refugees. Such burgeoning popular sentiment focused wider political attention upon a growing movement for recognition of Polish claims to independence. This particularly proved to be the case for Woodrow Wilson and his administration's budding interest in Poland. Subsequently, nowhere did the Polish Question assume a greater role in diplomatic efforts to mediate for peace than in America, and at no time more than during the year preceding the President's hesitant decision to intervene in hostilities.

Genetic variation in foliar carbon isotope composition in relation to tree growth and foliar nitrogen concentration in clones of the F-1 hybrid between slash pine and Caribbean pine

The objectives of this study were: (1) to quantify the genetic variation in foliar carbon isotope composition (delta(13)C) of 122 clones of ca. 4-year-old F-1 hybrids between slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm var. elliottii) and Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Barr.,et Golf.) grown at two field experimental sites with different water and nitrogen availability in southeast Queensland, Australia, in relation to tree growth and foliar nitrogen concentration (N-mass); and (2) to assess the potential of using delta(13)C measurements, in the foliage materials collected from the clone hedges at nursery and the 4-year-old tree canopies in the field, as an indirect index of tree water use efficiency for selecting elite F-1 hybrid pine clones with improved tree growth. There were significant differences in foliar delta(13)C between the nursery hedges and the 4-year-old tree canopies in the field, between the summer and winter seasons, between the two experimental sites, and between the upper outer and lower outer canopy positions sampled. This indicates that delta(13)C measurements in the foliage materials are significantly influenced by the sampling techniques and environmental conditions. Significant differences in foliar delta(13)C, at the upper outer canopy in both field experiments in summer and winter, were detected between the clones, and between the female parents of the clones. Clone means of tree height at age ca. 3 years were positively related to those of the upper outer canopy delta(13)C at both experimental sites in winter, but only for the wetter site in summer. There were positive, linear relationships between clone means of canopy delta(13)C and those of canopy N-mass, indicating that canopy photosynthetic capacity might be an important factor regulating the clonal variation in canopy delta(13)C. Significant correlations were found between clone means of canopy delta(13)C at both experimental sites in summer and winter, and between those at the upper outer and lower outer canopy positions. Mean clone delta(13)C for the nursery hedges was only positively related to mean clone stem diameter at 1.3 m height at age 3 years on the wetter site. The clone by site interaction for foliar delta(13)C at the upper outer canopy was significant only in summer. Overall, the relatively high genetic variance components for foliar delta(13)C and significant, positive correlations between clone means of foliar delta(13)C and tree growth have highlighted the potential of using foliar delta(13)C measurements for assisting in selection of the elite F-1 hybrid pine clones with improved tree growth. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Identification of 'Ubá' mango tree zygotic and nucellar seedlings using ISSR markers

Polyembryonic seeds are characterized by the development of over one embryo in the same seed, which can be zygotic and nucellar. The objective of this work was to identify the genetic origin, whether zygotic or nucellar, of seedlings of polyembryonic seeds of 'Ubá' mango tree using ISSR markers, and relating them with the vigor of the seedlings. Thus, mangos were harvested in Visconde do Rio Branco (accession 102) and Ubá (accessions 112, 138, 152 and 159), whose seeds were germinated in plastic trays filled with washed sand. Fifty days after sowing, seedlings from five seeds of each one of the accessions 102, 112, 138, 159 and from 10 seeds of the accession 152, were analyzed. These sseedlings were characterized and evaluated for plant height, stem circumference and mass of fresh aerial part and the most vigorous seedling was the one displaying at least two of these traits higher than the other seedlings from seed. Leaves were collected for genomic DNA extraction, which was amplified using seven ISSR primers previously selected based on the amplification profile and considering the number and resolution of fragments. Zygotic seedlings were found in 18 seeds, which were the most vigorous in six seeds. The results evidenced the existence of genetic variability in orchards using seedlings grown from seeds, because the farmer usually uses the most vigorous ones, assuming that this is of nucellar origin. These results also indicate that the most vigorous seedling are not always nucellar, inasmuch as of 20% of the total seeds evaluated, the zygotic seedling was the most vigorous.

Juvenile tree growth correlates with photosynthesis and leaf phosphorus content in central Amazonia

Light and soil water availability may limit carbon uptake of trees in tropical rainforests. The objective of this work was to determine how photosynthetic traits of juvenile trees respond to variations in rainfall seasonality, leaf nutrient content, and opening of the forest canopy. The correlation between leaf nutrient content and annual growth rate of saplings was also assessed. In a terra firme rainforest of the central Amazon, leaf nutrient content and gas exchange parameters were measured in five sapling tree species in the dry and rainy season of 2008. Sapling growth was measured in 2008 and 2009. Rainfall seasonality led to variations in soil water content, but it did not affect leaf gas exchange parameters. Subtle changes in the canopy opening affected CO2 saturated photosynthesis (A pot, p = 0.04). Although A pot was affected by leaf nutrient content (as follows: P > Mg > Ca > N > K), the relative growth rate of saplings correlated solely with leaf P content (r = 0.52, p = 0.003). At present, reduction in soil water content during the dry season does not seem to be strong enough to cause any effect on photosynthesis of saplings in central Amazonia. This study shows that leaf P content is positively correlated with sapling growth in the central Amazon. Therefore, the positive effect of atmospheric CO2 fertilization on long-term tree growth will depend on the ability of trees to absorb additional amount of P

O antropólogo Herbert Baldus

Herbert Baldus foi um antropólogo teuto-brasileiro que exerceu importante papel na constituição da pesquisa e dos conhecimentos antropológicos no Brasil. Seu trabalho científico se desenvolveu intimamente ligado ao curso de sua própria vida, que transcorreu, em sua maior parte, neste país, dedicada ao ensino, à pesquisa, à divulgação científica e à tentativa de instituir uma política indigenista comprometida com a preservação das etnias indígenas. A contribuição de seu pensamento teórico, tendo iniciado com explanações sobre as culturas materiais e não materiais, passou por abordagens funcionalistas e estruturalistas, lançando as bases dos estudos das sociedades indígenas em situação de contato e de mudança cultural.

Os hotéis nas proximidades das estações ferroviárias da cidade de São Paulo (1900-1917)

Fazendo uso de processos-crime e jornais, este artigo procura examinar os estabelecimentos de hospedagem da cidade de São Paulo nas imediações das estações ferroviárias dos bairros da Luz e do Brás, nas duas primeiras décadas do século XX. O texto aborda principalmente quem eram os hóspedes desses hotéis e por quais razões aí se hospedavam.

Da "constituinte soberana" a "conciliação política sobre as bases das reformas": O Partido Liberal em Pernambuco e o gabinete Paraná de 1853

Após a Rebelião Praieira, os liberais de Pernambuco tiveram de enfrentar o desafio de reorganizarem o seu partido. A tarefa de estabelecer as estratégias de ação da oposição os levou a um intenso e caloroso debate na imprensa, onde duas bandeiras de luta dominaram as discussões políticas: a luta pela convocação de uma constituinte e a abstenção eleitoral. A mudança de rumo da oposição nessa direção só aconteceria com a reforma eleitoral de 1855, realizada pelo gabinete da conciliação (1853-1856). A análise da resistência e da adesão dos praieiros à política desse gabinete consta como principal objetivo do presente trabalho.

Evidências epidemiológicas da ocorrência de escabiose, em humanos, causada pelo Sarcoptes scabiei (DeGeer, 1778) var. canis (Bourguignon, 1853)

A partir de 27 cães com sarna sarcóptica, envolvendo 143 pessoas expostas à infestação, observaram-se 58 (40,56%) com lesões cutâneas sugestivas de escabiose. Tais lesões mostraram-se mais incidentes nas mulheres do que nos homens e indivíduos de todas as faixas etárias foram acometidos, indistintamente. Foi demonstrada a presença do agente em 3 dos 12 casos humanos observados que mantiveram contato com animais escabiosos.

Beyond time and oblivion : Sir Robert Sidney’s autograph manuscript

Dealing with ancient manuscript or old printed texts often constitutes a difficult task, especially to philologists and editors, for two main reasons: the precarious state of preservation of the documents and the uncertainty regarding their origin, authenticity and authorship. These problems are aggravated by spurious versions, due to the publication of truncated works, poorly supervised miscellanies and non-authorised editions. Sir Robert Sidney’s literary text constitutes an exception amidst such vicissitudes, once the original corpus is wholly contained in a notebook exhibiting the organisation and unity conceived by the author himself. Today, there is no evidence that any loose poems, either autograph or copied by amanuenses, were in circulation among members of the Elizabethan court society. The notebook was kept in private collections for four centuries, which probably explains why it was so well preserved. In fact, only in 1984 would P.J. Croft’s fine edition bring the youngest Sidney’s Poems into light. In this work, I approach Croft’s perceptive, accurate philological study that eventually rescued from oblivion a remarkable piece both of the Elizabethan lyric poetry and of the English Renaissance, and, at the same time, look into Robert Sidney’s peculiar, careful and original formatting of his own autograph manuscript.

Sir Walter Raleigh and Guiana : a mysterious search, a metaphorical discovery

The essay analises Sir Walter Raleigh's report (1595) of his search for Guiana, as well as his reflection on the New World and its inhabitants, which is, in many aspects, different from his contemporaries.

GA topology optimization using random keys for tree encoding of structures

Topology optimization consists in finding the spatial distribution of a given total volume of material for the resulting structure to have some optimal property, for instance, maximization of structural stiffness or maximization of the fundamental eigenfrequency. In this paper a Genetic Algorithm (GA) employing a representation method based on trees is developed to generate initial feasible individuals that remain feasible upon crossover and mutation and as such do not require any repairing operator to ensure feasibility. Several application examples are studied involving the topology optimization of structures where the objective functions is the maximization of the stiffness and the maximization of the first and the second eigenfrequencies of a plate, all cases having a prescribed material volume constraint.

Research on using the decision tree method in order to select the best alternative for the pharmacies supply

Introduction / Aims: Adopting the important decisions represents a specific task of the manager. An efficient manager takes these decisions during a sistematic process with well-defined elements, each with a precise order. In the pharmaceutical practice and business, in the supply process of the pharmacies, there are situations when the medicine distributors offer a certain discount, but require payment in a shorter period of time. In these cases, the analysis of the offer can be made with the help of the decision tree method, which permits identifying the decision offering the best possible result in a given situation. The aims of the research have been the analysis of the product offers of many different suppliers and the establishing of the most advantageous ways of pharmacy supplying. Material / Methods: There have been studied the general product offers of the following medical stores: A&G Med, Farmanord, Farmexim, Mediplus, Montero and Relad. In the case of medicine offers including a discount, the decision tree method has been applied in order to select the most advantageous offers. The Decision Tree is a management method used in taking the right decisions and it is generally used when one needs to evaluate the decisions that involve a series of stages. The tree diagram is used in order to look for the most efficient means to attain a specific goal. The decision trees are the most probabilistic methods, useful when adopting risk taking decisions. Results: The results of the analysis on the tree diagrams have indicated the fact that purchasing medicines with discount (1%, 10%, 15%) and payment in a shorter time interval (120 days) is more profitable than purchasing without a discount and payment in a longer time interval (160 days). Discussion / Conclusion: Depending on the results of the tree diagram analysis, the pharmacies would purchase from the selected suppliers. The research has shown that the decision tree method represents a valuable work instrument in choosing the best ways for supplying pharmacies and it is very useful to the specialists from the pharmaceutical field, pharmaceutical management, to medicine suppliers, pharmacy practitioners from the community pharmacies and especially to pharmacy managers, chief – pharmacists.

Encenação e interpretação de Ella de Herbert Achternbusch

Foi Jean-Pierre Sarrazac quem me deu o texto, aí por volta de 1985, depois de eu ter encenado o seu Lázaro também ele sonhava com o Eldorado, nas instalações dos Modestos, encenação que ele viera ver aquando da sua primeira viagem ao Porto. Disse-me que era um texto para mim. Na primeira leitura, o desejo de fazer a peça colou-se-me ao corpo. Não que pudesse antever uma experiência que me marcaria profundamente de tanto procurar dar corpo a esse ser galináceo que de ora em diante me habitaria. Ler Ella foi, na altura, a descoberta das possibilidades de um teatro que fazia do que era pobre, da infra-língua, dos neurónios desaparafusados e do corpo deficiente, a matéria de uma teatralidade insuspeitada, de um teatro ainda por fazer. Na realidade a primeira abordagem foi difícil, o francês estropiado da tradução não era de leitura imediata e a percepção que tive da relevância da peça foi mais intuitiva, mais sensação do que compreensão. O texto tornou-se mais claro pouco tempo depois ao ler Théâtres Intimes do Sarrazac, a sua tese sobre a simbiose entre o íntimo e o político como futuro do teatro e ainda as suas considerações sobre o récit de vie, “relato de uma vida” à falta de melhor tradução, no teatro de Beckett e de Achternbush. A vontade de fazer a peça foi ficando, mas a oportunidade não surgia. Tinha saído de Évora em confronto com o teatro que lá se fazia e procurava justamente essa dimensão subjectiva que me parecia necessária a um teatro da história que continuava a defender e querer praticar – Ella era para mim a revelação desse teatro, uma palavra dita na primeira pessoa, mas dita como negação do sujeito, palavra tomada de empréstimo desde logo pelo autor. Herbert Achternbusch fala de um familiar próximo: «Ella é minha tia, eu sou o seu tutor», de uma realidade em que quotidiano e história se reencontram num contínuo fluxo e refluxo de causas e consequências. Ele escutou a palavra de Ella e transpô-la para cena, fazendo do filho, Joseph, o seu fiel depositário. Duplo empréstimo, portanto, que sinaliza o mutismo e a inacção do verdadeiro sujeito do relato de vida. Se é o nome da mãe, Ella, que dá título à peça, a sua história de vida só nos chega regurgitada pelo filho que lhe está para sempre umbilicalmente ligado. A oportunidade surgiu quando a companhia de Coimbra Escola da Noite, que pretendia fazer Susn do mesmo autor, me possibilitou realizar a encenação com produção sua. Foi nesse contexto e já em 1992 que decidi fazer o espectáculo com a equipa do Teatro da Rainha, que entretanto começava a refazer-se autonomamente. A essa equipa juntava-se agora a Amélia Varejão, nome histórico do teatro português, vinda do longínquo TEP de António Pedro, mestra de costura e figura excepcional em cena que fizera connosco muitos guarda-roupas e com quem tinha uma relação de grande proximidade, amizade e respeito profissional. Pela minha parte, decidi encenar Ella e também interpretar Joseph, tarefa que teria sido impossível sem a orientação, assumida como direcção de ensaios, da Isabel Lopes, que vinha de Évora no intervalo das suas tarefas de actriz no CENDREV. O que foi esta experiência de encenação feita no corpo do Joseph? Foi fundamentalmente descobrir duas coisas: uma, o modo feminino do comportamento gestual de uma criatura que toda a vida fez trabalhos forçados, violentos, outra, a descoberta das etapas sincopadas, desfazendo as brancas mentais de uma cabeça fundida e incapaz de lógica, de raciocínio, através da memória imediata do que é gestual e físico, realizando a única acção concebida por Achternbusch para a execução da peça, fazer um café. Essa acção única, partida em mil e um fragmentos e dispersões, foi realmente construída no trabalho de ensaios como pura descoberta de jogo apoiada pela definição do espaço e pela manipulação dos objectos. Poderei dizer que encenar Ella foi descobrir a teatralidade de um corpo bloqueado por uma cabeça limitada pela deficiência desde o nascimento, deficiência essa acrescentada pela experiência de vida e pelas circunstâncias históricas. Pela sua rebeldia, a sua não conformação às soluções de aniquilamento do eu, Ella foi submetida durante toda a vida a uma tortura constante e se há uma descoberta que tenha feito com esta peça é a de que a vitalidade de uma sobrevivente não morre diante da maior repressão e a de que a rebeldia salutar pode expressar alegria vital na condição mais inumana. Nenhum ódio, nenhuma raiva e uma capacidade de surpresa perante o mais acessível e irrelevante face à biografia trágica, um moinho de café estimado e tratado como um objecto de altar, o pouco que se tem como um céu alcançado, o café, extraordinária nova possibilidade e prazer – a peça desenrola-se já a partir da sociedade de consumo e a sua retrospectiva elabora-se a partir desse presente. Um outro aspecto decisivo foi descobrir a comicidade como uma via paradoxal do trágico contemporâneo, de uma infra-tragédia que oscila entre a incontinência verbal e a afasia. Em Ella, a comicidade da palavra e do gesto não são uma via menor em termos dramáticos, pelo contrário, amplificam as possibilidades autenticamente populares da expressão linguística. E é importante referir nesta introdução a extraordinária tradução da Profª Idalina Aguiar e Melo cujo trabalho de procura dos equivalentes linguísticos do bávaro alemão de Achternbusch e da palavra deficiente, estropiada, foi notável revelando um profundo conhecimento de falares e expressões regionais e uma capacidade inventiva extraordinária da palavra agramatical e falha de lógica vinda de uma cabeça muito particular.

Stability of the tree-level vacuum in two Higgs doublet models against charge or CP spontaneous violation

We show that in two Higgs doublet models at tree-level the potential minimum preserving electric charge and CP symmetries, when it exists, is the global one. Furthermore, we derived a very simple condition, involving only the coefficients of the quartic terms of the potential, that guarantees spontaneous CP breaking. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Green production of zero-valent iron nanoparticles using tree leaf extracts

The interest in zero-valent iron nanoparticles has been increasing significantly since the development of a green production method in which extracts from natural products or wastes are used. However, this field of application is yet poorly studied and lacks knowledge that allows the full understanding of the production and application processes. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the viability of the utilization of several tree leaves to produce extracts which are capable of reducing iron(III) in aqueous solution to form nZVIs. The quality of the extracts was evaluated concerning their antioxidant capacity. The results show that: i) dried leaves produce extracts with higher antioxidant capacities than non-dried leaves, ii) the most favorable extraction conditions (temperature, contact time, and volume:mass ratio) were identified for each leaf, iii) with the aim of developing a green, but also low-cost,method waterwas chosen as solvent, iv) the extracts can be classified in three categories according to their antioxidant capacity (expressed as Fe(II) concentration): >40 mmol L−1; 20–40 mmol L−1; and 2–10 mmol L−1; with oak, pomegranate and green tea leaves producing the richest extracts, and v) TEManalysis proves that nZVIs (d=10–20 nm) can be produced using the tree leaf extracts.