Measurements of ocean microstructure, physical oceanography and current in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica, during the RRS Ernest Shackleton cruises ES033 and ES060

Turbulence profile measurements made on the upper continental slope and shelf of the southeastern Weddell Sea reveal striking contrasts in dissipation and mixing rates between the two sites. The mean profiles of dissipation rates from the upper slope are 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than the profiles collected over the shelf in the entire water column. The difference increases toward the bottom where the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy and the vertical eddy diffusivity on the slope exceed 10?7 W kg?1 and 10?2 m2 s?1, respectively. Elevated levels of turbulence on the slope are concentrated within a 100 m thick bottom layer, which is absent on the shelf. The upper slope is characterized by near-critical slopes and is in close proximity to the critical latitude for semidiurnal internal tides. Our observations suggest that the upper continental slope of the southern Weddell Sea is a generation site of semidiurnal internal tide, which is trapped along the slope along the critical latitude, and dissipates its energy in a inline image m thick layer near the bottom and within inline image km across the slope.

Coastal Urban Flood Resislience versus Climate Change

Processes of founding and expanding cities in coastal areas have undergone great changes over time driven by environmental conditions. Coastal settlements looked for places above flood levels and away from swamps and other wetlands whenever possible. As populations grew, cities were extending trying to avoid low and wet lands. No city has been able to limit its growth. The risk of flooding can never be eliminated, but only reduced to the extent possible. Flooding of coastal areas is today dramatically attributed to eustasic sea level rise caused by global climate change. This can be inaccurate. Current climate change is generating an average sea level upward trend, but other regional and local factors result in this trend being accentuated in some places or attenuated, and even reversed, in others. Then, the intensity and frequency of coastal flooding around the planet, although not so much as a unique result of this general eustasic elevation, but rather of the superposition of marine and crustal dynamic elements, the former also climate-related, which give rise to a temporary raising in average sea level in the short term. Since the Little Ice Age the planet has been suffering a global warming change leading to sea level rise. The idea of being too obeying to anthropogenic factors may be attributed to Arrhenius (1896), though it is of much later highlight after the sixties of the last century. Never before, the human factor had been able of such an influence on climate. However, other types of changes in sea levels became apparent, resulting from vertical movements of the crust, modifications of sea basins due to continents fracturing, drifting and coming together, or to different types of climate patterns. Coastal zones are then doubly susceptible to floods. Precipitation immediately triggers pluvial flooding. If it continues upland or when snow and glaciers melt eventually fluvial flooding can occur. The urban development presence represents modifying factors. Additional interference is caused by river and waste water drainage systems. Climate also influences sea levels in coastal areas, where tides as well as the structure and dynamic of the geoid and its crust come into play. From the sea, waters can flood and break or push back berms and other coastline borders. The sea level, controlling the mouth of the main channel of the basin's drainage system, is ultimately what governs flood levels. A temporary rise in sea level acts as a dam at the mouth. Even in absence of that global change, so, floods are likely going to increase in many urban coastal areas. Some kind of innovative methodologies and practices should be needed to get more flood resilience cities

Modelización de costas rocosas acantiladas

El retroceso de las costas acantiladas es un fenómeno muy extendido sobre los litorales rocosos expuestos a la incidencia combinada de los procesos marinos y meteorológicos que se dan en la franja costera. Este fenómeno se revela violentamente como movimientos gravitacionales del terreno esporádicos, pudiendo causar pérdidas materiales y/o humanas. Aunque el conocimiento de estos riesgos de erosión resulta de vital importancia para la correcta gestión de la costa, el desarrollo de modelos predictivos se encuentra limitado desde el punto de vista geomorfológico debido a la complejidad e interacción de los procesos de desarrollo espacio-temporal que tienen lugar en la zona costera. Los modelos de predicción publicados son escasos y con importantes inconvenientes: a) extrapolación, extienden la información de registros históricos; b) empíricos, sobre registros históricos estudian la respuesta al cambio de un parámetro; c) estocásticos, determinan la cadencia y magnitud de los eventos futuros extrapolando las distribuciones de probabilidad extraídas de catálogos históricos; d) proceso-respuesta, de estabilidad y propagación del error inexplorada; e) en Ecuaciones en Derivadas Parciales, computacionalmente costosos y poco exactos. La primera parte de esta tesis detalla las principales características de los modelos más recientes de cada tipo y, para los más habitualmente utilizados, se indican sus rangos de aplicación, ventajas e inconvenientes. Finalmente como síntesis de los procesos más relevantes que contemplan los modelos revisados, se presenta un diagrama conceptual de la recesión costera, donde se recogen los procesos más influyentes que deben ser tenidos en cuenta, a la hora de utilizar o crear un modelo de recesión costera con el objetivo de evaluar la peligrosidad (tiempo/frecuencia) del fenómeno a medio-corto plazo. En esta tesis se desarrolla un modelo de proceso-respuesta de retroceso de acantilados costeros que incorpora el comportamiento geomecánico de materiales cuya resistencia a compresión no supere los 5 MPa. El modelo simula la evolución espaciotemporal de un perfil-2D del acantilado que puede estar formado por materiales heterogéneos. Para ello, se acoplan la dinámica marina: nivel medio del mar, cambios en el nivel medio del lago, mareas y oleaje; con la evolución del terreno: erosión, desprendimiento rocoso y formación de talud de derrubios. El modelo en sus diferentes variantes es capaz de incluir el análisis de la estabilidad geomecánica de los materiales, el efecto de los derrubios presentes al pie del acantilado, el efecto del agua subterránea, la playa, el run-up, cambios en el nivel medio del mar o cambios (estacionales o interanuales) en el nivel medio de la masa de agua (lagos). Se ha estudiado el error de discretización del modelo y su propagación en el tiempo a partir de las soluciones exactas para los dos primeros periodos de marea para diferentes aproximaciones numéricas tanto en tiempo como en espacio. Los resultados obtenidos han permitido justificar las elecciones que minimizan el error y los métodos de aproximación más adecuados para su posterior uso en la modelización. El modelo ha sido validado frente a datos reales en la costa de Holderness, Yorkshire, Reino Unido; y en la costa norte del lago Erie, Ontario, Canadá. Los resultados obtenidos presentan un importante avance en los modelos de recesión costera, especialmente en su relación con las condiciones geomecánicas del medio, la influencia del agua subterránea, la verticalización de los perfiles rocosos y su respuesta ante condiciones variables producidas por el cambio climático (por ejemplo, nivel medio del mar, cambios en los niveles de lago, etc.). The recession of coastal cliffs is a widespread phenomenon on the rocky shores that are exposed to the combined incidence of marine and meteorological processes that occur in the shoreline. This phenomenon is revealed violently and occasionally, as gravitational movements of the ground and can cause material or human losses. Although knowledge of the risks of erosion is vital for the proper management of the coast, the development of cliff erosion predictive models is limited by the complex interactions between environmental processes and material properties over a range of temporal and spatial scales. Published prediction models are scarce and present important drawbacks: extrapolation, that extend historical records to the future; empirical, that based on historical records studies the system response against the change in one parameter; stochastic, that represent of cliff behaviour based on assumptions regarding the magnitude and frequency of events in a probabilistic framework based on historical records; process-response, stability and error propagation unexplored; PDE´s, highly computationally expensive and not very accurate. The first part of this thesis describes the main features of the latest models of each type and, for the most commonly used, their ranges of application, advantages and disadvantages are given. Finally as a synthesis of the most relevant processes that include the revised models, a conceptual diagram of coastal recession is presented. This conceptual model includes the most influential processes that must be taken into account when using or creating a model of coastal recession to evaluate the dangerousness (time/frequency) of the phenomenon to medium-short term. A new process-response coastal recession model developed in this thesis has been designed to incorporate the behavioural and mechanical characteristics of coastal cliffs which are composed of with materials whose compressive strength is less than 5 MPa. The model simulates the spatial and temporal evolution of a cliff-2D profile that can consist of heterogeneous materials. To do so, marine dynamics: mean sea level, waves, tides, lake seasonal changes; is coupled with the evolution of land recession: erosion, cliff face failure and associated protective colluvial wedge. The model in its different variants can include analysis of material geomechanical stability, the effect of debris present at the cliff foot, groundwater effects, beach and run-up effects, changes in the mean sea level or changes (seasonal or inter-annual) in the mean lake level. Computational implementation and study of different numerical resolution techniques, in both time and space approximations, and the produced errors are exposed and analysed for the first two tidal periods. The results obtained in the errors analysis allow us to operate the model with a configuration that minimizes the error of the approximation methods. The model is validated through profile evolution assessment at various locations of coastline retreat on the Holderness Coast, Yorkshire, UK and on the north coast of Lake Erie, Ontario, Canada. The results represent an important stepforward in linking material properties to the processes of cliff recession, in considering the effect of groundwater charge and the slope oversteeping and their response to changing conditions caused by climate change (i.e. sea level, changes in lakes levels, etc.).

Genome-Wide Analysis of the Response of Dickeya dadantii 3937 to Plant Antimicrobial Peptides

Antimicrobial peptides constitute an important factor in the defense of plants against pathogens, and bacterial resistance to these peptides have previously been shown to be an important virulence factor in Dickeya dadantii, the causal agent of soft-rot disease of vegetables. In order to understand the bacterial response to antimicrobial pep- tides, a transcriptional microarray analysis was performed upon treatment with sub-lethal concentration of thionins, a widespread plant peptide. In all, 36 genes were found to be overexpressed, and were classified according to their deduced function as i) transcriptional regulators, ii) transport, and iii) modification of the bacterial membrane. One gene encoding a uricase was found to be repressed. The majority of these genes are known to be under the control of the PhoP/PhoQ system. Five genes representing the different functions induced were selected for further analysis. The results obtained indicate that the presence of antimicrobial peptides induces a complex response which includes peptide-specific elements and general stress-response elements contributing differentially to the virulence in different hosts.

The impact of sustainable construction and knowledge management on sustainability goals. A review of the venezuelan renewable energy sector

The recognition of the relevance of energy, especially of the renewable energies generated by the sun, water, wind, tides, modern biomass or thermal is growing significantly in the global society based on the possibility it has to improve societies′ quality of life, to support poverty reduction and sustainable development. Renewable energy, and mainly the energy generated by large hydropower generation projects that supply most of the renewable energy consumed by developing countries, requires many technical, legal, financial and social complex processes sustained by innovations and valuable knowledge. Besides these efforts, renewable energy requires a solid infrastructure to generate and distribute the energy resources needed to solve the basic needs of society. This demands a proper construction performance to deliver the energy projects planned according to specifications and respecting environmental and social concerns, which implies the observance of sustainable construction guidelines. But construction projects are complex and demanding and frequently face time and cost overruns that may cause negative impacts on the initial planning and thus on society. The renewable energy issue and the large renewable energy power generation and distribution projects are particularly significant for developing countries and for Latin America in particular, as this region concentrates an important hydropower potential and installed capacity. Using as references the performance of Venezuelan large hydropower generation projects and the Guri dam construction, this research evaluates the tight relationship existing between sustainable construction and knowledge management and their impact to achieve sustainability goals. The knowledge management processes are proposed as a basic strategy to allow learning from successes and failures obtained in previous projects and transform the enhancement opportunites into actions to improve the performance of the renewable energy power generation and distribution projects.

Coastal floods and decadal changes: the climate factor

Observation has widely shown for nearly all last century that the Spanish (Dynamic) Maritime Climate was following around 10 to 11 year cycles in its most significant figure, wind wave, despite it being better to register cycles of 20 to 22 years, in analogical way with the semi-diurnal and diurnal cycles of Cantabrian tides. Those cycles were soon linked to sun activity and, at the end of the century, the latter was related to the Solar System evolution. We know now that waves and storm surges are coupled and that (Dynamic) Maritime Climate forms part of a more complex “Thermal Machine” including Hydrological cycle. The analysis of coastal floods could so facilitate the extension of that experience. According to their immediate cause, simple flood are usually sorted out into flash, pluvial, fluvial, groundwater and coastal types, considering the last as caused by sea waters. But the fact is that most of coastal floods are the result of the concomitance of several former simple types. Actually, the several Southeastern Mediterranean coastal flood events show to be the result of the superposition within the coastal zone of flash, fluvial, pluvial and groundwater flood types under boundary condition imposed by the concomitant storm sea level rise. This work shall be regarded as an attempt to clarify that cyclic experience, through an in-depth review of a past flood events in Valencia (Turia and Júcar basins), as in Murcia (Segura’s) as well.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate revealed by a genetically encoded, fluorescent indicator

To investigate the dynamics of guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) in single living cells, we constructed genetically encoded, fluorescent cGMP indicators by bracketing cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGPK), minus residues 1–77, between cyan and yellow mutants of green fluorescent protein. cGMP decreased fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and increased the ratio of cyan to yellow emissions by up to 1.5-fold with apparent dissociation constants of ≈2 μM and >100:1 selectivity for cGMP over cAMP. To eliminate constitutive kinase activity, Thr516 of cGPK was mutated to Ala. Emission ratio imaging of the indicators transfected into rat fetal lung fibroblast (RFL)-6 showed cGMP transients resulting from activation of soluble and particulate guanylyl cyclase, respectively, by nitric oxide (NO) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). Whereas all naive cells tested responded to CNP, only 68% responded to NO. Both sets of signals showed large and variable (0.5–4 min) latencies. The phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) did not elevate cGMP on its own but consistently amplified responses to NO or CNP, suggesting that basal activity of guanylate cyclase is very low and emphasizing the importance of PDEs in cGMP recycling. A fraction of RFL cells showed slowly propagating tides of cGMP spreading across the cell in response to delocalized application of NO. Biolistically transfected Purkinje neurons showed cGMP responses to parallel fiber activity and NO donors, confirming that single-cell increases in cGMP occur under conditions appropriate to cause synaptic plasticity.

Correlação entre taxa de recomposição do fundo, pluviometria e maré.

Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar as possíveis correlações entre as taxas de recomposição do fundo, pluviometria e marés para a região do Terminal Marítimo de Ponta da Madeira, Maranhão, Brasil. Foram analisados os dados de levantamentos batimétricos, pluviometria e marés, realizados na região do Terminal, além de dados de chuvas e vazões líquidas e sólidas provenientes do sistema fluvial da sub-bacia do rio Mearim, ligado ao estuário em que se localiza o Terminal. O período analisado compreende os anos de 2010 a 2013. Observou-se que há boa correlação entre vazões sólidas e líquidas no sistema fluvial, sendo que há variação sazonal de vazão líquida, relacionada aos períodos chuvoso e seco, com maiores vazões no período chuvoso. Foram observadas influências desta sazonalidade nas áreas de dragagem mais a sul no Terminal, com boa correlação entre taxas de recomposição do fundo e pluviometria. Em relação às marés, as influências foram melhor observadas nas áreas mais a norte, com boa correlação entre taxas de recomposição do fundo e marés nestas áreas. Os períodos com maiores intensidades de movimentação de fundo estão, de maneira geral, relacionados ao período de intensificação das chuvas e aos solstícios e equinócios, principalmente o equinócio de primavera. O método utilizado provou ser uma boa ferramenta de auxílio à previsão de movimentação e deposição de sedimentos.

Avaliação da durabilidade de misturas asfálticas a quente e mornas contendo material asfáltico fresado.

A reciclagem de misturas asfálticas usando técnicas de misturas mornas atende às exigências da sustentabilidade, limitando o consumo de energia e de novos materiais. A reciclagem de revestimentos asfálticos fresados (RAP) é praticada há mais de 40 anos, por meio de usinagem a quente do RAP adicionado a agregados e ligante novos. Todavia, o uso de elevadas taxas de RAP (acima de 25% no total), é um grande desafio até o presente, pois limita a perda de durabilidade da mistura asfáltica final. O RAP contém ligante asfáltico envelhecido aderido aos agregados, porém uma parte desse ligante pode ser remobilizada durante a reciclagem pelo aumento da temperatura no processo de usinagem. Esta tese busca compreender o processo de remobilização do ligante envelhecido durante a reciclagem do RAP e as consequências da magnitude de temperatura empregada no processo de reaquecimento deste material envelhecido. Atualmente, tem-se buscado o uso da tecnologia de usinagem morna, permitindo a redução de temperatura total no processo de fabricação. Um dos problemas possíveis da combinação das técnicas reciclagem morna é a ocorrência do fenômeno de recobrimento duplo, que pode impactar na reologia do novo material: o ligante do RAP e o ligante novo não se misturariam totalmente, devido à redução das temperaturas de fabricação, formando camadas superpostas. Este fenômeno seria a causa de disfuncionamentos mecânicos da mistura asfáltica final. Questiona-se então a qualidade do recobrimento dos agregados do RAP, já recobertos, e a falta de um meio de caracterização para a observação da interface. Neste estudo, a qualidade do recobrimento do RAP foi avaliada em escala microscópica e macroscópica. No nível microscópico, foi proposto o uso de uma ferramenta de micro-espectroscopia infravermelha para avaliar a interface entre o RAP e o ligante novo, e seguir a distribuição espacial desses dois componentes na mistura asfáltica. Para tanto, foi realizado um desenvolvimento experimental detalhado que permitisse o uso de um acessório de imagem infravermelha em misturas asfálticas recicladas. Graças à indentificação prévia de marcadores internos, foi possível acompanhar a mobilização parcial do ligante envelhecido do RAP. Em paralelo, no nível macroscópico, foi desenvolvido um protocolo de ensaio com o objetivo de avaliar a durabilidade das misturas asfálticas recicladas com taxas elevadas de RAP (50%), com o objetivo princial de compreender se há benefícios nas propriedades mecânicas de misturas mornas recicladas. O ensaio de fadiga é um dos ensaios que permitem melhor avaliar e comparar diferentes misturas asfálticas para comporem uma camada de pavimento. Porém, este ensaio não pode ser diretamente transposto à previsibilidade de campo por ter restrições, tais como o ligante das amostras ensaiadas não teve tempo de envelhecer; e as misturas asfálticas, dependendo da quantidade de RAP e da temperatura de usinagem, podem envelhecer em velocidades diferentes em campo. No presente trabalho, foi proposta a adição de uma etapa de envelhecimento previamente aos ensaios mecânicos. Foi suposto que o comportamento real do material estaria situado entre o do material não envelhecido e do envelhecido. Os principais resultados mostram que uma mistura reciclada morna apresenta resultados satisfatórios de comportamento mecânico que atestam seu uso como camada de revestimento asfáltico, exceto que ela tem a tendência de ser mais sensível à fadiga que uma mistura com a mesma composição de agregados e de teor de ligante, fabricada a quente ou morna, mas sem a adição de RAP.

Tratado rápido de filosofía y otros poemas

Se presentan en “Tratado rápido de filosofía y otros poemas”, cuatro poemas seleccionados de tres poemarios escritos por Bartolomé Nieto Munuera, surcador incansable de mares de letras y sentimientos sujetos a mareas, algas y musgos: Ribera de la entropía, La estirpe del aire, y Noches de Quart Hadasht. A pesar de su prematura muerte, a este gran poeta le ha sobrado tiempo para regalarnos una obra intensa y coherente donde abundan interpretaciones saturadas de inteligencia y una estética cuya serenidad se mece dialécticamente en el pensamiento crítico regalándonos versos de una profundidad casi insondable. Nieto interpreta la realidad como la vive y la piensa dejando translucir un perfume delicado que se desprende lentamente al son de la pulcritud irredenta de este hermeneuta culto e intuitivo.

Annotated almanac, 1739

Almanac with sporadic annotations on the calendar pages (such as "1L" written next to the April 18, 1739 entry and "2L" written next to the April 25th entry). The only handwritten entry is on the October page: "22d day, tides higher yr for 16 years past."

Nares Strait region, Canada and Greenland, 1853 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Chart exhibiting the discoveries of the second American-Grinnell-Expedition in search of Sir John Franklin : unrevised from the original material and projected on the spot by E.K. Kane. It was published by Lith of J. Bien in [1855]. Scale [ca. 1:400,000]. Covers the Nares Strait region, Greenland and Canada. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'NAD 1983 CSRS UTM Zone 19 North' projection. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows coastal features such as drainage, islands, capes, bays, tides, lines of ice, camps, and more. Relief shown by hachures. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection and the Harvard University Library as part of the Open Collections Program at Harvard University project: Organizing Our World: Sponsored Exploration and Scientific Discovery in the Modern Age. Maps selected for the project correspond to various expeditions and represent a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1893 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: New map of the city of Philadelphia :from the latest city surveys : prepared for Gopsill's directories 1893. It was published by J.L. Smith in 1893. Scale [ca.1:21,500]. Covers Philadelphia and a portion of surrounding cities. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Pennsylvania South State Plane Coordinate System NAD83 (in Feet) (Fipszone 3702). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, selected public buildings, cemeteries, parks, city wards, and more. Includes three indices: Street directory -- Statistical notes -- Elevation of the highest recorded points above high tides in the Delaware River. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Lynn to Halibut Point, Rockport, Massachusetts, Atlantic Coast, 1873 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Eldridge's new chart from Lynn to Halibut Point : with the harbors of Salem, Beverly, Marblehead, Manchester, Gloucester & Rockport, compiled from the latest surveys, [by George Eldridge] ; G.W. Boynton, sc. It was published by S. Thaxter & Son, 1873. Scale [ca. 1:58,370]. This map is a nautical chart covering the Atlantic Coast of Massachusetts from Lynn to Halibut Point, Rockport, Massachusetts. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows coastal features such as lighthouses, buoys, beacons, rocks, channels, points, coves, islands, and more. Depths are shown by soundings and shading. Includes sailing directions and table of tides. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Ameaças à vegetação dunar

As paisagens dunares são sistemas de elevado dinamismo, devido à proximidade do mar e à extrema mobilidade do substrato arenoso e prevê-se que venham a ser severamente afetadas pelas alterações ambientais globais. As dunas são depósitos de areia criados por processos eólicos e apresentam uma vegetação muito característica. Estes depósitos de areia em conjunto com a vegetação formam uma barreira essencial ao avanço do mar durante as marés altas de águas vivas e tempestades. Em Portugal, a degradação dos ecossistemas costeiros é muito preocupante. O problema das espécies exóticas invasoras agravou-se, aumentando a pressão sobre as plantas nativas. Embora este problema não seja o único motivo da degradação dos ecossistemas costeiros, este trabalho pretende divulgar as plantas dunares da zona costeira de Matosinhos, sensibilizar para a proteção e conservação das dunas e alertar para o facto de diversas plantas invasoras rapidamente colonizarem espaços abertos, pondo em causa e estabilidade dos ecossistemas costeiros. O conhecimento detalhado destes ecossistemas permitirá a aplicação de processos de vigilância e monitorização bem como o restauro ecológico de áreas dunares degradadas.