Human interleukin-10-related T cell-derived inducible factor: Molecular cloning and functional characterization as an hepatocyte-stimulating factor

IL-10-related T cell-derived inducible factor (IL-TIF or IL-21) is a new cytokine structurally related to IL-10 and originally identified in the mouse as a gene induced by IL-9 in T cells and mast cells. Here, we report the cloning of the human IL-TIF cDNA, which shares 79% amino acid identity with mouse IL-TIF and 25% identity with human IL-10. Recombinant human IL-TIF was found to activate signal transducer and activator of transcription factors-1 and -3 in several hepatoma cell lines. IL-TIF stimulation of HepG2 human hepatoma cells up-regulated the production of acute phase reactants such as serum amyloid A, α1-antichymotrypsin, and haptoglobin. Although IL-10 and IL-TIF have distinct activities, antibodies directed against the β chain of the IL-10 receptor blocked the induction of acute phase reactants by IL-TIF, indicating that this chain is a common component of the IL-10 and IL-TIF receptors. Similar acute phase reactant induction was observed in mouse liver upon IL-TIF injection, and IL-TIF expression was found to be rapidly increased after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, suggesting that this cytokine contributes to the inflammatory response in vivo.

Trichostatin A reverses skewed expression of CD154, interleukin-10, and interferon-γ gene and protein expression in lupus T cells

In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), T helper cells exhibit increased and prolonged expression of cell-surface CD40 ligand (CD154), spontaneously overproduce interleukin-10 (IL-10), but underproduce interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). We tested the hypothesis that the imbalance of these gene products reflects skewed expression of CD154, IL-10, and IFN-γ genes. Here, we demonstrate that the histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A, significantly down-regulated CD154 and IL-10 and up-regulated IFN-γ gene expression in SLE T cells. This reversal corrected the aberrant expression of these gene products, thereby enhancing IFN-γ production and inhibiting IL-10 and CD154 expression. That trichostatin A can simultaneously reverse the skewed expression of multiple genes implicated in the immunopathogenesis of SLE suggests that this pharmacologic agent may be a candidate for the treatment of this autoimmune disease.

Cross-modulation by transforming growth factor beta in human tuberculosis: suppression of antigen-driven blastogenesis and interferon gamma production.

In tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)-stimulated T-cell responses are depressed transiently, whereas antibody levels are increased. Lymphoproliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from Pakistani tuberculosis (TB) patients to both mycobacterial and candidal antigens were suppressed by approximately 50% when compared to healthy purified protein derivative (PPD)-positive household contacts. Production of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in response to PPD also was depressed by 78%. Stimulation with PPD and the 30-kDa alpha antigen of MTB (30-kDa antigen) induced greater secretion of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), but not interleukin 10 (IL-10) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), by PBMCs from TB patients compared to healthy contacts. The degree of suppression correlated with the duration of treatment; patients treated for <1 month had significantly lower T-cell blastogenesis and IFN-gamma production and higher levels of TGF-beta than did patients treated for >1 month. Neutralizing antibody to TGF-beta normalized lymphocyte proliferation in response to PPD, partially restored blastogenesis to candidal antigen, and significantly increased PPD-stimulated production of IFN-gamma in TB patients but not in contacts. Neutralizing antibody to IL-10 augmented, but did not normalize, T-cell responses to both PPD and candida in TB patients and candidal antigen in contacts. TGF-beta, produced in response to MTB antigens, therefore plays a prominent role in down-regulating potentially protective host effector mechanisms and looms as an important mediator of immunosuppression in TB.

Inhibition of acute in vivo human immunodeficiency virus infection by human interleukin 10 treatment of SCID mice implanted with human fetal thymus and liver.

To improve the usefulness of in vivo mode for the investigation of the pathophysiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, we modified the construction of SCID mice implanted with human fetal thymus and liver (thy/liv-SCID-hu mice) so that the peripheral blood of the mice contained significant numbers of human monocytes and T cells. After inoculation with HIV-1(59), a primary patient isolate capable of infecting monocytes and T cells, the modified thy/liv-SCID-hu mice developed disseminated HIV infection that was associated with plasma viremia. The development of plasma viremia and HIV infection in thy/liv-SCID-hu mice inoculated with HIV-1(59) was inhibited by acute treatment with human interleukin (IL) 10 but not with human IL-12. The human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in these modified thy/liv-SCID-hu mice were responsive to in vivo treatment with exogenous cytokines. Human interferon gamma expression in the circulating human peripheral blood mononuclear cells was induced by treatment with IL-12 and inhibited by treatment with IL-10. Thus, these modified thy/liv-SCID-hu mice should prove to be a valuable in vivo model for examining the role of immunomodulatory therapy in modifying HIV infection. Furthermore, our demonstration of the vivo inhibitory effect of IL-10 on acute HIV infection suggests that further studies may be warranted to evaluate whether there is a role for IL-10 therapy in preventing HIV infection in individuals soon after exposure to HIV such as for children born to HIV-infected mothers.

Oral tolerance in myelin basic protein T-cell receptor transgenic mice: suppression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis and dose-dependent induction of regulatory cells.

Orally administered antigens induce a state of immunologic hyporesponsiveness termed oral tolerance. Different mechanisms are involved in mediating oral tolerance depending on the dose fed. Low doses of antigen generate cytokine-secreting regulatory cells, whereas high doses induce anergy or deletion. We used mice transgenic for a T-cell receptor (TCR) derived from an encephalitogenic T-cell clone specific for the acetylated N-terminal peptide of myelin basic protein (MBP) Ac-1-11 plus I-Au to test whether a regulatory T cell could be generated from the same precursor cell as that of an encephalitogenic Th1 cell and whether the induction was dose dependent. The MBP TCR transgenic mice primarily have T cells of a precursor phenotype that produce interleukin 2 (IL-2) with little interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-4, or transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta). We fed transgenic animals a low-dose (1 mg x 5) or high-dose (25 mg x 1) regimen of mouse MBP and without further immunization spleen cells were tested for cytokine production. Low-dose feeding induced prominent secretion of IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-beta, whereas minimal secretion of these cytokines was observed with high-dose feeding. Little or no change was seen in proliferation or IL-2/IFN-gamma secretion in fed animals irrespective of the dose. To demonstrate in vivo functional activity of the cytokine-secreting cells generated by oral antigen, spleen cells from low-dose-fed animals were adoptively transferred into naive (PLJ x SJL)F1 mice that were then immunized for the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Marked suppression of EAE was observed when T cells were transferred from MBP-fed transgenic animals but not from animals that were not fed. In contrast to oral tolerization, s.c. immunization of transgenic animals with MBP in complete Freund's adjuvant induced IFN-gamma-secreting Th1 cells in vitro and experimental encephalomyelitis in vivo. Despite the large number of cells reactive to MBP in the transgenic animals, EAE was also suppressed by low-dose feeding of MBP prior to immunization. These results demonstrate that MBP-specific T cells can differentiate in vivo into encephalitogenic or regulatory T cells depending upon the context by which they are exposed to antigen.

Una nuova politica per il Meridione: la nascita del quarto centro siderurgico (1955-1960)

La ricerca punta a ricostruire il complesso e travagliato processo decisionale che porta alla realizzazione del quarto centro siderurgico di Taranto. Il grande stabilimento viene progettato nel 1955, approda sui tavoli del comitato di Presidenza della Finsider nel settembre del 1956 e dopo quasi quattro anni di dibattiti e dietrofront ottiene il via libera dal consiglio dei Ministri il 9 giugno del 1959. La prima pietra del centro verrà posta il 10 luglio del 1960, il primo settore (un tubificio) inaugurato nel 1961, mentre il resto del complesso entrerà in funzione nel 1964. Ispiratore del centro è Pasquale Saraceno e gli uomini dell'associazione Svimez, convinti sostenitori dell'industrializzazione dell'Italia Meridionale. Il progetto sostenuto apertamente dalla Democrazia Cristiana a partire dal 1956 e in seguito da tutte le forze politiche, viene convintamente osteggiato dall'Impresa Pubblica, Finsider in testa, che vede messa a repentaglio l'autonomia imprenditoriale del gruppo e i propri equilibri economici. Il centro meridionale è considerato strategicamente penalizzante ed economicamente sconveniente, dato che i maggiori centri industriali italiani del tempo si trovano nell'Italia Settentrionale (quindi una localizzazione meridionale comporterebbe un aggravio di costi per le operazioni di trasporto dell'acciaio). L'Impresa pubblica opterebbe su una politica imprenditoriale più prudente, incentrata sul potenziamento graduale dei centri già esistenti. Non così la Politica decisa ad attuare una svolta in grado di realizzare evidenti progressi nell'economia meridionale. La nostra ricerca ha cercato di ricostruire l'impegno e le manovre dei principali partiti politici e parallelamente le strategie e le ragioni dell'Impresa pubblica tenendo anche conto del grande dibattito sorto sulla stampa nazionale tra favorevoli e contrari al progetto e al coinvolgimento dell'opinione pubblica meridionale in particolare pugliese. La ricerca si divide in tre parti (dedicate alle origini del progetto (1954-1955), gli sviluppi della vicenda (1957-1958), il via libera al centro (1959-1960) e si articola in sei capitoli (Meridione e industrializzazione: verso il quarto centro siderurgico; La siderurgia italiana verso il boom: il progetto del IV centro a ciclo integrale; La polemica Iri – Dc: uno scontro istituzionale; Il Pci e il centro siderurgico di Taranto; La vicenda Vado Ligure e la posizione dell'impresa privata; L'approvazione del progetto). La tesi cerca di mettere a fuoco la posizione della Politica (Dc e Pci su tutti), della Tecnica (Iri e Finsider ma anche progetti e impegno dei privati, quali la Fiat e la Falck) e della società civile (soprattutto quella tarantina dedicando una certa attenzione al mondo cattolico). La ricerca si è svolta su più livelli. Nel primo anno si è compiuta un'approfondito studio presso l'archivio dell'Iri (conservato presso l'Archivio Centrale dello Stato a Roma), della Dc (Istituto Sturzo, Roma), del Pci (Istituto Gramsci Roma). Il secondo ha permesso di soffermarsi sulle vicende di Taranto (Archivio dell'Arcidiocesi, Archivio del Comune, Biblioteca Comunale). Il terzo è stato focalizzato ancora su vicende politiche e finanziarie (Archivio Storico Banca d'Italia, Archivio Giulio Andreotti, Archivio storico del Senato, tutti con sede a Roma). L'esame dei verbali dei Comitati esecutivi della Finsider per gli anni 1954 -1959 rivela una chiara direzione: la Finsider studia con grande rigore la situazione del mercato italiano, delle varie aziende e dei centri produttivi del Gruppo. Un rigore finalizzato alla chiusura dei centri ritenuti antiquati e poco funzionali e al potenziamento di quelli più moderni e dalle dimensioni imponenti. Un'azione tesa ad incrementare la produzione, essere competitivi sul mercato internazionale e salvaguardare il vero faro dell'azienda in quegli anni: l'economicità. Cioè ottenere il più possibile tutelando gli equilibri finanziari del Gruppo. E' per questo che per ben due anni, i funzionari dell'azienda avanzano progetti complementari, come quello del piccolo centro di Apuania, ma il Comitato esecutivo pur considerando l'investimento indispensabile e conveniente, decide di rinviarne la realizzazione. Gli elementi più rilevanti sono emersi per l'anno 1957. E' noto come il centro siderurgico meridionale fosse messo a rischio da un altro progetto avanzato dalla Fiat, decisa a realizzare un proprio stabilimento nell'Italia settentrionale, a Vado Ligure. Il centro avrebbe dovuto rifornire di acciaio gli stabilimenti della casa automobilistica rendendola indipendente dall'Industria di Stato. Nel caso si fosse realizzato il centro di Vado (al quale la Fiat rinuncerà nel 1957) sarebbe risultato impossibile realizzarne un altro nel Meridione (a quel punto la produzione avrebbe superato i consumi). Dai dati esaminati emerge una trattativa finora inedita che vede il coinvolgimento della Finsider e di privati stranieri.

Efeitos da hiperprolactinemia sobre a inflamação alérgica pulmonar em ratos Wistar

Objetivo: Foi investigada a hipótese da hiperprolactinemia modular a resposta inflamatória alérgica pulmonar em ratos machos e em fêmas lactantes sem tratamento de domperidona. Métodos: Em ratos machos, a hiperprolactinemia foi de curta duração (5 dias) induzida pela domperidona (5,1 mg.kg-1 por dia, i.p). A resposta alérgica foi gerada por sensibilização e desafios inalatórios com ovoalbumina. Foi feita contagem de leucócitos totais e diferenciados do lavado bronco alveolar (BAL), lavado medular femoral (BFL) e sangue; a percentagem de produção de muco e colageno no pulmão, níveis de corticosterona e prolactina e citocinas TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, em explantes de pulmão e IFNg no BAL, foram medidos. Pela citometria foram avaliadaos os receptores de prolactina; Resultados: Hiperprolactinemia de curta duração feita antes do desafio inalatório disminuiu a resposta alérgica pulmonar na contagem de leucócitos no lavado broncoalveolar. Esse tratamento reduziu a celularidade no BFL e a percentagem de muco e aumentou a expressão de citocinas IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNFα e da expressão do IFNg. Níveis altos de prolactina diminuiram o número de eosinófilos ao pulmão no BAL. Pela citometria revelou-se que além de ter menor número de granulócitos migrados ao pulmão, estes apresentaram maior expressão do número de receptores por granulócito para prolactina no grupo tratado com domperidona. Alterações similares foram reveladas em fêmeas lactantes como foi a diminuição nos leucócitos do BAL, e no número de células do BFL. O tratamento profilático diminuiu a resposta alérgica tanto no grupo hiperprolactinêmico como no grupo veículo. O tratamento feito após o desafio inalatório não evidenciou alterações relevantes nas variáveis medidas. Conclusões: A hiperprolactinemia de curta duração, feita após a sensibilização e antes da inalação diminui a resposta inflamatória no pulmão em ratos. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que a hiperprolactinemia induzida antes do desafio antigênico diminue a inflamação alérgica pulmonar. Assim, é provável que a prolactina endógena tenha um papel relevante como um imunomodulador da asma. Este estudo aponta a possibilidade futura do uso da domperidona para pacientes asmáticos. Durante a primavera muitas espécies de mamíferos têm seus filhotes e ocorre abundância de fatores alergenos no ar. Logo, um fator endógeno que favoreça a proteção de fêmeas durante a lactação, tal como a hiperprolactinemia, tem elevado valor adaptativo

Efeito do treinamento físico associado a um programa de perda de peso no controle clínico e nos fatores de saúde relacionados à qualidade de vida em asmáticos obesos

Introdução: O fenótipo asma-obeso caracteriza-se por uma asma mais grave, no qual o controle clínico é mais difícil de ser alcançado, mesmo sob terapia medicamentosa otimizada. A cirurgia bariátrica tem sido recomendada para perda de peso e melhora dos sintomas, porém os benefícios de intervenções não-cirúrgicas têm sido pouco estudados. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do treinamento físico associado a um programa de perda de peso no controle clínico da asma, qualidade de vida e sintomas psicossociais em asmáticos obesos. Métodos: 55 pacientes com asma moderada a grave e obesidade grau II (IMC >= 35 e < 39.9 kg/m2) foram alocados em 2 grupos: programa de perda de peso + placebo (PP+P) ou programa de perda de peso + exercícios (PP+E), sendo que o programa de perda de peso incluiu terapia nutricional e psicológica (12 sessões semanais de 60 minutos cada). O grupo PP+E associou exercícios aeróbios e resistidos programa de perda de peso, enquanto o grupo PP+P associou exercícios placebo (respiratórios e alongamentos), 2xvezes/semana, 60 minutos/sessão durante 3 meses. Antes e após as intervenções, foram avaliados o controle clínico da asma, os fatores de saúde relacionados a qualidade de vida (FSRQV), a capacidade física, a composição corporal, os sintomas de ansiedade e depressão, a qualidade do sono, a função pulmonar e as inflamações das vias aéreas e sistêmica. A comparação dos dados contínuos entre os grupos foi realizada por ANOVA de dois fatores com medidas repetidas e das variáveis categóricas pelo teste qui-quadrado. A correlação linear e a regressão linear múltipla foram utilizadas para avaliar associações entre as variáveis avaliadas. Resultados: Foram analisados os resultados de 51 pacientes que foram reavaliados. Comparado com o grupo PP+P, os pacientes que realizaram exercício apresentaram melhora no controle clínico da asma (- 0,7 [-1,3 - -0,3] vs. -0,3 [-0,9 - 0,4] escore ACQ; p=0,01) e nos FSRQV (0,8 [0,3 -2,0] vs. 0,4 [-0,3 - 0,9] escore AQLQ; p=0,02), respectivamente. Essa melhora parece ter sido consequência do aumento do condicionamento físico (3,0 [2,4-4,0] vs. 0,9 [-0,3-1,3] mL.O2/Kg/min; p < 0,001) e da perda de peso (6,8±3,5% vs. 3,1±2,6% do peso corpóreo; p < 0,001) nos pacientes do grupo PP+E, que também apresentaram uma melhora dos sintomas de depressão, da qualidade do sono (ronco, latência e eficiência) e dos níveis séricos de vitamina D. Houve também melhora da função pulmonar (capacidade vital forçada e volume de reserva expiratório) e das inflamações das vias aéreas (FeNO) e sistêmica (CCL2, CXCL9, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-alfa, IL-10 e leptina/adiponectina), que parecem ser possíveis mecanismos associados à melhora do controle clinico da asma nos pacientes do grupo PP+E (p < 0,05 para todas variáveis apresentadas). Conclusão: A inclusão do treinamento físico em um programa de perda de peso a curto prazo deve ser considerada como uma intervenção eficiente para associar à terapia medicamentosa da asma na melhora do controle clínico em asmáticos obesos

CSF-1 as a regulator of macrophage activation and immune responses

Macrophage activation is a key determinant of susceptibility and pathology in a variety of inflammatory diseases. The extent of macrophage activation is tightly regulated by a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IFN-gamma, IL-2, GM-CSF, IL-3) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-4, IL-10, TGF-beta). Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1/M-CSF) is a key differentiation, growth and survival factor for monocytes/macrophages and osteoclasts. The role of this factor in regulating macrophage activation is often overlooked. This review will summarize our current understanding of the effects of CSF-1 on the activation state of mature macrophages and its role in regulating immune responses.

Regulatory T-cells infiltrate periodontal disease tissues

CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T ( Tr) cells are critical in regulating the immune response and thereby play an important role in the defense against infection and control of autoimmune diseases. Our previous studies demonstrated the involvement of autoimmune responses in periodontitis. The aim of this study was to identify CD4(+) CD25(+) Tr cells in periodontitis tissues and compare them with those in gingivitis tissues. Immunohistological analysis of CD4, CD25, and CTLA- 4 and the gene expression analysis of FOXP3, TGF- beta 1, and IL-10 on gingival biopsies revealed the presence of CD4(+) CD25(+) Tr cells in all tissues. In periodontitis, the percentage of CD4(+) CD25(+) Tr cells increased with increasing proportions of B-cells relative to T- cells. FOXP3, a characteristic marker for CD4(+) CD25(+) Tr cells, TGF- beta 1 and IL-10 were expressed more highly in periodontitis compared with gingivitis. These findings suggest that CD4(+) CD25(+) Tr cells and possibly other regulatory T- cell populations do exist and may play regulatory roles in periodontal diseases.

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope vaccination protects against human metapneumovirus infection and disease in mice

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) has emerged as an important human respiratory pathogen causing upper and lower respiratory tract infections in young children and older adults. In addition, hMPV infection is associated with asthma exacerbation in young children. Recent epidemiological evidence indicates that hMPV may cocircullate with human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and mediate clinical disease similar to that seen with hRSV. Therefore, a vaccine for hMPV is highly desirable. In the present study, we used predictive bioinformatics, peptide immunization, and functional T-cell assays to define hMPV cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes recognized by mouse T cells restricted through several major histocompatibility complex class I alleles, including HILA-A*0201. We demonstrate that peptide immunization with hMPV CTL epitopes reduces viral load and immunopathollogy in the lungs of hMPV-challenged mice and enhances the expression of Th1-type cytokines (gamma interferon and interleukin-12 [IL-12]) in lungs and regional lymph nodes. In addition, we show that levels of Th2-type cytolkines (IL-10 and IL-4) are significantly lower in hMPV CTL epitope-vaccinated mice challenged with hMPV. These results demonstrate for the first time the efficacy of an hMPV CTL epitope vaccine in the control of hMPV infection in a murine model.

IL10 and IL12B polymorphisms each influence IL-12p70 secretion by dendritic cells in response to LPS

Dendritic cells (DC) are the main producers of the cytokine IL-12p70, through which they play a direct role in the development of IFN-gamma-secreting Th1 cells, costimulation of CTL differentiation and NK-cell activation. In contrast, IL-10, which is also produced by DC, negatively regulates IL-12 production. IL-12p70 production varies widely between individuals, and several polymorphisms in the gene encoding IL-12p40 (IL12B) have been identified that influence susceptibility and severity of infectious, autoimmune and neoplastic disease. Here we show that polymorphisms not only of IL12B, but also in the IL10 promoter, influence IL-12p70 secretion by monocyte-derived DC in response to LPS. Although IL12B promoter homozygotes were prone to making more IL-12p70, presence of the IL10 high genotype restricted IL-12p70 production in these individuals. These observations provide a further genetic control of IL-12p70 regulation and emphasize the complexity of production of this cytokine. They also suggest genotypes that might influence the outcome of DC immunotherapy.

Modelling Apoptotic cell clearance within the atherosclerotic plaque

The aged population have an increased susceptibility to infection, therefore function of the innate immune system may be impaired as we age. Macrophages, and their precursors monocytes, play an important role in host defence in the form of phagocytosis, and also link the innate and adaptive immune system via antigen presentation. Classically-activated 'M1' macrophages are pro-inflammatory, which can be induced by encountering pathogenic material or pro-inflammatory mediators. Alternatively activated 'M2' macrophages have a largely reparative role, including clearance of apoptotic bodies and debris from tissues. Despite some innate immune receptors being implicated in the clearance of apoptotic cells, the process has been observed to have a dominant anti-inflammatory phenotype with cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-ß being implicated. The atherosclerotic plaque contains recruited monocytes and macrophages, and is a highly inflammatory environment despite high levels of apoptosis. At these sites, monocytes differentiate into macrophages and gorge on lipoproteins, resulting in formation of 'foam cells' which then undergo apoptosis, recruiting further monocytes. This project seeks to understand why, given high levels of apoptosis, the plaque is a pro-inflammatory environment. This phenomenon may be the result of the aged environment or an inability of foam cells to elicit an anti-inflammatory effect in response to dying cells. Here we demonstrate that lipoprotein treatment of macrophages in culture results in reduced capacity to clear apoptotic cells. The effect of lipoprotein treatment on apoptotic cell-mediated immune modulation of macrophage function is currently under study.

Dealing with cell death – an ageing problem?

The aged population have an increased susceptibility to infection, therefore function of the innate immune system may be impaired as we age. Macrophages, and their precursors monocytes, play an important role in host defence in the form of phagocytosis, and also link the innate and adaptive immune system via antigen presentation. Classically-activated ‘M1’ macrophages are pro-inflammatory, which can be induced by encountering pathogenic material or pro-inflammatory mediators. Alternatively activated ‘M2’ macrophages have a largely reparative role, including clearance of apoptotic bodies and debris from tissues. Despite some innate immune receptors being implicated in the clearance of apoptotic cells, the process has been observed to have a dominant anti-inflammatory phenotype with cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-ß being implicated. The atherosclerotic plaque contains recruited monocytes and macrophages, and is a highly inflammatory environment despite high levels of apoptosis. At these sites, monocytes differentiate into macrophages and gorge on lipoproteins, resulting in formation of ‘foam cells’ which then undergo apoptosis, recruiting further monocytes. This project seeks to understand why, given high levels of apoptosis, the plaque is a pro-inflammatory environment. This phenomenon may be the result of the aged environment or an inability of foam cells to elicit an anti-inflammatory effect in response to dying cells. Here we demonstrate that lipoprotein treatment of macrophages in culture results in reduced capacity to clear apoptotic cells. The capability of lipoprotein treated macrophages to respond to inflammatory stimuli is also shown. Monocyte recruitment to the plaque is currently under study, as is apoptotic cell-mediated immune modulation of human monocyte-derived macrophages.

Age-associated changes in long-chain fatty acid profile during healthy aging promote pro-inflammatory monocyte polarization via PPARγ

Differences in lipid metabolism associate with age-related disease development and lifespan. Inflammation is a common link between metabolic dysregulation and aging. Saturated fatty acids (FAs) initiate pro-inflammatory signalling from many cells including monocytes; however, no existing studies have quantified age-associated changes in individual FAs in relation to inflammatory phenotype. Therefore, we have determined the plasma concentrations of distinct FAs by gas chromatography in 26 healthy younger individuals (age < 30 years) and 21 healthy FA individuals (age > 50 years). Linear mixed models were used to explore the association between circulating FAs, age and cytokines. We showed that plasma saturated, poly- and mono-unsaturated FAs increase with age. Circulating TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations increased with age, whereas IL-10 and TGF-β1 concentrations decreased. Oxidation of MitoSOX Red was higher in leucocytes from FA adults, and plasma oxidized glutathione concentrations were higher. There was significant colinearity between plasma saturated FAs, indicative of their metabolic relationships. Higher levels of the saturated FAs C18:0 and C24:0 were associated with lower TGF-β1 concentrations, and higher C16:0 were associated with higher TNF-α concentrations. We further examined effects of the aging FA profile on monocyte polarization and metabolism in THP1 monocytes. Monocytes preincubated with C16:0 increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to phorbol myristate acetate-induced differentiation through ceramide-dependent inhibition of PPARγ activity. Conversely, C18:1 primed a pro-resolving macrophage which was PPARγ dependent and ceramide dependent and which required oxidative phosphorylation. These data suggest that a midlife adult FA profile impairs the switch from proinflammatory to lower energy, requiring anti-inflammatory macrophages through metabolic reprogramming.