Compensatory growth in the gibel carp following feed deprivation: temporal patterns in growth, nutrient deposition, feed intake and body composition

To investigate the nature of compenstory growth in fish, an 8 week study at 28 degreesC was performed on juvenile gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio weighing 6.6 g. Fish were starved for 0 (control), 1 (Sl)or 2 (S2) weeks and then re-fed to satiation For 5 weeks. Weekly changes in weight gain, feed intake and body composition were monitored during re-feeding. No significant difference was found in final body weight between the three groups, indicating complete compensation in the deprived fish, The deprived groups caught up in body weight with that of the control after 2 weeks of re-feeding. Body fat:lean body mass ratio was restored to the control level within 1 week of re-feeding. In the re-feeding period, weekly gains in body weight, protein. lipid, ash and energy in the S1 group were significantly higher than in the controls for 1 week. For the S2 group, weekly gains in body weight. lipid. ash and energy were higher than in the controls for 2 weeks, and gain in protein was higher than in the controls for 3 weeks, though gain in body energy became elevated again during the last 2 weeks of the experiment. Feed intake remained higher than the control level for 3 weeks in the S1 group and 3 weeks in the SZ group. Growth efficiency was not significantly different among the three groups in any of the weeks during re-feeding. Compensatory responses in growth and especially feed intake tended to last longer than the recovery of body composition. (C) 2001 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

Differential screening and characterization analysis of the egg envelope glycoprotein ZP3 cDNAs between gynogenetic and gonochoristic crucian carp

Gynogenetic silver crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio, is an intriguing model. system. In the present work, a systemic study has been initiated by introducing suppression subtractive hybridization technique into this model system to identify the differentially expressed genes in oocytes between gynogenetic silver crucian carp and its closely related gonochoristic color crucian carp. Five differential cDNA fragments were identified from the preliminary screening, and two of them are ZP3 homologues. Moreover, the full length ZP3 cDNAs were cloned from their oocyte cDNA libraries. The length of ZP3 cDNAs were 1378 bp for gyno-carp and 1367 bp for gono-carp, and they can be translated into proteins with 435 amino acids. Obvious differences are not only in the composition of amino acids, but also in the number of potential O-linked oligosaccharide sites. In addition, gyno-carp ZP3 amino acid sequence has an unexpected higher identity value with common carp (83.5%) than that with the closely related gono-carp (74.7%). The unique homology may be originated from the ancient hybridization. Northern blot analysis confirmed that expression of the ZP3 gene occurred exclusively in the oocytes. Because O-linked oligosaccharides on ZP3 have been demonstrated to play very important roles in fertilization, it is suggested that the extra O-linked glycosylation sites may be related to the unique sperm-egg recognition mechanism in gynogenesis.

Spontaneous activity was unaffected by ration size in Nile tilapia and gibel carp

Two growth trials using a range of ration sizes from starvation to maximum feeding suggested that linear relationships existed between specific growth rate and ration size for Nile tilapia and givel carp, Continuous measurement of activity showed that activity level, in terms of distance swum per day, was not affected significantly by ration size in both Nile tilapia and gibel carp. (C) 2001 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

Nuclear transplantation with early-embryonic cells of transgenic fish

Like other transgenic animals, transgenic fishes produced by microinjection are transgenic mosaics. In order to produce homogenous transgenic fish, the transgenic blastula or gastrula cells were dissociated from Carassius auratus, Pengze var, and Cyprinus carpio, Huanghe var., and the nuclei were transferred into the mature eggs of the same species via microinjection or electro-fusion. Five nuclear-transferred Carassius auratus, Pengze var. and one Cyprinus carpio, Huanghe var. were obtained and the existence of the transgene was detected. The possibility of generating homogenous strain of transgenic fish by nuclear transplantation with transgenic early-embryonic cells is discussed.

Oscillatory change of SR-protein kinase activities during oocyte maturation meiosis in fish

The SR-protein kinase activity was analyzed and the cytological changes were observed during oocyte maturation in bisexual transparent color crucian carp ( Carassius auratus color variety). The results revealed that the SR-protein kinase activity was sensitive to the artificially induced spawning hormones, and the change of oscillatory activity was similar to that of the maturation-promoting factor (MPF) kinase that regulates meiotic cell cycle in fish.

The spatial pattern of the small fish community in the Biandantang Lake - a small shallow lake along the middle reach of the Yangtze River, China

The spatial pattern of the small fish community was studied seasonally in 1996 in the Biandantang Lake. Based on plant cover, the lake was divided into five habitats, arranged in the order by plant structure complexity from complex to simple: Vallisneria spiralis habitat (V habitat), Vallisneria spiralis-Myriophyllum spicatum habitat (V-M habitat), Myriophyllum spicatum habitat (M habitat), Nelunbo nucefera habitat (N habitat), and no vegetation habitat (NV habitat). A modified popnet was used for quantitative sampling of small fishes. A total of 16 fish species were collected; Hypseleotris swinhonis, Ctenogobius giurinus, Pseudorasbora parva, Carassius auratus and Paracheilognathus imberis were the five numerically dominant species. In both summer and autumn, the total density of small fishes was about 10 ind m(-2). Generally, Ctenogobius giurinus, a sedatory, benthic fish, was distributed more or less evenly among the five habitats, while the other four species had lower densities in the N habitat and NV habitat, which had the simplest structures. The distribution of the small fish species showed seasonal variations. In winter, most species concentrated in the V habitat, which had the most complex structure. In spring, the fish had low densities in the N and NV habitat, and were more or less evenly distributed in the other habitats. In summer, the fish had a low density in the NV habitat, and were evenly distributed in the other habitats. In autumn, the fish had higher densities in the V-M and M habitats than in the others. Generally, spatial overlaps between the dominant species were higher in winter than in the other seasons. It was suggested that the variations in the importance of predation risk and resource competition in habitat choice determined the seasonal changes of spatial patterns in the small fishes in the Biandantang Lake.

Compensatory growth, feed utilization and activity in gibel carp, following feed deprivation

Following a period of food deprivation, gibel carp compensated for growth through increased feed intake and conversion efficiency, but increased conversion efficiency was not achieved by increasing digestibility or reducing activity. (C) 2000 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

Influence of dioxin and metal-contaminated sediment on phase I and II biotransformation enzymes in silver crucian carp

Several biochemical responses were measured in silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) after exposure to sediments obtained from contaminated Ya-Er Lake, No, 1 pond, and an unpolluted reference site, Honglian Lake. After 1 week of exposure, a significant induction of the phase I biotransformation enzyme (ethoxylresorufin-o-deethylase, EROD) was found (83-fold of control), whereas the phase II biotransformation enzyme (glutathione S-transferase, GST) exhibited a slight, but significant induction (1,4-fold of control) after 4 weeks of exposure. The level of cellular glutathione in the liver was also slightly elevated after 4 weeks of exposure. The delayed response of GST to the contaminants indicates that the phase I and phase II biotransformation enzymes are regulated differently in fish. The results suggest that EROD is a sensitive bioindicator to assess the toxicity of dioxin-contamined sediment in the laboratory, (C) 1998 Academic Press.

MEIOTIC CHROMOSOME BEHAVIOR IN FEMALE INTERSEXES OF ARTIFICIAL TRIPLOID TRANSPARENT-COLORED CRUCIAN CARP

Chromosome behavior in meiosis was studied by air-drying, C-banding and surface-spreading methods in female intersexes of artificial triploid transparent-colored crucian carp (Carassius auratus). Chromosome pairing and contraction were obviously asynchronous. The preferential pairing of two homologous chromosomes was the major pattern of chromosome pairing, and a few triple pairing, repeated pairing, telomer or centromere associating and multiple pairing were also observed in the pachytene cells. The metaphase I cells were mainly composed of univalents, bivalents and trivalents, as well as few of other multivalents, such as tetravalents, pentavalents, hexavalents and heptavalents, were also found in some metaphase I cells. The chromosome elements including uni-, bi-, tri- and other multivalents varied considerably among the metaphase I cells, and the associating patterns of multivalents were also diverse. Some 6 n and 12 n cells, in which premeiotic endomitosis occurred once or twice, were found at the prophase and first metaphase of meiosis, and the pairing and associating patterns were basically similar to that of the triploid cells.

细鳞鲃类的系统发育与裂腹鱼类起源关系的探讨

裂腹鱼类起源鳃亚科鱼类的观点得到了多数学者的支持。但是，鱼巴亚科鱼类是一个非常庞杂的类群，裂腹鱼类究竟起源于鳃亚科的哪一个小类群或裂腹鱼类与哪个小类群更为接近？这样的小类群又怎样随着急剧隆起的青藏高原峥演化发展成为现今的裂腹鱼类？不同的学者从不同的研究领域出发，得出了较为不一致甚至是相互对立的结论。裂腹鱼类（我国有11属，76种和亚种）均为小型鳞片的鱼类，与鳃亚科中一些具有小型鳞片的属种较为相似，即，妒鲤属（凡rCO～）的3个亚种、似鳃属（Lztciocyprinus）的2个种，金线纪属（Sinocyclocheilus）的26种或亚种，本文将这些具细小鳞片的鳃亚科鱼类统称为细鳞鳃鱼类（small-scaledbarbids）。为了探讨细鳞鱼巴类和裂腹鱼类的系统发育关界本文应用分支系统学的方法和原理，选择小裂腹鱼S．（R）parvus、中甸叶须鱼P.c.chunglienensis、松藩裸鲤。Gp.potanini、单纹似鳡L.langsoni、花妒鲤P.pingiregani、抚仙金线鱼巴s．师分别作为裂腹鱼类和细鳞鱼巴类中各分类：阶元的代，作为内a为了确考险状的进化极向并进一步探讨细鳞鱼巴各分类阶元与其他纪亚科和鲤亚科鱼类的系统关系，又选择了鳃亚科中的保山四须纪B．baoshanensis、云南四作为内群，并以螂鱼C.auratus、祀麓鲤C．(C)chilia作为外类群，用来对裂腹鱼类和细鳞鳃类进行性状的极化和系统发育分析。通过对12种24尾标本的外部形态和骨骼特征的全面观察，选择了63个性状进行描述和比较，并构建了供系统发育分析的特征矩阵。应用PAUP程序对特征矩阵进行运算，得出了包括外类群在内最简约的系统发育分支图。主要研究结论如下：（l）鲤亚科与包括裂腹鱼类在内的鳃亚科鱼类之间在很多特征方面存在着比较明显的差异，除了臀鳍最末一根不分枝鳍条坚硬、具锯齿；背鳍分枝多于1。根；第一椎体横突退化等特征外，还有镖的前后比例、前鳄骨的特征、尾舌骨的形状，基枕骨的骨质盘特征等诸多特征存在着显著差异。支持了陈湘舞等（1984）将鲤亚科和纪亚科分别作为独立亚科的观点。卿通过选取不同的外类群，在各种不同的条件下对特征数据矩阵进行运算和分析，除极少数（1个）结果外（当以祀麓鲤为唯一外群时，由34来看，它们都是第三纪末期以来由原始的鳃亚科鱼类演化而来的，适应过共同的寒冷环境（青藏高原的急剧隆升导致的寒冷气候和河川急流和青藏高原的大幅度隆起，引起了地貌环境的急剧改变，云贵高原一带也发生了差异性的升降运动。同时，全球性气温下降，常年性冰盖由北向南大幅度推进的寒冷气候环境）（曹文宣等，1981；王大忠等，2000）。裂腹鱼类和似鳃、妒鲤的起源时间可能稍晚一些。可以设想，第三纪末期的鳃亚科鱼类物种分化不是很多，相互之间的亲缘关系较近，分布于'青藏高原的原始鳃亚科鱼类和分布于云贵高原的原始鳃亚科鱼类分布经历了各自独特的地质、气候等环境条件，演化成为当今的裂腹鱼类和金线纪鱼类。至于似媳和妒鲤，除了经历与鳃亚科鱼类和金线鳃鱼类共同的寒冷水环境外，它们还向着肉食性的方向进行演化。（3）裂腹鱼类的3个代表种都聚在一起，其内部关系和与其他种的关系都较为稳定，为鳃亚科鱼类中较为特化的一支。与陈湘舞等（1984）、曹文宣等（1981）的观点较为一致，即，裂腹鱼类起源于纪亚科鱼类。晗（4）似媳和妒鲤之间的亲缘关系最近，它们很可能起源于最近的共同祖先。尽管二者作为一个单系的支持率并不是很高（大于50％，小于60％），但它们在个别特征（咽喉齿的排列方式、咽骨的形态特征）上表现其他鲤科鱼类所不具有的独特特征（附图1的。（5：）裂腹鱼类与妒鲤＋似鳃的系统关系最近，这意味着裂腹鱼类和妒鲤＋似鳃有最近的共同祖先或它们之间的关系较它们与金线鳃鱼类的关系更a（e）应用特征分析和系统发育分析所得的结论，综合对鳃系鱼类染色体特征的分析，认为裂腹鱼类和细鳞鳃鱼类在染色体分组组成、哪值等方面的相似特征，极有可能是在进化过程中经历了类似的寒冷水环境。它们之间的核型特征相似，只是说明了它们之间较近的系统发育关系，不支持妒鲤和金线靶是鳃亚科和裂腹鱼亚科之间的中间演化类型的观点。染色体的进化和外部形态特征的进化在纪系鱼类中存在着不平行的现象。（7）通过国内外鱼类学者对鲤科鱼类和纪亚科鱼类各分类单元定义的比较，结合本文的研究结果，认为国外学者的一些分类系统仍然存在一些尚待解决的问题，故建议目前暂不宜将之引入到我国的鱼类分类系统中。

Dietary-morphological relationships of fishes in Liangzi Lake, China

Species in Liangzi Lake were clustered into four trophic groups: Hemiramphus kurumeus and Hemiculter bleekeri bleekeri fed predominantly on terrestrial insects; Carassius auratus auratus and Abbottina rivularis on non-animal food; Hypseleotris swinhonis, Ctenogobius giurinus, Pseudorasbora parva and Toxabramis swinhonis on cladocerans or copepods; Culterichthys erythropterus on decapod shrimps. Gut length, mouth width, mouth height, gill raker length and gill raker spacing, varied widely among species. With the exception of three species pairs (H. swinhonis, C. glurinus; C. erythropterus, H. kurumeus; T. swinhonis, H. bleekeri bleekeri), principal components analysis of morphological variables revealed over-dispersion of species. Canonical correspondence analysis of dietary and morphological data revealed five significant dietary-morphological correlations. The first three roots explained > 85% of the total variance. The first root reflected mainly the relationship of gut length to non-animal feud, with an increase in gut length associated with an increase in non-animal food. The second root was influenced strongly by the relationship of the gill raker spacing to consumption of copepods, with an increase in gill raker spacing associated positively with copepods in the diet. The third root was influenced by the relationship of mouth gape to consumption of fish and decapod shrimps, with an increase in mouth gape associated with more fish and decapod shrimps in the diet. These significant dietary-morphological relationships supported the eco-morphological hypotheses that fish morphology influence food use, and morphological variation is important in determining ecological segregation of co-existing fish species. (C) 2001 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

Molecular cloning and responsive expression to injury stimulus of a defender against cell death 1 (DAD1) gene from bay scallops Argopecten irradians

Apoptosis is an active process of cell death, which is an integral part of growth and development in multicellular organisms. The defender against cell death 1 (DAD1), the regulatory protein to inhibit the apoptosis process, was first cloned from the bay scallop Argopecten irradians by randomly sequencing a whole tissue cDNA library and rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE). The full-length cDNA of the A. irradians DAD1 was 607 bp, consist of a 5'-terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 63 bp, a 3'-terminal UTR of 205 bp with a canonical polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA and a poly (A) tail, and an open reading frame of 339 bp. The deduced amino acid sequence of the A. irradians DAD1 showed 75.5% identity to Araneus ventricosus, 74.5% to Drosophila melanogaster, and 73.6% to Homo sapiens, Sus scrofa, Mesocricetus auratus, Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus. Excluding the Saccharomyces cerevisiae DAD1 homologue, all animal DAD1 including A. irradians DAD1 homologue formed a subgroup and all plant DAD1 proteins formed another subgroup in the phylogenetic analysis. The A. irradians DAD1 was expressed in all examined tissues including adductor muscle, mantle, gills, digestive gland, gonad and hemolymph, suggesting that A. irradians DAD1 is expressed in most body tissues. Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels of A. irradians DAD1 gene of hemolymph were particularly high after injury, suggesting that the gene is responsive to injury stimuli.

Characterization of muscle-regulatory gene, MyoD, from flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and analysis of its expression patterns during embryogenesis

Specification and differentiation of skeletal muscle cells are driven by the activity of genes encoding members of the myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs). In vertebrates, the MRF family includes MyoD, Myf5, myogenin, and MRF4. The MRFs are capable of converting a variety of nonmuscle cells into myoblasts and myotubes. To better understand their roles in fish muscle development, we isolated the MyoD gene from flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and analyzed its structure and patterns of expression. Sequence analysis showed that flounder MyoD shared a structure similar to that of vertebrate MRFs with three exons and two introns, and its protein contained a highly conserved basic helix-loop-helix domain (bHLH). Comparison of sequences revealed that flounder MyoD was highly conserved with other fish MyoD genes. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that flounder MyoD, seabream (Sparus aurata) MyoD1, takifugu (Takifugu rubripes) MyoD, and tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) MyoD were more likely to be homologous genes. Flounder MyoD expression was first detected as two rows of presomitic cells in the segmental plate. From somitogenesis, MyoD transcripts were present in the adaxial cells that give rise to slow muscles and the lateral somitic cells that give rise to fast muscles. After 30 somites formed, MyoD expression decreased in the somites except the caudal somites, coincident with somite maturation. In the hatching stage, MyoD was expressed in other muscle cells and caudal somites. It was detected only in muscle in the growing fish.

青岛近海六种海产鱼染色体组型的比较研究

采用活体注射秋水仙碱制备鱼类肾细胞染色体、PHA肌肉注射制备肾细胞染色体和鱼类早期胚胎制备染色体等多种方法。以空气干燥法制片Giemsa染色，对鲻鱼Mugil cephalus Linnaeus、真鲷Pagrosomus major（Temminck et Schlegel）、黑鲷Sparus macrocephalus（Basilewsky）、黑鮶Sebastes schlegeli （Hilgendorf）、石鲽Kareius bicoloratus （Basilewsky）、牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus （Temminck et Schlegel）等分属四目、五科的六种海产鱼的染色体组型进行了考察和分析。研究结果表明：1、一般活体注射秋水仙碱制备海产鱼肾细胞染色体方法的有丝分裂指数虽然略低于PHA制备肾细胞染色体方法的有丝分裂指数。但它是最快最简便且很有效的方法，利用鱼类早期胚胎制备海产鱼染色体标本的方法也很有效，但要受到生物季节的限制。2、通过对六种海产鱼染色体组型分析得到，鲻鱼为48条端部着丝点染色体；真鲷的二倍体2n=48，有1对亚端部着丝点染色体。其余全部为端部着丝点染色体；黑鲷的二倍体2n=48。有3对中部着丝点染色体。2对亚中部着丝点染色体，其余全部为端部着丝点染色体。黑鮶的二倍体2n=48，有1对中部着丝点染色体，其余全部为端部着丝点染色体，石鲽的二倍体2n=48。全部为端部着丝点染色体；牙鲆的二倍体2n=48，全部为端部着丝点染色体。本文还对鱼类染色体的多态现象以及染色与进化的关系进行了讨论。

海洋经济动物精子超低温保存的研究

从1949年以来经过近五十年的发展，超低温保存种质细胞技术已经趋于成熟，特别是在家畜推广良种化的过程中发挥重要作用。对海洋动物种质细胞保存研究的范围主要集中在鲑鳟鱼类和牡蛎等少数几种海洋生物上。本研究结合“国家自然科学基金”研究项目，进行了三种贝类和两种鱼类精子的超低温保存实验，得到了它们在液氮（－196 ℃）条件下的适宜保存条件。栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farreri）冻精解冻后复苏比例、受精率和孵化率最高可达到49.39％、42.06％和12.15睦栉孔扇贝精子超低温保存时发生冷冻伤害的温度范围在－30 ℃～－60 ℃；其低温保存的最适降温速率为20 ℃／min；使用抗冻剂二甲基亚砜（DMSO）的最适浓度为5 ℃，其保存效果优于甘油；样品保存的最佳体积为0.6ml～1ml；解冻精子的最适水温为35 ℃，50 ℃次之，20 ℃最差；用自然海水激活解冻后精子的效果好于低盐度溶液；在0 ℃进行预处理平衡时间不宜太长；在抗冻液中加入蛋黄对保存效果没有改善，并且会对冻精的孵化率有抑制作用；用20 ℃／min和5％DMSO冷冻精子，液氮中保存栉孔扇贝精子55天后其复苏比例达到42.17％。超低温保存紫贻贝（Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck）精子，解冻后其复苏比例、受精率和孵化率最高可达到41.63％、69.52％和54.74％。保存紫贻贝精子最适降温速率为5 ℃／min，发生冻伤的温度范围是－20 ℃～－60 ℃；使用抗冻剂DMSO的保存效果好于甘油，且使用抗冻剂DMSO的最适浓度为15％；利用自然海水激活冻精效果好于低盐度或高pH值的溶液；样品体积（在0.2～1ml之间）对保存效果没有影响；采用15％DMSO和5 ℃／min的降温速率处理精子，液氮中保存90天后复苏比例仍达到41.8％。保存菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum （Adams and Reeve））精子的最适降温速率为5 ℃／min，发生冻伤的温度范围是－30 ℃～－60 ℃；抗冻剂DMSO的保存效果好于甘油，也用DMSO与甘油混合使用，使用抗冻剂DMSO的最适浓度为10％；利用自然海水激活冻精效果好于低盐度或高pH的溶液；样品体积（在0.2％～1.6ml之间）对保存效果有显著影响。冷冻保存后精子复苏比例、受精率和孵化率最高达到40.84％、68.87％和47.17％；以最适降温速率和抗冻剂浓度处理精子，并在液氮中保存36天后冻精复苏比例仍可以达到38.54％。黑鲷（Sparus macrocephalus）精子经过超低温保存后复苏率、存活率最高可以达到61.37％和61.4。保存黑鲷精子时发生冷冻伤害的温度范围是－20 ℃～－60 ℃，适宜的降温速率为20 ℃／min；使用抗冻剂DMSO的适宜浓度为20％；样品体积对保存效果有相关性；利用自然海水激活冻精效果好于低盐度或高pH值的溶液；使用20％DMSO和20 ℃／min降温速率处理，在液氮中保存黑鲷精子66天后解冻，其复苏率和存活率分别为59.81％和58.45％。在液氮中保存真鲷（Pagrosomus major）精子时发生冷冻伤害的温域为－30 ℃～－60 ℃，适宜的降温速率为20 ℃／min；使用抗冻剂DMSO的适宜浓度为20％；采用低盐度或高pH值的溶液激活冻精的效果不如自然海水。真鲷冻精的复苏率和存活率最高可达到50.73％和62.5；以20 ℃／min和20％DMSO处理真鲷精子，保存在液氮中46天后冻精复苏率和存活率为50.63％和61.02％。通过对多种贝类和鱼类精子的超低温保存实验，不仅获得超低温保存基本条件，并且通过显微镜观察结合前人的研究，对产生冻伤的原因和保护的机理提出了一个模式。