Presión arterial en preescolares de la localidad de Usaquén en Bogotá

Introducción: La hipertensión arterial es un problema de salud pública tanto en países industrializados como en vía de desarrollo. Su prevalencia en la infancia viene en aumento por lo que es relevante determinarla en niños preescolares a nivel local. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial en niños de tres a cinco años de una cohorte de 14 hogares infantiles del ICBF de la localidad de Usaquén en Bogotá. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal analítico, utilizando la base de datos de un ensayo aleatorizado y controlado del año 200913, y se evaluaron las cifras de tensión arterial de acuerdo a sexo, edad, talla y su correlación con el IMC con un nivel de confianza del 95% y precisión del 1%. Se calcularon las medias, desviaciones estándar, percentiles y prevalencia. Resultados: Se obtuvo una muestra de 1035 casos, encontrándose una prevalencia de 4,5% de HTA sistólica, 10,4% de diastólica, ambas en estadio I; teniendo en cuenta tanto sistólica como diastólica, fue de 11,6% en estadio I. Se determinaron los valores de presión arterial sistólica y diastólica en cuartiles de acuerdo a edad, sexo y talla. El coeficiente de correlación entre el IMC y los niveles de presión arterial sistólica y diastólica fueron de 0.0992 y 0.0362 respectivamente. Conclusión: La prevalencia de HTA general fue de 11,6%, predominando la diastólica en estadio I en niños preescolares. No se encontró correlación entre el IMC y las cifras de tensión arterial sistólica y diastólica.

Resultado postnatal de fetos con malformación adenomatoide quística pulmonar en la unidad maternofetal Clínica Colombia

Introducción La Malformación Adenomatoide Quística Pulmonar es una patología que se desarrolla durante estadíos tempranos de desarrollo embriológico y su pronóstico depende del tamaño de la lesión pulmonar. Existen muy pocos estudios que caractericen esta patología, ninguno en nuestro país. Metodología Se realizó una serie de casos para describir el resultado postnatal de los casos registrados en la Clínica Colombia entre 2005 hasta 2013. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 20 casos. La malformación más frecuente fue MAQ III con 45% de los casos, de localización izquierda (75%), el 65% nacieron después de la semana 35 y con un peso mayor de 2500 g. Tan solo 30 % desarrollaron hidrops asociado. Hubo una mortalidad de 35% (7 casos). Discusion La MAQ es un patología infrecuente que genera una alta morbimortalidad en la vida perinatal. Se requieren estudios con muestras más amplias para determinar los factores pronósticos para la ocurrencia de los desenlaces adversos como la necesidad de cirugía de urgencia, deterioro respiratorio o mortalidad.

La gestión del agua: el desafío chino. Iniciativas medio ambientales chinas y el manejo del río Mekong. Periodo de estudio: 1980 - 2010

El propósito de la presente investigación es evaluar la incidencia regional de las iniciativas chinas a favor de la gestión del agua del Río Mekong como elementos que contribuyen en la construcción de la percepción favorable para el gigante asiático. Producto del conjunto de reformas aplicadas desde 1978, China fue objeto de un crecimiento económico exponencial que algunos académicos denominan milagroso; sin embargo, dicho proceso involucró un impacto negativo sobre el medio ambiente y en particular sobre el agua del Estado. El deterioro ambiental chino implicó, por un lado, el desarrollo de medidas internas que pretenden reversar los efectos descritos en el marco de las diferentes cumbres mundiales sobre medio ambiente y por otro, la participación en iniciativas de carácter subregional que denotan cierto grado de pro-actividad del gigante asiático en materia ambiental.

Educar las emociones: una reflexión sobre los programas de educación emocional en la primera infancia a través de la lente de la Psicología Positiva

La primera infancia es la etapa comprendida entre los 0 y los 6 años, y es el momento en el cual el cerebro tiene mayor plasticidad, por lo que en la actualidad se cree que la educación debe iniciar en este momento de la vida. La educación inicial ha venido dejando de lado el interés por los procesos cognitivos y ha puesto su foco de atención en el desarrollo social y emocional de los niños. El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir las características de los programas de educación emocional en la primera infancia a través de la lente de la Psicología Positiva utilizando una metodología cualitativa documental y específicamente el estado del arte. Los resultados obtenidos se dividen en corte empírico y corte teórico; para los de corte empírico se encontró que si bien el target que se pretende impactar son los niños en la primera infancia, varios programas le apuntan a trabajar como primera instancia con los cuidadores de los niños. Por otro lado como variables más comunes se manejaban las habilidades interpersonales y la resolución de problemas. Para los de corte teórico se encontró que los programas se orientan bajo una pedagogía dinámica y que muchos se centran en enfoques orientados a la promoción de habilidades sociales.

Tecnologías y herramientas de gestión. Caso: grandes, medianas y pequeñas empresas en Bogotá

En este texto el autor analiza los resultados de la implicación de las tecnologías y herramientas de gestión e identifica el nivel de conocimiento que los empresarios tienen acerca de las mismas. Evalúa su aplicación e impacto, involucrando en la investigación 13 nuevas herramientas y tecnologías de gestión que han hecho su aparición en las organizaciones Colombianas. Presenta una agrupación de las mismas por categorías e introduce el concepto de herramientas de gestión, señalando su diferencia frente a las tecnologías.El libro presenta resultados de investigación y concluye con información y análisis importante en la gestión de las empresas Colombianas. Está dirigido a cualquier persona con interés en temas de dirección de empresa (empresarios, gerentes, directores, estudiantes de pregrado y posgrado, docentes de gestión). El libro parte de una presentación y agrupación de las tecnologías o herramientas de gestión, descripción de los objetivos que persiguen cada una de ellas, metodología de implantación y aspectos fundamentales y señala los resultados de la investigación realizada en empresas localizadas en la cuidad de Bogotá

Educación legal clínica y litigio estratégico en Iberoamérica.

Esta obra es resultado de investigación sobre dos conceptos de enorme importancia para la educación jurídica en Iberoamérica: la educación legal clínica como modelo pedagógico en construcción y el litigio estratégico como herramienta de incidencia social y política. Se considera que el proceso de construcción de las clínicas en la región es un hito en la educación jurídica iberoamericana y existen evidencias que permiten afirmarlo, ya que se trata de historias paralelas que se fortalecieron por los intercambios de aprendizajes y experiencias a través de las redes. De igual manera se desarrolla el concepto de litigio estratégico o estructural y se examina la forma como inciden en dicha propuesta las alianzas estratégicas. Se pasa luego a una profundización sobre la agenda de las clínicas y los temas prioritarios de Derechos Humanos en Iberoamérica. Examen que se realiza a partir de casos reales que se han trabajado las clínicas. Se concluye en la necesidad del surgimiento de nuevas clínicas y de más proyectos de investigación.

Long-chain n−3 PUFA: plant v. marine sources

Increasing recognition of the importance of the long-chain n-3 PUFA, EPA and DHA, to cardiovascular health, and in the case of DHA to normal neurological development in the fetus and the newborn, has focused greater attention on the dietary supply of these fatty acids. The reason for low intakes of EPA and DHA in most developed countries (0 center dot 1-0 center dot 5hairspg/d) is the low consumption of oily fish, the richest dietary source of these fatty acids. An important question is whether dietary intake of the precursor n-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid (alpha LNA), can provide sufficient amounts of tissue EPA and DHA by conversion through the n-3 PUFA elongation-desaturation pathway. alpha LNA is present in marked amounts in plant sources, including green leafy vegetables and commonly-consumed oils such as rape-seed and soyabean oils, so that increased intake of this fatty acid would be easier to achieve than via increased fish consumption. However, alpha LNA-feeding studies and stable-isotope studies using alpha LNA, which have addressed the question of bioconversion of alpha LNA to EPA and DHA, have concluded that in adult men conversion to EPA is limited (approximately 8%) and conversion to DHA is extremely low (< 0 center dot 1%). In women fractional conversion to DHA appears to be greater (9%), which may partly be a result of a lower rate of utilisation of alpha LNA for beta-oxidation in women. However, up-regulation of the conversion of EPA to DHA has also been suggested, as a result of the actions of oestrogen on Delta 6-desaturase, and may be of particular importance in maintaining adequate provision of DHA in pregnancy. The effect of oestrogen on DHA concentration in pregnant and lactating women awaits confirmation.

Molybdenum eta(3)-allyl dicarbonyl complexes as a new class of precursors for highly reactive epoxidation catalysts with tert-butyl hydroperoxide

New Mo(II) diimine derivatives of [Mo(q (3)allyl)X(CO)(2)(CH3CN)(2)] (allyl = C3H5 and C5H5O; X = Cl, Br) were prepared, and [MO(eta(3)-C3H5)Cl(CO)(2)(BIAN)] (BIAN = 1,4-(4-chloro)phenyl-2,3-naphthalene-diazabutadiene) (7) was structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. This complex adopted an equatorial-axial arrangement of the bidentate ligand (axial isomer), in contrast with the precursors, found as the equatorial isomer in the solid and fluxional in solution. The new complexes of the type [Mo(eta(3)-allyl)X(CO)(2)(N-N)l (N-N is a bidentate chelating dinitrogen ligand) were tested for the catalytic epoxidation of cyclooctene using tert-butyl hydroperoxide as oxidant. All catalytic systems were 100% selective toward epoxide formation. While their turnover frequencies paralleled those of related Mo(eta) carbonyl compounds or Mo(VI) compounds bearing similar N-donor ligands, they exhibited similar olefin conversions in consecutive catalytic runs. The acetonitrile precursors were generally more active than the diimine complexes, and the chloro derivatives more active than the bromo ones. Combined vibrational and NMR spectroscopy and computational studies (DFT) were used to investigate the nature of the molybdenum species formed in the catalytic system with [Mo(eta(3)-C3H5)Cl(CO)(2){1,4-(2,6-dimethyl)phenyl-2.3-dimethyldiazabuta diene}] (4) and to propose that the resulting species may be dimeric bearing oxide bridges.

The trapping and decomposition of toxic gases such as hydrogen cyanide using modified mesoporous silicates

Selected silicas were modified with the covalently bound ligand 2,6-bis(benzoxazoyl)pyridine (BBOP), equilibrated with copper(II) nitrate, then challenged with toxic vapour containing HCN (8000 mg m(-3) at 80% relative humidity). The modified SBA-15 material (Cu-BBOP-SBA-15) had an improved breakthrough time for HCN (36 min at a flow rate of 30 cm(3) min(-1)) when compared to the other siliceous materials prepared in this study, equating to a hydrogen cyanide capacity of 58 mg g(-1), which is close to a reference activated carbon adsorbent (24 min at 50 cm(3) min(-1)) that can trap 64 mg g(-1). The enhanced performance observed with Cu-BBOP-SBA-15 has been related to the greater accessibility of the functional groups, arising from the ordered nature of the interconnected porous network and large mesopores of 5.5 nm within the material modified with the Cu(II)-BBOP complex. Modified MCM-41 and MCM-48 materials (Cu-BBOP-MCM-41 and Cu-BBOP-MCM-48) were found to have lower hydrogen cyanide capacities (38 and 32 mg g(-1) respectively) than the Cu-BBOP-SBA-15 material owing to the restricted size of the pores (2.2 and <2 nm respectively). The materials with poor nano-structured ordering were found to have low hydrogen cyanide capacities, between 11 and 19 mg g(-1), most likely owing to limited accessibility of the functional groups. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Syntheses of ethyl 3-deoxy-3,3-difluoro-D-arabino-heptulosonate and analogues

The difluormated analogues of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid (DAH) 12, 24 and its enantiomer have been synthesised from D- and L-crythrose via a Reformatsky reaction which gave a mixture of diastereoiosmers in favour of the anti isomer. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Plant- and marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have differential effects on fasting and postprandial blood lipid concentrations and on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects

Background: Dietary a-linolenic acid (ALA) can be converted to long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in humans and may reproduce some of the beneficial effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of increased dietary intakes of ALA and EPA+DHA on a range of atherogenic risk factors. Design: This was a placebo-controlled, parallel study involving 150 moderately hyperlipidemic subjects randomly assigned to 1 of 5 interventions: 0.8 or 1.7 g EPA+DHA/d, 4.5 or 9.5 g ALA/d, or an n-6 PUFA control for 6 mo. Fatty acids were incorporated into 25 g of fat spread and 3 capsules to be consumed daily. Results: The change in fasting or postprandial lipid, glucose, or insulin concentrations or in blood pressure was not significantly different after any of the n-3 PUFA interventions compared with the n-6 PUFA control. The mean (+/-SEM) change in fasting triacylglycerols after the 1.7-g/d EPA+DHA intervention (-7.7 +/- 4.99%) was significantly (P < 0.05) different from the change after the 9.5-g/d ALA intervention (10.9 +/- 4.5%). The ex vivo susceptibility of LDL to oxidation was higher after the 1.7-g/d EPA+DHA intervention than after the control and ALA interventions (P < 0.05). There was no significant change in plasma a-tocopherol concentrations or in whole plasma antioxidant status in any of the groups. Conclusion: At estimated biologically equivalent intakes, dietary ALA and EPA+DHA have different physiologic effects.

Acute effects of elevated NEFA on vascular function: a comparison of SFA and MUFA

There is emerging evidence to show that high levels of NEFA contribute to endothelial dysfunction and impaired insulin sensitivity. However, the impact of NEFA composition remains unclear. A total of ten healthy men consumed test drinks containing 50 g of palm stearin (rich in SFA) or high-oleic sunflower oil (rich in MUFA) on separate occasions; a third day included no fat as a control. The fats were emulsified into chocolate drinks and given as a bolus (approximately 10 g fat) at baseline followed by smaller amounts (approximately 3 g fat) every 30 min throughout the 6 h study day. An intravenous heparin infusion was initiated 2 h after the bolus, which resulted in a three- to fourfold increase in circulating NEFA level from baseline. Mean arterial stiffness as measured by digital volume pulse was higher during the consumption of SFA (P,0·001) but not MUFA (P¼0·089) compared with the control. Overall insulin and gastric inhibitory peptide response was greater during the consumption of both fats compared with the control (P,0·001); there was a second insulin peak in response to MUFA unlike SFA. Consumption of SFA resulted in higher levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sI-CAM) at 330 min than that of MUFA or control (P#0·048). There was no effect of the test drinks on glucose, total nitrite, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 or endothelin-1 concentrations. The present study indicates a potential negative impact of elevated NEFA derived from the consumption of SFA on arterial stiffness and sI-CAM levels. More studies are needed to fully investigate the impact of NEFA composition on risk factors for CVD.

Salmon consumption during pregnancy alters fatty acid composition and secretory IgA concentration in human breast milk

Fish oil supplementation during pregnancy alters breast milk composition, but there is little information about the impact of oily fish consumption. We determined whether increased salmon consumption during pregnancy alters breast milk fatty acid composition and immune factors. Women (n = 123) who rarely ate oily fish were randomly assigned to consume their habitual diet or to consume 2 portions of farmed salmon per week from 20 wk of pregnancy until delivery. The salmon provided 3.45 g long-chain (LC) (n-3) PUFA/wk. Breast milk fatty acid composition and immune factors [soluble CD14, transforming growth factor-b (TGFb)1, TGFb2, and secretory IgA] were analyzed at 1, 5, 14, and 28 d postpartum (PP). Breast milk from the salmon group had higher proportions of EPA (80%), docosapentaenoic acid (30%), and DHA (90%) on d 5 PP compared with controls (P < 0.01). The LC (n-6) PUFA:LC (n-3) PUFA ratio was lower for the salmon group on all days of PP sampling (P < 0.004), although individual (n-6) PUFA proportions, including arachidonic acid, did not differ. All breast milk immune factors decreased between d 1 and 28 PP (P < 0.001). Breast milk secretory IgA (sIgA) was lower in the salmon group (d 1–28 PP; P = 0.006). Salmon consumption during pregnancy, at the current recommended intakes, increases the LC (n-3) PUFA concentration of breast milk in early lactation, thus improving the supply of these important fatty acids to the breast-fed neonate. The consequence of the lower breast milk concentration of sIgA in the salmon group is not clear.

A simple syllogism-solving test: empirical findings and implications for g research

It has been reported that the ability to solve syllogisms is highly g-loaded. In the present study, using a self-administered shortened version of a syllogism-solving test, the BAROCO Short, we examined whether robust findings generated by previous research regarding IQ scores were also applicable to BAROCO Short scores. Five syllogism-solving problems were included in a questionnaire as part of a postal survey conducted by the Keio Twin Research Center. Data were collected from 487 pairs of twins (1021 individuals) who were Japanese junior high or high school students (ages 13–18) and from 536 mothers and 431 fathers. Four findings related to IQ were replicated: 1) The mean level increased gradually during adolescence, stayed unchanged from the 30s to the early 50s, and subsequently declined after the late 50s. 2) The scores for both children and parents were predicted by the socioeconomic status of the family. 3) The genetic effect increased, although the shared environmental effect decreased during progression from adolescence to adulthood. 4) Children's scores were genetically correlated with school achievement. These findings further substantiate the close association between syllogistic reasoning ability and g.