Beyond arousal and valence: the importance of the biological versus social relevance of emotional stimuli

The present study addressed the hypothesis that emotional stimuli relevant to survival or reproduction (biologically emotional stimuli) automatically affect cognitive processing (e.g., attention, memory), while those relevant to social life (socially emotional stimuli) require elaborative processing to modulate attention and memory. Results of our behavioral studies showed that (1) biologically emotional images hold attention more strongly than do socially emotional images, (2) memory for biologically emotional images was enhanced even with limited cognitive resources, but (3) memory for socially emotional images was enhanced only when people had sufficient cognitive resources at encoding. Neither images’ subjective arousal nor their valence modulated these patterns. A subsequent functional magnetic resonance imaging study revealed that biologically emotional images induced stronger activity in the visual cortex and greater functional connectivity between the amygdala and visual cortex than did socially emotional images. These results suggest that the interconnection between the amygdala and visual cortex supports enhanced attention allocation to biological stimuli. In contrast, socially emotional images evoked greater activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and yielded stronger functional connectivity between the amygdala and MPFC than did biological images. Thus, it appears that emotional processing of social stimuli involves elaborative processing requiring frontal lobe activity.

Analysing the factors that influence tag choice based on semiotic analysis and activity theory

Social tagging has become very popular around the Internet as well as in research. The main idea behind tagging is to allow users to provide metadata to the web content from their perspective to facilitate categorization and retrieval. There are many factors that influence users' tag choice. Many studies have been conducted to reveal these factors by analysing tagging data. This paper uses two theories to identify these factors, namely the semiotics theory and activity theory. The former treats tags as signs and the latter treats tagging as an activity. The paper uses both theories to analyse tagging behaviour by explaining all aspects of a tagging system, including tags, tagging system components and the tagging activity. The theoretical analysis produced a framework that was used to identify a number of factors. These factors can be considered as categories that can be consulted to redirect user tagging choice in order to support particular tagging behaviour, such as cross-lingual tagging.

Age differences in brain activity during emotion processing: reflections of age-Related decline or increased emotion regulation?

Despite the fact that physical health and cognitive abilities decline with aging, the ability to regulate emotion remains stable and in some aspects improves across the adult life span. Older adults also show a positivity effect in their attention and memory, with diminished processing of negative stimuli relative to positive stimuli compared with younger adults. The current paper reviews functional magnetic resonance imaging studies investigating age-related differences in emotional processing and discusses how this evidence relates to two opposing theoretical accounts of older adults’ positivity effect. The aging-brain model [Cacioppo et al. in: Social Neuroscience: Toward Understanding the Underpinnings of the Social Mind. New York, Oxford University Press, 2011] proposes that older adults’ positivity effect is a consequence of age-related decline in the amygdala, whereas the cognitive control hypothesis [Kryla-Lighthall and Mather in: Handbook of Theories of Aging, ed 2. New York, Springer, 2009; Mather and Carstensen: Trends Cogn Sci 2005;9:496–502; Mather and Knight: Psychol Aging 2005;20:554–570] argues that the positivity effect is a result of older adults’ greater focus on regulating emotion. Based on evidence for structural and functional preservation of the amygdala in older adults and findings that older adults show greater prefrontal cortex activity than younger adults while engaging in emotion-processing tasks, we argue that the cognitive control hypothesis is a more likely explanation for older adults’ positivity effect than the aging-brain model.

Differential brain activity during emotional versus nonemotional reversal learning

The ability to change an established stimulus–behavior association based on feedback is critical for adaptive social behaviors. This ability has been examined in reversal learning tasks, where participants first learn a stimulus–response association (e.g., select a particular object to get a reward) and then need to alter their response when reinforcement contingencies change. Although substantial evidence demonstrates that the OFC is a critical region for reversal learning, previous studies have not distinguished reversal learning for emotional associations from neutral associations. The current study examined whether OFC plays similar roles in emotional versus neutral reversal learning. The OFC showed greater activity during reversals of stimulus–outcome associations for negative outcomes than for neutral outcomes. Similar OFC activity was also observed during reversals involving positive outcomes. Furthermore, OFC activity is more inversely correlated with amygdala activity during negative reversals than during neutral reversals. Overall, our results indicate that the OFC is more activated by emotional than neutral reversal learning and that OFC's interactions with the amygdala are greater for negative than neutral reversal learning.

Is there a gold social seal? The financial effects of additions to and deletions from social stock indices

This study investigates the financial effects of additions to and deletions from the most well-known social stock index: the MSCI KLD 400. Our study makes use of the unique setting that index reconstitution provides and allows us to bypass possible issues of endogeneity that commonly plague empirical studies of the link between corporate social and financial performance. By examining not only short-term returns but also trading activity, earnings per share, and long-term performance of stocks that are involved in these events, we bring forward evidence of a ‘social index effect’ where unethical transgressions are penalized more heavily than responsibility is rewarded. We find that the addition of a stock to the index does not lead to material changes in its market price, whereas deletions are accompanied by negative cumulative abnormal returns. Trading volumes for deleted stocks are significantly increased on the event date, while the operational performances of the respective firms deteriorate after their deletion from the social index.

Social entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa

Responding to calls for a better understanding of the relationship between social enterprises and their environments, this article focuses on contextual influences on social entrepreneurship in sub-Saharan Africa. We identify four predominantly African contextual dimensions, i.e., acute poverty, informality, colonial history, and ethnic group identity, and explore their influence on the way social ventures perceive themselves and on their choice of activities. Our empirical study of 384 social enterprises from 19 sub-Saharan African countries suggests that ethnic group identity and high poverty levels influence both self-perception and activity choices, while the country’s colonial history only influences self-perception and informality has no significant influence on either. These findings point to the need to consider both self-perception and the choice of activities in defining social entrepreneurship. Our study also highlights the importance of African contextual dimensions for understanding social entrepreneurship, and underlines the added value of incorporating insights from African data into management research more broadly.

Autonomic arousal in childhood anxiety disorders: associations with state anxiety and social anxiety disorder

Background Psychophysiological theories suggest that individuals with anxiety disorders may evidence inflexibility in their autonomic activity at rest and when responding to stressors. In addition, theories of social anxiety disorder, in particular, highlight the importance of physical symptoms. Research on autonomic activity in childhood (social) anxiety disorders, however, is scarce and has produced inconsistent findings, possibly because of methodological limitations. Method The present study aimed to account for limitations of previous studies and measured respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and heart rate (HR) using Actiheart heart rate monitors and software (Version 4) during rest and in response to a social and a non-social stressor in 60 anxious (30 socially anxious and 30 ‘other’ anxious), and 30 nonanxious sex-and age-matched 7–12 year olds. In addition, the effect of state anxiety during the tasks was explored. Results No group differences at rest or in response to stress were found. Importantly, however, with increases in state anxiety, all children, regardless of their anxiety diagnoses showed less autonomic responding (i.e., less change in HR and RSA from baseline in response to task) and took longer to recover once the stressor had passed. Limitations This study focused primarily on parasympathetic arousal and lacked measures of sympathetic arousal. Conclusion The findings suggest that childhood anxiety disorders may not be characterized by inflexible autonomic responding, and that previous findings to the contrary may have been the result of differences in subjective anxiety between anxious and nonanxious groups during the tasks, rather than a function of chronic autonomic dysregulation.

‘I like playing on my trampoline; it makes me feel alive’ valuing physical activity: perceptions and meanings for children and implications for primary schools

This study investigated perceptions that children aged 6–10 years (n = 83) have of what it means to be physically active. Ideographic research was conducted utilising drawings and interviews to understand values that are placed on participating in physical activity (PA). The article questions the idea that whilst it may be commonly accepted by academics that there is a need to be active for health, little research has considered what this may actually mean for the child. Drawing on Bourdieu, the article utilises key concepts within the analysis of ‘capital' to frame an understanding of how children experience PA. Findings suggest that central to children's experiences is the place of social interaction and reciprocation. The article investigated the production and transference of forms of capital: physical, cultural and social. The potential for such concepts to be exploited by schools is discussed with reference to physical education and opportunities offered during free play.

Linking classroom learning and research to advance ideas about social-ecological resilience

There is an increasing demand in higher education institutions for training in complex environmental problems. Such training requires a careful mix of conventional methods and innovative solutions, a task not always easy to accomplish. In this paper we review literature on this theme, highlight relevant advances in the pedagogical literature, and report on some examples resulting from our recent efforts to teach complex environmental issues. The examples range from full credit courses in sustainable development and research methods to project-based and in-class activity units. A consensus from the literature is that lectures are not sufficient to fully engage students in these issues. A conclusion from the review of examples is that problem-based and project-based, e.g., through case studies, experiential learning opportunities, or real-world applications, learning offers much promise. This could greatly be facilitated by online hubs through which teachers, students, and other members of the practitioner and academic community share experiences in teaching and research, the way that we have done here.

Circadian Pattern of Wheel-Running Activity of a South American Subterranean Rodent (Ctenomys cf knightii)

Circadian rhythms are regarded as essentially ubiquitous features of animal behavior and are thought to confer important adaptive advantages. However, although circadian systems of rodents have been among the most extensively studied, most comparative biology is restricted to a few related species. In this study, the circadian organization of locomotor activity was studied in the subterranean, solitary north Argentinean rodent, Ctenomys knightii. The genus, Ctenomys, commonly known as Tuco-tucos, comprises more than 50 known species over a range that extends from 12S latitude into Patagonia, and includes at least one social species. The genus, therefore, is ideal for comparative and ecological studies of circadian rhythms. Ctenomys knightii is the first of these to be studied for its circadian behavior. All animals were wild caught but adapted quickly to laboratory conditions, with clear and precise activity-rest rhythms in a light-dark (LD) cycle and strongly nocturnal wheel running behavior. In constant dark (DD), the rhythm expression persisted with free-running periods always longer than 24h. Upon reinstatement of the LD cycle, rhythms resynchronized rapidly with large phase advances in 7/8 animals. In constant light (LL), six animals had free-running periods shorter than in DD, and 4/8 showed evidence of splitting. We conclude that under laboratory conditions, in wheel-running cages, this species shows a clear nocturnal rhythmic organization controlled by an endogenous circadian oscillator that is entrained to 24h LD cycles, predominantly by light-induced advances, and shows the same interindividual variable responses to constant light as reported in other non-subterranean species. These data are the first step toward understanding the chronobiology of the largest genus of subterranean rodents.

Circadian phase and intertrial interval interfere with social recognition memory

A modified version of the social habituation/dis-habituation paradigm was employed to examine social recognition memory in Wistar rats during two opposing (active and inactive) circadian phases, using different intertrial intervals (30 and 60 min). Wheel-running activity was monitored continuously to identify circadian phase. To avoid possible masking effects of the light-dark cycle, the rats were synchronized to a skeleton photoperiod, which allowed testing during different circadian phases under identical lighting conditions. In each trial, an infantile intruder was introduced into an adult`s home-cage for a 5-minute interaction session, and social behaviors were registered. Rats were exposed to 5 trials per day for 4 consecutive days: oil days I and 2, each resident was exposed to the same intruder; on days 3 and 4, each resident was exposed to a different intruder in each trial. I he resident`s social investigatory behavior was more intense when different intruders were presented compared to repeated presentation of the same intruder, suggesting social recognition memory. This effect was stronger when the rats were tested during the inactive phase and when the intertrial interval was 60 min, These findings Suggest that social recognition memory, as evaluated in this modified habituation/dis-habituation paradigm, is influenced by the circadian rhythm phase during which testing is performed, and by intertrial interval. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The game of contacts: Estimating the social visibility of groups

Estimating the sizes of hard-to-count populations is a challenging and important problem that occurs frequently in social science, public health, and public policy. This problem is particularly pressing in HIV/AIDS research because estimates of the sizes of the most at-risk populations-illicit drug users, men who have sex with men, and sex workers-are needed for designing, evaluating, and funding programs to curb the spread of the disease. A promising new approach in this area is the network scale-up method, which uses information about the personal networks of respondents to make population size estimates. However, if the target population has low social visibility, as is likely to be the case in HIV/AIDS research, scale-up estimates will be too low. In this paper we develop a game-like activity that we call the game of contacts in order to estimate the social visibility of groups, and report results from a study of heavy drug users in Curitiba, Brazil (n = 294). The game produced estimates of social visibility that were consistent with qualitative expectations but of surprising magnitude. Further, a number of checks suggest that the data are high-quality. While motivated by the specific problem of population size estimation, our method could be used by researchers more broadly and adds to long-standing efforts to combine the richness of social network analysis with the power and scale of sample surveys. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Influência do desenvolvimento tecnológico sobre o desenvolvimento social a partir das atividades da incubadora tecnológica de Campina Grande, Campina Grande Paraíba

Este estudo avalia a influência do desenvolvimento tecnológico sobre o social, a partir das atividades produtivas desenvolvidas na unidade agroindustrial Recanto lI, no município de Catolé do Rocha, com o apoio da Incubadora Tecnológica de Campina Grande - ITCG, e o Programa de Estudos e Ações no Semi-Árido Paraibano da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande - PEASAlUFCG. Os problemas sociais no semi-árido surgiram por condições ambientais adversas e se intensificaram pela falta de políticas públicas adequadas à educação e ao desenvolvimento da região. O problema é expresso pela seguinte indagação: Qual a influência entre o desenvolvimento tecnológico e o desenvolvimento social gerados a partir da atividade produtiva da Incubadora de Campina Grande, em Campina Grande, Paraíba? A relevância deste trabalho vem da pretensão em colaborar para o estudo da relação entre desenvolvimento tecnológico e social, numa tentativa de tornar inteligível a necessidade de educação e inovação tecnológica para o desenvolvimento social, principalmente em países não desenvolvidos. Vem também da utilidade para a formulação de políticas públicas e estratégias de desenvolvimento tecnológico, identificando ações e medidas de desempenho, voltadas ao diagnóstico da contribuição das incubadoras tecnológicas para o bem-estar da sociedade. O referencial teórico foi composto pela análise da função das racionalidades dos diversos agentes sociais e de sua contribuição para as interações sociais, além da análise das realidades culturais da sociedade empresariada, do Estado e das incubadoras tecnológicas. A metodologia se utilizou da pesquisa descritiva e explicativa, de campo, documental, bibliográfica e estudo de caso. O universo foram as pessoas que compõem a ITCG e a amostra foram o diretor da Incubadora, o cientista da UFCG e o líder comunitário de Recanto lI. Os sujeitos da pesquisa confundem-se com a amostra. A coleta de dados se deu por meio da literatura sobre a temática e de inserções no campo de estudo. O tratamento de dados se utilizou da análise qualitativa do fenômeno. As principais limitações do método consistiram na coleta, no tratamento dos dados, e na utilização do estudo de caso, com possibilidade de compreensão tendenciosa do fenômeno estudado. O referencial prático apresenta o resultados da pesquisa, avaliando-os por meio da comparação com o referencial teórico estudado. Tem-se como resultados que a ITCG agiu articulando os grupos e traduzindo as realidades culturais de cada agente em prol do desenvolvimento de comunidades agroindustriais em situação de risco social, devido à problemática da seca. A ITCG atuou como alfabetizadora social ensinando aos agentes sociais os códigos culturais dos demais grupos. As desigualdades que existiam entre o cientista e o sertanejo, aprofundadas pelo vexatório histórico de escravidão do homem do campo no nordeste brasileiro, foram minimizadas pela educação dada pelo próprio cientista. A Universidade contribuiu para a redução do analfabetismo ambiental, onde o meio ambiente era tido como o principal rival do homem do sertão. O Estado, quando atua em parceria com os demais agentes sociais consegue, manter-se como o principal instrumento dos cidadãos para controlar a globalização em função de seus valores e interesses. Na ITCG o ambiente de incubação é educacional, onde os novos empreendedores são postos em contato com a realidade cultural do empresariado, do Estado e de outras comunidades da sociedade, seguindo modelos meramente educacionais. Como conclusão tem-se que a trajetória dos cidadãos de Recanto II - de escravos a exportadores - foi baseada em dois grandes tesouros, a família e areligião. O mérito da ITCG foi compreender, respeitar e preservar a realidade cultural de Recanto 11 e incentivar a interação social com outras realidades culturais capazes de gerar desenvolvimento naquela região. A saúde, o desenvolvimento infantil, a segurança, a habitação foram conquistas de Recanto 11. Como sugestão tem-se que as políticas públicas deveriam reproduzir este ambiente de desenvolvimento para todos os cidadãos brasileiros em situação de risco social, utilizando-se da família como base para interações sociais fluidas e harmônicas entre os diversos agentes sociais.

Exclusão social: gestão estratégica de pessoas em duas subsidiárias de uma empresa multinacional

The present study of case empirically investigates the existence of indicators that suggest the social exclusion preoccupation from the organizations with a strategic management of human resources focus. The objects of study are two subsidiaries of a multinational enterprise in emergency and first-aid services area. One of them is Portuguese and the other is a Brazilian one. This exploratory research has used a sectional way with a longitudinal perspective, since it has considered a specific verified data referring to 2004 and 2005 years, beyond the deeper interviews with actual managers to an evaluation of these studied perception and its authentication. Our indicators identification sources were principally the individual and social rights and duties broaching and the fundamental guarantees disposed in the Brazilian and Portuguese Constitutions as such as the European Constitution project. The results appoint to great differences of management between both subsidiaries, being the Brazilian one closer to our research proposes, as such as suggest us that the human resource areas, still acting in an instrumentalist way, establish a great barrier to better practices in social inclusion and they would be unprepared for a management with the focus in the employees. Although our study has been realized in a specific activity enterprise, we believe that our results can stimulate the realization of other investigations with the same objectives. In this way, we contribute to a better comprehension of the social exclusion causes and the organizations participations in this process.

Turismo social e terceira idade:desafios emergentes

Este estudo tem por objetivo realçar e discutir dois temas de relevância atual: o turismo social e a terceira idade. O turismo social consiste em um esforço conjunto da Sociedade e do Estado em promover a universalização e a humanização da prática turística incorporando nesta atividade grupos socialmente e/ou economicamente desfavorecidos tais como os trabalhadores, os deficientes, os jovens e os idosos. Estes últimos, face ao processo de envelhecimento da população mundial ora em curso, têm assim justificada a necessidade de inclusão de suas demandas, entre as quais o direito ao lazer, no rol das políticas sociais formulado quer no âmbito estatal, quer no conjunto de ações que venha a ser adotado a nível da sociedade civil organizada. A questão da terceira idade é analisada a partir de uma pesquisa histórica que descreve a evolução do tratamento dispensado aos idosos pelas diversas sociedades, ao longo do tempo. Esta trajetória investigativa culmina com a explanação da situação atual do velho no mundo e mais especificamente no Brasil. O turismo social é abordado através da formulação de conceitos, da sua confrontação com os valores que norteiam o chamado turismo tradicional e da apresentação de experiências já postas em prática. É destacado o papel precípuo do Bureau Intemational du Tourisme Social - BITS na divulgação e no fomento desta atividade pelo mundo. Na última parte do trabalho, é feita a correlação entre os dois temas, quando então é demonstrada a importante contribuição que o lazer e o turismo social em particular têm a oferecer à população idosa como exercício completo de participação, com resultados positivos no desenvolvimento físico e mental de um estrato etário ao mesmo tempo carente e ansioso por possibilidades de integração social.