326 resultados para Salmi, Toivo


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Vår uppdragsgivare för detta arbete var IT-avdelningen på Banverkets huvudkontor. Deras upp-drag till oss var att kartlägga nuläget i ändringshanteringen i systemförvaltningen. Utifrån den kartläggningen skulle vi även utveckla en gemensam process med tillhörande processbeskrivning för ändringshanteringen. Ändringshantering är alla de aktiviteter som uppstår från det att ett förändringsbehov inkommer till dess att förändringen är införd. Banverket har under 2003 arbetat fram en metodik för systemförvaltning, som fortfarande är under utveckling. Metodikens stöd för det operativa arbetet, i synnerhet ändringshanteringen, är inte tillräcklig. Förvaltningsledare har hittills skapat sina egna processer kring hur ändringshan-teringen ska gå till och de finns inte dokumenterade, utan existerar som enskild kunskap. Detta leder till att systemförvaltningen blir personbunden och konsekvensen blir bland annat att det är resurskrävande att byta ut personen i förvaltningen samt att det tar längre tid vid överlämning av förvaltningen till ny person. Vi genomförde semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio systemförvaltare och förvaltningsledare för att kunna beskriva deras arbetssätt i nuläget. Till hjälp i beskrivningen av arbetssättet använde vi handlingsgrafer enligt metoden FA/SIM. Med handlingsgraferna kunde vi jämföra de olika arbetssätten. Vid jämförelsen kunde vi se att det fanns ett antal handlingar som är återkommande i de flesta nulägesbeskrivningarna. Vi analyserade dessa handlingar med hjälp av affärsaktsteorin för att få svar på om ändringshanteringen är affärstydlig. Vi kunde se att förvaltningsledarna saknar ett bra stöd för vilken information som bör komma in med varje förändringsbehov. Detta leder till att förvaltningsledaren känner en osäkerhet i om den prioriterat rätt och kan leda till att han/hon hamnar i ett underläge i en eventuell förhandling med leverantören. I acceptanstestningen märkte vi att den inte utförs på ett strukturerat sätt samt att det finns en tendens till att förvaltningsledaren i vissa fall förlitar sig på den testning leverantören utför. Den ändringshanteringsprocess vi utvecklat är en grund till ett gemensamt arbetssätt, men en viss fördjupning av detaljnivån i processen måste ske mot varje förvaltningsobjekt. Vi menar att för att säkerställa att rätt och jämförbar information om de olika förändringsbehoven kommer in behöver förvaltningsledaren arbeta fram någon form av frågemall. Genom att genomföra en nyt-tovärdering enligt PENG-modellen tror vi att förvaltningsledaren hittar de frågor som han/hon behöver ha svar på i prioriteringsfasen och som bör ingå i frågemallen. Acceptanstestningen bör ske på ett strukturerat sätt och vi föreslår att förvaltningsledaren arbetar fram ett testprotokoll för sitt förvaltningsobjekt samt identifierar några för verksamheten kritiska funktionaliteter som också bör ingå i testprotokollet.

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O estudo foi desenvolvido no período de outubro de 2001 a maio de 2002, com 51 javalis (Sus scrofa scrofa) proveniente de duas propriedades situadas nos municípios de Mirassol e Fernandópolis, Estado de São Paulo, sendo 18 animais variando de 150 a 360 dias (Grupo I) e 33 animais entre 30 a 120 dias de vida (Grupo II). O objetivo da investigação foi identificar a helmintofauna e obter subsídio para melhor conhecimento da instalação das infecções helmínticas. Foram identificadas nos dois grupos, respectivamente, oito espécies de nematódeos com as seguintes prevalências: Trichuris suis (16,7% e 30,3%); Metastrongylus salmi (50,0% e 15,2%), Metastrongylus pudendotectus (5,6% e 3,0%); Strongyloides ransomi (27,8% e 12,1%); Ascaris suum (0,0% e 3,0%), Ascarops strongylina (27,8% e 0,0%); Physocephalus sexalatus (5,6% e 0,0%); Oesophagostomum dentatum (22,2% e 0,0%). O total de nematódeos colhidos e identificados nos dois grupos de animais foi de 7958, assim distribuídos: 6573 no intestino grosso (82,6%), 1246 no pulmão (15,7%), 89 no intestino delgado (1,1%), e 50 no estômago (0,6%). As maiores variações de intensidade foram obtidas por T. suis de 1 a 1764 e por M. salmi 1 a 248 exemplares.

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The present study aimed to evaluate ivermectin and abamectin, both administered orally in naturally infected domestic swine, as well as analysing if the EPG (eggs per gram of faeces) values were equivalent with the ivermectin and abamectin efficacy obtained by 'parasitological necropsies. The animals were randomly selected based on the average of three consecutive EPG counts of Strongylida, Ascaris suum and Trichuris for experiment I, and of Strongylida and Trichuris for experiment II. After the random draw, eight animals were treated, orally, during seven consecutive days with 100 mu g/kg/day ivermectin (Ivermectina (R) premix, Ouro Fino Agronegocios), eight other animals were treated, orally, during seven consecutive days with 100 mu g/kg/clay abamectin (Virbamax (R) premix - Virbac do Brasil Industria e Comercio Ltda.), and eight pigs were kept as controls. EPG counts were performed for each individual animal at 14th day post-treatment (DPT). All animals (control and treatment) were necropsied at the 14th DPT. The results from both experiments demonstrate that both ivermectin and abamectin, administered orally for a continuous period of seven days, at a daily dosage of 100 mu g/kg, were highly effective (>95%) against Hyostrongylus rubidus, Strongyloides ransomi, Ascaris suum and Metastrongylus salmi. Against Oesophagostomum dentatum, abamectin presented over 95% efficacy against both evaluated strains, while ivermectin reached other strain as resistant. Regarding T. suis, both ivermectin and abamectin were effective (efficacies >90%) against one of the tested strains, while the other one was classified as resistant. Furthermore, the EPG values were equivalent with the ivermectin and abamectin efficacy obtained by parasitological necropsies. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The main scope of this Ph.D. thesis has concerned the possible transformations of bridging ligands in diiron complexes, in order to explore unconventional routes to the synthesis of new functionalized multisite bound organic frames. The results achieved during the Ph.D. can be summarized in the following points: 1) We have extended the assembling between small unsaturated molecules and bridging carbyne ligands in diiron complexes to other species. In particular, we have investigated the coupling between olefins and thiocarbyne, leading to the synthesis of thioallylidene bridging diiron complexes. Then, we have extended the study to the coupling between olefins and aminocarbyne. This result shows that the coupling between activated olefins and heteroatom substituted bridging carbynes has a general character. 2) As we have shown, the coupling of bridging alkylidyne ligands with alkynes and alkenes provides excellent routes to the synthesis of bridging C3 hydrocarbyl ligands. As a possible extension of these results we have examined the synthesis of C4 bridging frames through the combination of bridging alkylidynes with allenes. Also in this case the reaction has a general character. 3) Diiron complexes bearing bridging functionalized C3 organic frames display the presence of donor atoms, such as N and S, potentially able to coordinate unsaturated metal fragments. Thus, we have studied the possibility for these systems to act as ‘organometallic ligands’, in particular towards Pd and Rh. 4) The possibility of releasing the organic frame from the bridging coordination appears particularly appealing in the direction of a metal-assisted organic synthesis. Within this field, we have investigated the possibility of involving the C3 bridging ligand in cycloaddition reactions with alkynes, with the aim of generating variously functionalized five-membered cycles. The [3+2] cyclization does not lead to the complete release of the organic fragment but rather it produces its transformation into a cyclopentadienyl ring, which remains coordinated to one Fe atom. This result introduces a new approach to the formation of polyfunctionalised ferrocenes. 5) Furthermore, I have spent a research period of about six months at the Department of Inorganic Chemistry of the Barcelona University, under the supervision of Prof. Concepción López, with the aim of studying the chemistry of polydentate ferrocenyl ligands and their use in organometallic synthesis.

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Partnership Actions for Mitigating Syndromes (PAMS) are small transdisciplinary projects which bring scientific research insights from the NCCR North-South into policy and practice. They are implemented by researchers from different disciplines in collaboration with non-scientific actors. PAMS aim to implement and test approaches, methods and tools developed in research, in order to identify promising strategies and potentials for sustainable development. In this sense, they are solution-oriented. This paper will provide insights into our experience with PAMS, with a special focus on the implementation of transdisciplinarity and its outcomes. From 2001 to 2010, 77 PAMS were implemented in Africa, Asia and Latin America. An internal evaluation of the first 55 projects was conducted in 2006. Results of this evaluation led to a refinement and improvement of the tool. A second internal evaluation is currently underway in the NCCR North-South. This evaluation will provide an overview of 22 new PAMS. We will look at partners involved, project beneficiaries, activities implemented, outcomes achieved, and lessons learnt. In the first evaluation, transdisciplinarity was considered as “a form of collaboration within scientific fields … and as a form of continuous dialogue between research and society” (Messerli et al., 2007). The evaluation report concluded that this understanding of transdisciplinarity was not satisfactorily applied in the 55 projects. Only about half of the PAMS addressed mutual exchange between researchers and society. Some involved only one specific field of research and clearly lacked interdisciplinary co-operation, and most often knowledge was transferred mainly unilaterally from the scientific community to society, without society having any effect on science. It was therefore recommended to address transdisciplinarity more carefully in Phase 2 PAMS. The second evaluation, which is currently under way, is analysing whether and how this recommendation has been met, based on criteria defined in the NCCR North-South’s Outcome Monitoring Strategy. The analysis is focusing on partners with whom researchers interact and investigating whether practices have changed both in research and society. We are also exploring the role of researchers in PAMS. Preliminary results show that researchers can assume different roles, from direct implementation, mediation, and promotion of social learning between different actors, to giving advice as neutral outsiders.

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Within the framework of Switzerland’s international NCCR North-South research programme, Partnership Actions for Mitigating Syndromes (PAMS) are a practice-oriented component with a transdisciplinary approach. By linking research and development practice, they bring together researchers, practitioners and local communities in a common effort to test and evaluate research findings in concrete development contexts. They provide unique insights into innovative approaches and opportunities for promoting sustainable development in countries of the South and East. After an initial four-year phase, the PAMS projects implemented to date were evaluated in order to learn about their potentials and limits, as well as to decide on the direction of the component for the next phase of the programme. The present publication presents the results of this evaluation.

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Aunque se han logrado importantes avances en estudios de laboratorio con diseños experimentales poco representativos (e.g., Farrow y Reid, 2012; Nieminen, Piirainen, Salmi, y Linnamo, 2013), a día de hoy, todavía se desconoce a cabalidad cómo los jugadores de tenis de diferente nivel de pericia calibran o ajustan sus movimientos a las demandas espacio-temporales presentes en la tarea de resto de un primer servicio. ! Escasos trabajos se han llevado a cabo in situ y a la mayoría se les puede cuestionar algún aspecto de la metodología empleada. Así pues, en varios estudios la frecuencia de grabación ha sido limitada (e.g., a 50 Hz en Jackson y Gudgeon, 2004; Triolet, Benguigui, Le Runigo y Williams, 2013), o la velocidad del saque ha sido visiblemente inferior a la habitual (cf. Carboch, Süss y Kocib, 2014; Williams, Singer y Weigelt, 1998). También, en algunos estudios los participantes experimentados no han sido jugadores de nivel internacional (e.g., Avilés, Ruiz, Sanz y Navia, 2014), y el tamaño muestral ha sido muy pequeño (e.g., Gillet, Leroy, Thouvarecq, Mégrot y Stein, 2010). ! Además, en los diferentes trabajos se han utilizado una diversidad de métodos e instrumentos de medida y los criterios de codificación del inicio de los movimientos y de las respuestas han diferido; como consecuencia el lapso visomotor de respuesta (LVMr) ha sido muy dispar variando considerablemente de 198 a 410 ms. Considerando los inconvenientes señalados anteriormente, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar un modelo técnico de regulación temporal de los movimientos y de la respuesta del restador, tomando en cuenta el flujo continuo de información proporcionado por el sacador. Para ello, se realizó un análisis cronométrico de los restos de doce jugadores de diferente nivel deportivo (seis internacionales y seis nacionales) que respondieron de forma natural enviando sus devoluciones hacia las dianas. Se grabaron las acciones de los restadores y sacadores con una cámara Casio Exilim Pro Ex-F1 de alta velocidad (300 Hz) y luego se realizó un análisis imagen por imagen cada 3.33 ms. Una vez obtenidos los datos de los vídeos se realizaron análisis con las pruebas de ANOVA de un factor, ANCOVA con la velocidad del saque como covariable, U de Mann-Whitney y Chi-cuadrado de Pearson. En cuanto a la regulación del movimiento hasta el momento del despegue, los jugadores internacionales iniciaron sus acciones antes que los jugadores nacionales lo que podría indicar una mejor preparación al ejecutar los movimientos como reflejo del nivel de pericia. Los jugadores internacionales iniciaron la elevación del pie posterior a -293 ms y los jugadores nacionales a -202 ms. Todas estas acciones se fueron enlazando unas con otras y fue en el momento del impacto del sacador donde los restadores demostraron una remarcable coordinación perceptivo-motriz. Por consiguiente, los jugadores internacionales despegaron e iniciaron el vuelo a tan solo -6.5 ms del impacto y los jugadores nacionales lo hicieron más tarde a +19.5 ms. A lo largo de la secuencia temporal, todo parece indicar que las informaciones que utilizan los restadores interactúan entre sí; información más temprana y menos fiable para anticipar o moverse antes e información más tardía y más fiable para regular la temporalización de las acciones. Los restadores de nivel internacional y nacional anticiparon a nivel espacial en un bajo porcentaje (7.7% vs. 13.6%) y en tiempos similares (-127 vs. -118 ms) sugiriendo que la utilización de variables ópticas tempranas y menos fiables solo se produce en contadas ocasiones. Por otra parte, estos datos se relacionan con una gran precisión en la respuesta ya que tanto los jugadores internacionales como los nacionales demostraron un alto porcentaje de acierto al responder (95.4% vs. 96.7%). Se había señalado que los jugadores internacionales y nacionales se diferenciarían en el tiempo de caída (i.e., aterrizaje) del primer pie del salto preparatorio, sin embargo ese efecto no fue encontrado (128 vs. 135 ms). Tampoco se hallaron diferencias en el porcentaje de caída con el pie contrario a la dirección de la pelota (58% vs. 62%). Donde sí ambos grupos se diferenciaron fue en el tiempo de caída del segundo pie (147 vs. 168 ms). Esta diferencia de 21 ms fue crucial y fue una prueba de la mayor rapidez de los jugadores internacionales; sugiriendo que ésta acción se podría relacionar con el momento del inicio de la respuesta. Aunque los jugadores internacionales hayan demostrado ser más rápidos en relación con sus capacidades funcionales, ambos grupos no se diferenciaron en todas las variables relacionadas con el LVMr. Ellos no utilizaron esos valiosos milisegundos ganados en el instante de la caída del segundo pie para responder más pronto, ya que el LVMr del miembro superior fue el mismo para ambos grupos (179 vs. 174 ms). Es como si hubiesen tenido todo el tiempo del mundo para seguir ajustando sus acciones hasta el propio golpeo. Además, estos tiempos largos sugieren que en la gran mayoría de los restos la información clave que determinó la respuesta fue detectada (extraída) en momentos cercanos al golpeo del sacador y en la primera parte del vuelo de la pelota. Asimismo, se constató que en general el LVMr se ve influenciado por el tipo de información utilizada. De esta manera, cuando se tomaron en cuenta los ensayos en los que hubo anticipación espacial reflejados en el LVMr del cuerpo entero los tiempos disminuyeron (152 vs. 136 ms). Por otra parte, existieron ocasiones (13%) en los que tanto los jugadores internacionales como los nacionales respondieron tarde recibiendo saques directos (208 vs. 195 ms). Es muy posible que en estos casos los jugadores hayan tenido problemas para detectar la información respondiendo fuera de los márgenes temporales de acción lo que mermó su rendimiento. Lo mismo pudo haber ocurrido cuando ambos grupos de jugadores corrigieron el movimiento del miembro superior tras el impacto (17% vs. 10%) lo que aumentó el tiempo en responder al redirigir la respuesta hacia el lado correcto (208 vs. 205 ms). Además, los jugadores internacionales obtuvieron tiempos de movimiento menores que el de los jugadores nacionales (509 vs. 531 ms) lo que se reflejó en un tiempo total de actuación menor (683 vs. 703 ms). Por último, en cuanto al rendimiento del resto, los jugadores internacionales obtuvieron valores superiores a los jugadores nacionales (1.3 vs. 0.9). ABSTRACT Although there have been significant advances in laboratory studies with unrepresentative experimental designs (e.g., Farrow y Reid, 2012; Nieminen, Piirainen, Salmi, y Linnamo, 2013), today it is still unknown to full extent how tennis players of different levels of expertise calibrate or adjust their movements to the spatial-temporal demands present in the return of a first serve. Few studies have been carried out in situ and some aspects of the methodology most of them used can be questioned. Thus, in several studies the recording frequency has been limited (e.g., a 50 Hz en Jackson y Gudgeon, 2004; Triolet, Benguigui, Le Runigo y Williams, 2013), or serve speed was visibly lower than the usual one (cf. Carboch, Süss y Kocib, 2014; Williams, Singer y Weigelt, 1998). Also, in some studies, experienced participants have not played at international level (e.g., Avilés, Ruiz, Sanz y Navia, 2014), and the sample size has been very small (e.g., Gillet, Leroy, Thouvarecq, Mégrot y Stein, 2010). Furthermore, different works have used a variety of methods and measurement instruments and coding criteria of the onset of movements and responses have differed; due to this, visuomotor response delay (LVMr) has been very uneven, varying considerably from 198-410 ms. Considering the drawbacks mentioned above, this study aimed to determine a technical model of temporal regulation of movements and returner’s response, taking into account the continuous flow of information provided by the server. For this, a chronometric analysis of the returns of twelve players (six international and six national) of different sports level, that naturally responded by hitting their returns towards the targets, was performed. Actions of servers and returners were recorded with a Casio Exilim Pro Ex-F1 high speed camera (300 Hz) and then every 3.33 ms analysis was made frame by frame. Once the data of the videos were obtained, analyses were performed using one factor ANOVA test, ANCOVA with the speed of the serve as a covariate, U of Mann- Whitney and Pearson’s Chi-square test. As for the regulation of movement until the moment of serve, international players began their actions before national players, which could indicate that they were better prepared to execute movements reflecting the level of their expertise. International players began raising the rear foot at -293 ms and national players at -202 ms. All these actions were being linked to each other and it was at the moment of impact of the server when the receivers demonstrated a remarkable perceptual-motor coordination. Therefore, international players took off and started their flight just -6.5 ms before the serve and national players did the same somewhat later: +19.5 ms after the serve. Along the timeline, everything seems to indicate that the information used by returners interact with each other; early information which is less reliable to anticipate or move before, and later information more reliable appears to regulate the timing of actions. Returners of international and national levels anticipated at spatial level in a low percentage (7.7% vs. 13.6%) and in similar times (-127 vs. -118 ms) suggesting that the use of early and less reliable optical variables is only produced on rare occasions. Moreover, these data relate to a precise response as both international and national players showed a high percentage of success in responding (95.4% vs. 96.7%). It had been noted that international and national players would differ in the time the fall (i.e., landing) of the first foot of the split-step, however, this effect was not found (128 vs. 135 ms). No differences in the percentage of fall with the opposite foot to the direction of the ball (58% vs. 62%) were found. Where the two groups differed was in the time of the fall of the second foot (147 vs. 168 ms). This difference of 21 ms was crucial and it was a proof of mayor speed of international players; suggesting that this action could be related to the onset time of response. Although international players have proven to be faster in relation to their functional capabilities, both groups did not differ in all variables related to LVMr. They did not use those precious milliseconds earned at the time of the fall of the second foot to respond as soon, since the LVMr of the upper limb was the same for both groups (179 vs. 174 ms). It is as if they had all the time in the world to continue to adjust their actions until the return itself. Furthermore, these long times suggest that in the vast majority of the returns, key information that determined the response was detected (pick-up) in moments close to the hit of the server and in the first part of the ball flight. It was also found that in general the LVMr is influenced by the type of information used. Thus, when taking into account the trials during which there was spatial anticipation, reflected in LVMr of the whole body, the times decreased (152 vs. 136 ms). On the other hand, there were occasions (13%) where both international and national players responded late, thus receiving aces (208 vs. 195 ms). It is quite possible that in these cases the players have had trouble to pick-up information, responding out of temporary margins of action, which affected their performance. The same could have occurred when both groups of players corrected upper limb movement after impact (17% vs. 10%), which increased the time to respond and to redirect the return towards the right side (208 vs. 205 ms). Moreover, international players scored lower movement times than the national players (509 vs. 531 ms), which was reflected in a shorter total response time (683 vs. 703 ms). Finally, as far as the performance of return is concerned, international players scored above the national players values (1.3 vs. 0.9).

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Insufficient efficacy and/or specificity of antisense oligonucleotides limit their in vivo usefulness. We demonstrate here that a high-affinity DNA analog, locked nucleic acid (LNA), confers several desired properties to antisense agents. Unlike DNA, LNA/DNA copolymers were not degraded readily in blood serum and cell extracts. However, like DNA, the LNA/DNA copolymers were capable of activating RNase H, an important antisense mechanism of action. In contrast to phosphorothioate-containing oligonucleotides, isosequential LNA analogs did not cause detectable toxic reactions in rat brain. LNA/DNA copolymers exhibited potent antisense activity on assay systems as disparate as a G-protein-coupled receptor in living rat brain and an Escherichia coli reporter gene. LNA-containing oligonucleotides will likely be useful for many antisense applications.

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In normal rats and mice, immunostaining with specific antibodies revealed that nuclei of most prostatic epithelial cells harbor estrogen receptor β (ERβ). In rat ventral prostate, 530- and 549-aa isoforms of the receptor were identified. These sediment in the 4S region of low-salt sucrose gradients, indicating that prostatic ERβ does not contain the same protein chaperones that are associated with ERα. Estradiol (E2) binding and ERβ immunoreactivity coincide on the gradient, with no indication of ERα. In prostates from mice in which the ERβ gene has been inactivated (BERKO), androgen receptor (AR) levels are elevated, and the tissue contains multiple hyperplastic foci. Most epithelial cells express the proliferation antigen Ki-67. In contrast, prostatic epithelium from wild-type littermates is single layered with no hyperplasia, and very few cells express Ki-67. Rat ventral prostate contains an estrogenic component, which comigrates on HPLC with the testosterone metabolite 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol (3βAdiol). This compound, which competes with E2 for binding to ERβ and elicits an estrogenic response in the aorta but not in the pituitary, decreases the AR content in prostates of wild-type mice but does not affect the elevated levels seen in ERβ knockout (BERKO) mice. Thus ERβ, probably as a complex with 3βAdiol, is involved in regulating the AR content of the rodent prostate and in restraining epithelial growth. These findings suggest that ligands specific for ERβ may be useful in the prevention and/or clinical management of prostatic hyperplasia and neoplasia.

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back row L-R: Michael Bass, Rick Volk, Frank Nunley, Dennis Morgan, Rick Sygar, John Rowser. front row L-R: terry Salmi, Kenneth Wright, David Porter, Richard Williamson, Roger Rosema.

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Dissertation--Helsingfors univ.

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fasc.I., I.Annonymi chiliastae in Matthaeum XXIV fragmenta. Accedunt tractus De tribus mensuris et De Petro apostolo.-II. Piccoli supplementi agliscritti dei dottori Cappadoci e di S. Cirillo Alessandrino.-III. I fragmenti inediti dell'antica versione latina del commentario di Teodoro Mopsuesteno sui Salmi.