Executive Order Number Seven, December 16, 1983

Establish the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Commission.

Performance comparison of an active matrix flat panel imager, computed radiography system, and a screen-film system at four standard radiation qualities.

Four standard radiation qualities (from RQA 3 to RQA 9) were used to compare the imaging performance of a computed radiography (CR) system (general purpose and high resolution phosphor plates of a Kodak CR 9000 system), a selenium-based direct flat panel detector (Kodak Direct View DR 9000), and a conventional screen-film system (Kodak T-MAT L/RA film with a 3M Trimax Regular screen of speed 400) in conventional radiography. Reference exposure levels were chosen according to the manufacturer's recommendations to be representative of clinical practice (exposure index of 1700 for digital systems and a film optical density of 1.4). With the exception of the RQA 3 beam quality, the exposure levels needed to produce a mean digital signal of 1700 were higher than those needed to obtain a mean film optical density of 1.4. In spite of intense developments in the field of digital detectors, screen-film systems are still very efficient detectors for most of the beam qualities used in radiology. An important outcome of this study is the behavior of the detective quantum efficiency of the digital radiography (DR) system as a function of beam energy. The practice of users to increase beam energy when switching from a screen-film system to a CR system, in order to improve the compromise between patient dose and image quality, might not be appropriate when switching from screen-film to selenium-based DR systems.

Common law and civil law as pro-market adaptations

We argue that in the development of the Western legal system, cognitive departures are themain determinant of the optimal degree of judicial rule-making. Judicial discretion, seen here as the main distinguishing feature between both legal systems, is introduced in civil law jurisdictions to protect, rather than to limit, freedom of contract against potential judicial backlash. Such protection was unnecessary in common law countries, where free-market relations enjoyed safer judicial ground mainly due to their relatively gradual evolution, their reliance on practitioners as judges, and the earlier development of institutional checks and balances that supported private property rights. In our framework, differences in costs and benefits associated with self-interest and lack of information require a cognitive failure to be active.

Incidência natural e biologia de Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) em ovos de Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)

Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner is an egg parasitoid of the corn earworm Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), and has recently been collected from eggs of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner on soybeans. In order to evaluate the suitability of A. gemmatalis eggs as hosts of T. atopovirilia, field surveys were conducted in 1999 and 2000 on corn and soybeans, and a colony of the parasitoid was established in laboratory. At 25 ºC, development from oviposition to emergence lasted nine days and a sex-ratio of 0.58 (females:males) was obtained. Females lived significantly longer (11.4 days) when kept in ovipositional activity, than in the absence of host eggs (6.6 days). Total fecundity averaged 104.5 parasitized eggs, resulting in the emergence of 138.3 descendents. Mean daily fecundity was highest (30 eggs/female) on the first day. Oviposition continued until one day before the death of the females, however 70% of the eggs were laid during the first four days after emergence. A female-biased progeny was produced during the first three days of oviposition, whereas further ovipositions were male-biased. Females lived significantly longer when exposed to host eggs in comparison to females deprived of eggs. The results show that eggs of A. gemmatalis are suitable for the development of T. atopovirilia, and this parasitoid should be considered in future programs of biological control of the velvetbean caterpillar.

Adaptations of two specialist herbivores to movement on the hairy leaf surface of their host, Solanum guaraniticum Hassl (Solanaceae)

Plant trichomes can difficult the attachment and movement of small insects. Here, we examine the hypothesis that the success on the use of densely haired hosts by two cassidine species is determined by differential morphology and behavior. Larvae of Gratiana graminea (Klug, 1829) and Gratiana conformis (Boheman, 1854) move on the leaf surface of their host, Solanum guaraniticum Hassl by anchoring their tarsungulus on the trichome rays or by inserting the tarsungulus tip directly into epidermis. This kind of movement is only possible due to a similar tarsungulus shape among the species. Tarsungulus growth pattern is also similar between species, being relatively small on the posterior aperture, matching the diameter of the host plant trichome rays. The tarsungulus shape associated with differences on ontogenetic growth and attachment pattern allow these two Cassidinae larvae to efficiently move on the pubescent leaf surface of their host.

[Collection Jules Beau. Photographie sportive] : T. 34. Années 1907 et 1908 / Jules Beau

Donateur : Touring-Club de France

Cem anos da Entomologia Forense no Brasil (1908-2008)

Apresentamos uma história do desenvolvimento da Entomologia Forense no Brasil e uma avaliação do estado da arte e perspectivas. Esses estudos no Brasil iniciaram-se em 1908 com os trabalhos pioneiros de Roquette-Pinto e Oscar Freire, que notaram a grande diversidade da fauna de insetos necrófagos e a impossibilidade de aplicação direta de métodos desenvolvidos na Europa. Nas últimas duas décadas a Entomologia Forense tem avançado rapidamente no Brasil, mas ainda existem lacunas importantes no conhecimento, especialmente com relação à taxonomia, biologia e ecologia dos principais grupos de moscas e besouros necrófagos e também falta de integração entre os entomologistas e a polícia judiciária. Atualmente existem no Brasil mais de 20 pesquisadores desenvolvendo pesquisas relacionadas com Entomologia Forense e algumas dezenas de peritos criminais com treinamento nessa área, em quase todos os estados brasileiros. Neste trabalho são também apresentadas algumas diretrizes para políticas de desenvolvimento deste campo de pesquisas no Brasil.

Evolution de l'incidence des cancers et des polypes colorectaux dans le canton de Vaud entre 1983 et 2007. [Trends in incidence of colorectal cancers and polyps in the Swiss canton of Vaud 1983-2007].

Colorectal cancer is the second most frequent cancer at death and third most common neoplasm in Switzerland, with about 1600 deaths and 4000 new cases per year, respectively. This study describes the recent trends in colorectal polyps and cancers in the canton of Vaud where a rare population-based series on polyps has been available since 1983. The most salient results are the exponential increase in the detection rates of polyps since the late 19805, associated with a doubling in the proportion of right-sided polyps, whereas colorectal cancer incidence remained constant over the last 25 years. The apparent paradox between the strong increase in detection and resection of polyps, largely due to screening activity, and the absence of reduction in colorectal cancer incidence in the Vaud population is discussed.

Estadísticas de los desembarques de la pesquería marina peruana 1983 - 1992

Reporta los desembarques de las principales 113 especies comercialmente más frecuentes entre peces, crustáceos, moluscos, equinodermos, quelonios, toninos y algas, de la abundante fauna y flora marina peruana.

Estimados de biomasa hidroacústica de los cuatro principales recursos pelágicos en el mar peruano durante 1983-2000

Entre 1983 y 2000, el IMARPE ha llevado a cabo un total de 31 cruceros de evaluación hidroacústica de recursos pelágicos (EHARP). Los primeros 13 (1983 y 1991) se basaron en la obtención de una constante de ecointegración especifica para cada especie. A partir de 1992 se utilizaron las ecuaciones de TS-Longitud a fin de determinar la biomasa de recursos pelágicos. Se presenta la variación latitudinal de la biomasa de los cuatro recursos pelágicos de mayor importancia en el mar peruano: anchoveta (Engraulis ringens), sardina (Sardinops sagax sagax), jurel(Trachurus murphy 1) y caballa (Scomber japonicus) en cada uno de los cruceros, incluyendo la información estadística de cada uno.

Variaciones estacionales en la distribución y biomasa de anchoveta entre 1983 y 2000

Los resultados de 29 cruceros, realizados desde 1983 al 2000, muestran que la anchoveta ha presentado variaciones significativas en su biomasa y distribución, debido a los eventos El Niño 1982-83, 1987, 1992 y 1997-98, que la hicieron replegarse a la costa, migrar hacia el sur y profundizarse hasta lugares inusuales, disminuyendo los valores de las categorías de abundancia. Los mayores estimados de biomasa de anchoveta, se obtuvieron en los cruceros de evaluación hidroacústica de recursos pelágicos 9401-03 (8.700.590 t) y 0001-02 (9.439.027 t). La más alta biomasa estacional promedio por grados de latitud se determinó en primavera en los 8°5 (727.819 t), seguida del verano en los 11°s (701.724 t). Las altas biomasas promedio se encontraron entre los 7°S y 9° S. Los altos desembarques anuales promedio se registraron en verano (1.577.855 1). Los mayores desembarques se obtuvieron en 1994 (9.896.303 t) y en 1996 (7.136.856 t). Según el análisis de los parametros de biomasa y desembarques anuales entre los años de 1983 al 2000, se observa que existe una correlación significativa (r = 0,71) presentando un aceptable ajuste del modelo en R'•0,5 1.

Variaciones en la biomasa y en la distribución de los principales recursos pelágicos del Perú entre 1983 y 1987

Los resultados de 7 cruceros, realizados por el Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE) durante 1983-87, muestran variaciones grandes en la biomasa y la distribución de los principales recursos pelágicos, la anchoveta, la sardina, la caballa y el jurel.

Estudios preliminares sobre el efecto del fenómeno "El Niño" 1982-1983 en comunidades de Aulacomya ater

Análisis de 17 bancos de Aulacomya ater entre diciembre 1981 t mayo 1983, a lo largo de la costa central del Perú.

Cambios de los factores ambientales, macrobentos y bacterias filamentosas en la zona de mínimo de oxígeno frente al Perú durante "El Niño" 1982-1983

Analisis de los cambios de la biomasa y densidad de los diferentes grupos del macrobentos.