Analysis of texture evolution in pure magnesium and the magnesium alloy AM30 during rod and tube extrusion

The evolution of microstructure and texture during extrusion of pure magnesium and its single phase alloy AM30 has been studied experimentally as well as by crystal plasticity simulation. Microstructure and micro-texture were characterized by electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD), bulk-texture was measured using X-ray diffraction and deformation texture simulations were carried out using visco-plastic self consistent (VPSC) model. In spite of clear indications of the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization (DRX), simulations were able to reproduce the experimental textures successfully. This was attributed to the fact that the textures were c-type fibers with their axis of rotation parallel to the c-axis and DRX leads to simply rotate the texture around the c-axis. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The sputtering temperature of a cooling cylindrical rod without and with an insulated core in a two-fluid medium

Utilising Jones' method associated with the Wiener-Hopf technique, explicit solutions are obtained for the temperature distributions on the surface of a cylindrical rod without an insulated core as well as that inside a cylindrical rod with an insulated inner core when the rod, in either of the two cases, is allowed to enter, with a uniform speed, into two different layers of fluid with different cooling abilities. Simple expressions are derived for the values of the sputtering temperatures of the rod at the points of entry into the respective layers, assuming the upper layer of the fluid to be of finite depth and the lower of infinite extent. Both the problems are solved through a three-part Wiener-Hopf problem of special type and the numerical results under certain special circumstances are obtained and presented in tabular forms.

Controlled synthesis of CuO nanostructures on Cu foil, rod and grid

CuO nanowires are synthesized by heating Cu foil, rod and grid in ambient without employing a catalyst or gas flow at temperatures ranging from 400 to 800 degrees C for a duration of 1-12 h. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation reveals the formation of nanowires. The structure, morphology and phase of the as-synthesized nanowires are analyzed by various techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It is found that these nanowires are composed of CuO phase and the underlying film is of Cu2O. A systematic study is carried out to find the possibilities for the transformation of one phase to another completely. A possible growth mechanism for the nanowires is also discussed. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The destabilization of human GCAP1 by a proline to leucine mutation might cause cone-rod dystrophy

Guanylate cyclase activating protein-1 (GCAP1) is required for activation of retinal guanylate cyclase-1 (RetGC1), which is essential for recovery of photoreceptor cells to the dark state. In this paper, experimentally derived observations are reported that help in explaining why a proline→leucine mutation at position 50 of human GCAP1 results in cone–rod dystrophy in a family carrying this mutation. The primary amino acid sequence of wild-type GCAP1 was mutated using site-directed mutagenesis to give a leucine at position 50. In addition, serine replaced a glutamic acid residue at position 6 to promote N‐terminal myristoylation, yielding the construct GCAP1 E6S/P50L. The enzyme was over-expressed in Escherichia coli cells, isolated and purified before being used in assays with RetGC1, characterized by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and investigated for protease resistance and thermal stability. Assays of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) synthesis from guanosine triphosphate by RetGC1 in the presence of E6S/P50L showed that E6S/P50L could activate RetGC1 and displayed similar calcium sensitivity to wild-type GCAP1. In addition, E6S/P50L and wild-type GCAP1 possess similar CD spectra. However, there was a marked increase in the susceptibility to protease degradation and also a reduction in the thermal stability of E6S/P50L as observed by both the cGMP assay and CD spectroscopy. It is therefore suggested that although GCAP1 E6S/P50L has a similar activity and calcium dependency profile to the wild-type GCAP1, its lower stability could reduce its cellular concentration, which would in turn alter [Ca2+] and result in death of cells.

Effective thermal conductivity of a heat generating rod bundle dissipating heat by natural convection and radiation

A numerical study of conjugate natural convection and surface radiation in a horizontal hexagonal sheath housing 19 solid heat generating rods with cladding and argon as the fill gas, is performed. The natural convection in the sheath is driven by the volumetric heat generation in the solid rods. The problem is solved using the FLUENT CFD code. A correlation is obtained to predict the maximum temperature in the rod bundle for different pitch-to-diameter ratios and heat generating rates. The effective thermal conductivity is related to the heat generation rate, maximum temperature and the sheath temperature. Results are presented for the dimensionless maximum temperature, Rayleigh number and the contribution of radiation with changing emissivity, total wattage and the pitch-to-diameter ratio. In the simulation of a larger system that contains a rod bundle, the effective thermal conductivity facilitates simplified modelling of the rod bundle by treating it as a solid of effective thermal conductivity. The parametric studies revealed that the contribution of radiation can be 38-65% of the total heat generation, for the parameter ranges chosen. Data for critical Rayleigh number above which natural convection comes into effect is also presented. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mutations in Drosophila Myosin Rod Cause Defects in Myofibril Assembly

The roles of myosin during muscle contraction are well studied, but how different domains of this protein are involved in myofibril assembly in vivo is far less understood. The indirect flight muscles (IFMs) of Drosophila melanogaster provide a good model for understanding muscle development and function in vivo. We show that two missense mutations in the rod region of the myosin heavy-chain gene, Mhc, give rise to IFM defects and abnormal myofibrils. These defects likely result from thick filament abnormalities that manifest during early sarcomere development or later by hypercontraction. The thick filament defects are accompanied by marked reduction in accumulation of flightin, a myosin binding protein, and its phosphorylated forms, which are required to stabilise thick filaments. We investigated with purified rod fragments whether the mutations affect the coiled-coil structure, rod aggregate size or rod stability. No significant changes in these parameters were detected, except for rod thermodynamic stability in one mutation. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that these mutations may produce localised rod instabilities. We conclude that the aberrant myofibrils are a result of thick filament defects, but that these in vivo effects cannot be detected in vitro using the biophysical techniques employed. The in vivo investigation of these mutant phenotypes in IFM development and function provides a useful platform for studying myosin rod and thick filament formation generically, with application to the aetiology of human myosin rod myopathies. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Spherical and rod-like Gd2O3:Eu3+ nanophosphors-Structural and luminescent properties

A comparative study of spherical and rod-like nanocrystalline GdO:Eu (GdEuO) red phosphors prepared by solution combustion and hydrothermal methods have been reported. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) results confirm the as-formed product in combustion method showing mixed phase of monoclinic and cubic of GdO:Eu. Upon calcinations at 800C for 3 h, dominant cubic phase was achieved. The as-formed precursor hydrothermal product shows hexagonal Gd(OH):Eu phase and it converts to pure cubic phase of GdO:Eu on calcination at 600C for 3 h. TEM micrographs of hydrothermally prepared cubic GdO:Eu phase shows nanorods with a diameter of 15 nm and length varying from 50 to 150 nm, whereas combustion product shows the particles to be of irregular shape, with different sizes in the range 50-250 nm. Dominant red emission (612 nm) was observed in cubic GdO:Eu which has been assigned to transition. However, in hexagonal Gd(OH):Eu, emission peaks at 614 and 621 nm were observed. The strong red emission of cubic GdO:Eu nanophosphors by hydrothermal method are promising for high performance display materials. The variation in optical energy bandgap () was noticed in as-formed and heat treated systems in both the techniques. This is due to more ordered structure in heat treated samples and reduction in structural defects.

C-13-H-1 dipolar couplings for probing rod-like hydrogen bonded mesogens

Hydrogen bonding is the most important non-covalent interaction utilised in building supramolecular assemblies and is preferred often as a means of construction of molecular, oligomeric as well as polymeric materials that show liquid crystalline properties. In this work, a pyridine based nematogenic acceptor has been synthesized and mixed with non-mesogenic 4-methoxy benzoic acid to get a hydrogen bonded mesogen. The existence of hydrogen bonding between the pyridyl unit and the carboxylic acid was established using FT-IR spectroscopy from the observation of characteristic stretching vibrations of unionized type at 2425 and 1927 cm(-1). The mesogenic acceptor and the complex have been investigated using C-13 NMR in solution, solid and liquid crystalline states. Together with the 2D separated local field NMR experiments, the studies confirm the molecular structure in the mesophase and yield the local orientational order parameters. It is observed that the insertion of 4-methoxy benzoic acid not only enhances the mesophase stability but also induces a smectic phase due to an increase in the core length of the hydrogen bonded mesogen.

Effect of lateral substituent and chain length on mesomorphic properties of novel alkoxy benzyloxy benzoates of cyanophenyl rod-shaped compounds

Three novel homologous series of rod-shaped cyanophenyl alkoxy benzoate liquid crystalline compounds with lateral polar fluorine and chlorine substituent were prepared, and chemical structures of novel materials have been characterized by standard spectral technique and elemental analysis. The mesophase characterization was carried out using the combination of polarized optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. All the compounds exhibit wide thermal range of enantiotropic SmA phase.

Anisotropic isometric fluctuation relations in experiment and theory on a self-propelled rod

The isometric fluctuation relation (IFR) P. I. Hurtado et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108, 7704 (2011)] relates the relative probability of current fluctuations of fixed magnitude in different spatial directions. We test its validity in an experiment on a tapered rod, rendered motile by vertical vibration and immersed in a sea of spherical beads. We analyze the statistics of the velocity vector of the rod and show that they depart significantly from the IFR of Hurtado et al. Aided by a Langevin-equation model we show that our measurements are largely described by an anisotropic generalization of the IFR R. Villavicencio et al., Europhys. Lett. 105, 30009 (2014)], with no fitting parameters, but with a discrepancy in the prefactor whose origin may lie in the detailed statistics of the microscopic noise. The experimentally determined large-deviation function of the velocity vector has a kink on a curve in the plane.

Mapping the intriguing transient morphologies and the demixing behavior in PS/PVME blends in the presence of rod-like nanoparticles

The demixing behavior, transient morphologies and mechanism of phase separation in PS/PVME blends were greatly altered in the presence of a very low concentration of rod-like particles (multiwall carbon nanotubes, MWNTs). This phenomenon is due to the specific interaction of one of the phases (PVME) with the anisotropic MWNTs, which creates a heterogeneous environment in the blend. This specific interaction alters the chain dynamics in the interfacial region as against the bulk. A comprehensive analysis using isochronal temperature sweep was performed to understand the demixing temperature in the blends. The evolution of phase morphology as a function of time and temperature was assessed by polarizing optical microscopy (POM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The addition of MWNTs increased the rheological demixing temperature and the spinodal temperature in almost all the compositions. The intriguing transient morphologies were mapped, which varied from nucleation and growth to coalescence-induced viscoelastic phase separation (C-VPS) in PVME-rich blends, to spinodal decomposition in the near-critical compositions, to transient gel-induced VPS (T-VPS) in the PS-rich compositions. Mapping of the morphology development displayed two types of fracture mechanisms: ductile fracture for near-critical compositions and brittle fracture for off-critical composition. The change in the phase separation mechanism in the presence of MWNTs was due to the variation in dynamic asymmetry brought about by these anisotropic particles. All these observations were correlated by POM, SEM and AFM studies. The length of the cooperatively rearranging region (CRR), as evaluated using modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) measurements, was found to be composition-independent. The observed variation of effective glass transition of PVME (low T-g component) on blending with PS (high Tg component) and by the addition of MWNTs accounts for the dynamic heterogeneity introduced by MWNTs in the system.

Estudio del efecto de la regulación de la iluminación en pollos de engorde de la linea Hubbard Peterson en la granja avícola Belén, El Viejo, Chinandega

Con el fin de determinar el programa de iluminación más adecuado que permita maximizar los rendimientos productivos y disminuir los costos de producción en pollos de engorde, se realizó el presente ensayo en condiciones de producción comercial, bajo un sistema tradicional. El total de aves utilizadas fueron 196, pertenecientes a la línea Hubbard Peterson, de un día de nacidas, mixtas. Estas fueron alojadas en una galera (rancho de palma) con dimensiones de 29 m de largo * 1O m de ancho* 5 m de alto, y capacidad total de alojamiento de 2900 aves; por un período de 42 días. Para efectos experimentales las aves fueron agrupadas aleatoriamente en dos cubículos, a razón de 98/ grupo, utilizando una densidad de alojamiento de 9 8 aves 1m2. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: T1= 23 hrs luz + 1 hr de oscuridad y T2 = 23 hrs luz + 1 hr de oscuridad hasta las dos semanas, en adelante hasta el sacrificio sólo luz natural. Las variables de respuesta fueron: Peso Final (PF) Consumo de Alimento (CAl) , Ganancia Media Diaria (GMD) e índice de Conversión Alimenticia (ICA), Margen Bruto (MB) y Relación Beneficio Costo (8\C). Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó un DCA con arreglo bifactoríal y prueba de separación de medías por Tukey, mediante el paquete estadístico SAS, 1991. Con base en los resultados de los análisis, no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos para las variables GMD e ICA; no así para CAL, y PF. Los valores promedios semanales a lo largo del período (6 semanas), pera las variables evaluadas, fueron los siguientes: Para T1, CAl= 87.37g, GM0=57.17g, ICA= 1.66 y PF= 1.895kg: para T2, CAL= 83.68g, GMD= 54.81g, ICA= 1.58 y PF= 1.833kg. En el análisis financiero, el tratamiento con un periodo de 12 horas de iluminación, se obtuvo una reducción del 66.66% en los costos de iluminación, y una superioridad del 19% en el margen bruto y 6.15% en la relación beneficio costo en relación al periodo de 23 horas luz.

Evolución de la eficiencia reproductiva en la finca piloto San José del municipio de Santo Tomás, Chontales. Area modelo del proyecto de mejoramiento de la productividad ganadera para los productores de pequeña y mediana escala

El presente estudio se realizo con el objetivo de determinar la evolución de la eficiencia reproductiva en la finca piloto San José del municipio de Santo tomas, del departamento de Chontales. Evolución de la Eficiencia Reproductiva en la Finca Piloto San José, en el Municipio de Santo Tomas Chontales. Area modelo del proyecto de Mejoramiento de la Productividad Ganadera para los Productores de Pequeña y Mediana Escala. La finca se sitúa entre las coordenadas 13º28’51’’ latitud norte y 70º77’02’’ longitud este, con altura de 420 msnm, con una precipitación promedio anual de 1600 a 2000 mm, con temperatura media anual de 25º a 27ºC. El presente estudio se evaluaron los diferentes índices reproductivos de la finca piloto San José, haciendo uso de los registros que se levantaron durante la etapa de ejecución del proyecto, realizando monitoreos periódicos como: pesajes de ganado y diagnósticos reproductivos, también se realizaba pesaje de leche y prueba de mastitis, estas actividades se realizan una vez al mes, pero con diferencias de 15 días por actividades. La producción total de leche obtenida en la finca fue de 49.500kg de leche durante un año, cuando el IPP fue de 12 meses. Cuando el IPP llego a los 24 meses la producción de leche fue de 27,000Kg. Se obtuvo que entre menor fueron los IPP y los ingresos de las finca fueron mayores. Cuando se alargaron los dias de ordeño también se alargaron los dias de secado. En el año 2005 el promedio del IPC era de 8.5 meses y en el año 2008 se redujo a 4.7 meses. En el año 2005 el IPP era de 18 meses y para el año 2008 se redujo a 14 meses. Para el invierno del 2005 se tenía promedios de 9 partos en invierno con relación al de verano que fue de 3 partos, luego en el verano del 2008 los partos se redujeron a 4 partos, pero en invierno aumentaron a 15 partos por época. El IPC para el 2005 correspondía a un 22 %, para el año 2008 se logro reducir a un 7.5 %. El IPP en el año 2005 fue del 45.7 % y para el 2008 se redujo a un22.4 %, prácticamente se redujo a un 50 %. En la finca piloto en el 2005 se contaba con 12 animales en ordeño y al año 2008 se incremento su número de animales productivos a 19 animales. La producción promedio por vaca siempre se mantuvo estable entre los 4 y 5 litros de leche por vaca, aumentado solamente la producción total de leche por día.

Circovirus Porcino (PCV2) en la granja porcina San José Aganorsa durante el periodo del 2011 al 2013

En el presente trabajo se evaluó la importancia sanitaria y económica que presenta la enfermedad Circovirus en la producción porcina de animales de 1 día de nacidos hasta las 12 semanas de vida, mediante tres evaluaciones en la granja porcina San José, AGANORSA en el municipio de Mateare, la prueba diagnóstica utilizada fue ELISA con captura de anticuerpo especifico para circovirus porcino tipo 2 (PCV2), realizada en el laboratorio nacional de diagnóstico veterinario MAGFOR en julio del 2011. En la primera evaluación se determinaron los indicadores epidemiológicos prevalencia, mortalidad y virulencia; utilizando datos de la empresa (diciembre 2011- julio 2012). Se registraron 15 lotes de animales vacunados y 15 no vacunados. Las variables evaluadas fueron: animales eliminados, animales muertos y total de enfermos. Mediante la prueba de comparación de medias (Duncan) se encontraron diferencias significativas (0.05>P) para las variables, prevalencia con el 19% en lotes no vacunados y 15% en lotes vacunados; para mortalidad el 14% y 9% en los lotes respectivos. La virulencia en lotes no vacunados y vacunados mostró diferencia significativa (0.05>P por Tukey), obteniendo valores del 76.82% y 63.82% para lotes no vacunados y vacunados, respectivamente. Mediante la estimación del coeficiente de correlación (Pearson), se encontró la existencia de relación entre el tratamiento y las variables prevalencia, mortalidad y virulencia. Las pérdidas económicas estimadas en los lotes sin vacunar fueron del 18.47% y en los vacunados del 14.90%, equivalentes a 5,893.545 y 5,544.840 Córdobas, respectivamente; con la vacunación se logró una reducción de un 3.57% de pérdidas económicas, que equivalen a 348,705.00 Córdobas. En la segunda y tercera evaluación las pérdidas económicas fueron del 4.47% y del 6%, lo que se traduce en 184,404.00 y 303,105.00 Córdobas, respectivamente. Para evaluar la efectividad de la aplicación de la vacuna sobre la mortalidad, se utilizó una prueba t-Student, con resultado estadístico altamente significativo (0.001>P). En la primera evaluación se encontraron resultados positivos frente a la vacunación, reduciendo en gran medida los indicadores epidemiológicos; en la segunda y tercera evaluación se determinaron porcentajes altos de mortalidad debido a factores de manejo y otros agentes etiológicos presentes en la granja (Staphylococcus sp. y Haemophilus Parasuis). La implementación de la vacuna para el control y prevención de Circovirus porcino PCV2, fue todo un éxito en la granja, mejorando los pesos obtenidos a las 23 semanas de vida, de 205 a 242 libras, reduciendo el porcentaje de animales pequeños (colitas) y la mortalidad causada por PCV2.