QTL for root angle and number in a population developed from bread wheats (Triticum aestivum) with contrasting adaptation to water-limited environments

Root architecture traits in wheat are important in deep soil moisture acquisition and may be used to improve adaptation to water-limited environments. The genetic architecture of two root traits, seminal root angle and seminal root number, were investigated using a doubled haploid population derived from SeriM82 and Hartog. Multiple novel quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified, each one having a modest effect. For seminal root angle, four QTL (-log10(P) >3) were identified on 2A, 3D, 6A and 6B, and two suggestive QTL (-log10(P) >2) on 5D and 6B. For root number, two QTL were identified on 4A and 6A with four suggestive QTL on 1B, 3A, 3B and 4A. QTL for root angle and root number did not co-locate. Transgressive segregation was found for both traits. Known major height and phenology loci appear to have little effect on root angle and number. Presence or absence of the T1BL.1RS translocation did not significantly influence root angle. Broad sense heritability (h 2) was estimated as 50 % for root angle and 31 % for root number. Root angle QTL were found to be segregating between wheat cultivars adapted to the target production region indicating potential to select for root angle in breeding programs. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

The need for cost-effectiveness analyses of antimicrobial stewardship programmes: A structured review

The cost effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programmes was reviewed in hospital settings of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, and limited to adult patient populations. In each of the 36 studies, the type of AMS strategy and the clinical and cost outcomes were evaluated. The main AMS strategy implemented was prospective audit with intervention and feedback (PAIF), followed by the use of rapid technology, including rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) technology, for the treatment of bloodstream infections. All but one of the 36 studies reported that AMS resulted in a reduction in pharmacy expenditure. Among 27 studies measuring changes to health outcomes, either no change was reported post-AMS, or the additional benefits achieved from these outcomes were not quantified. Only two studies performed a full economic evaluation: one on a PAIF-based AMS intervention; and the other on use of rapid technology for the selection of appropriate treatment for serious Staphylococcus aureus infections. Both studies found the interventions to be cost effective. AMS programmes achieved a reduction in pharmacy expenditure, but there was a lack of consistency in the reported cost outcomes making it difficult to compare between interventions. A failure to capture complete costs in terms of resource use makes it difficult to determine the true cost of these interventions. There is an urgent need for full economic evaluations that compare relative changes both in clinical and cost outcomes to enable identification of the most cost-effective AMS strategies in hospitals.

Photolysis of the dithiolactone 4-isopropylidene-3,3-dimethyl-1-thietan-2-thione; a Norrish type I reaction

The dithiolactone (1) upon excitation gives the dithione (2) in cyclohexane and other aprotic solvents and a 1 : 1 adduct in hydroxylic solvents from an n* excited singlet state via an -cleavage process.

Prolamin degradation in sourdoughs

This thesis examines protein behaviours that occur during cereal fermentations. The focus is on the prolamin degradation in sourdoughs. The thesis also looks at what happens to the oat globulins during an oat bran acidification process. The cereal prolamins are unique proteins in many respects. The wheat prolamins (glutenins and gliadins) are responsible for the formation of the gluten that provides the viscoelastic properties to wheat doughs whereas the rye prolamins (secalins) are unable to develop gluten-like structures. In addition, many baking technological features, such as flavour, shelf-life and dough properties are affected by the protein degradation that might occur during processing. On the other hand, the prolamins contain protein structures that are harmful to gluten sensitive people. It is thus evident that the degradation of the prolamins in sourdough processes may be approached from various aspects. This thesis describes some of these approaches. Four different cereal fermentations were carried out. Wheat sourdough (WSD) and rye sourdough (RSD) fermentations represented traditional sourdoughs. A germinated-wheat sourdough (GWSD) was a novel sourdough type that was prepared using germinated wheat grains that had high and diverse proteolytic activities. The oat bran fermentation (OBF) represented a fermentation system that lacked functional cereal proteases. The high molecular weight glutenins and rye secalins were degraded during the WSD and RSD fermentations, respectively. It was noteworthy that in WSD only a very limited degradation of the gliadins occurred. The gliadins were, however, hydrolysed very extensively during the GWSD fermentation. No protein degradation was observable in the OBF system. Instead the acidification altered the solubility of the oat globulins and this finally led to their aggregation. This thesis confirms that the endogenous proteases of cereals hydrolyse cereal prolamins in sourdoughs. The thesis also shows that the proteolytic activity of the used cereal raw material determines the extent of proteolysis that occurs in sourdough. This means that bakers may adjust the protein degradation in their sourdoughs by selecting the raw material based on its proteolytic activity. The thesis also demonstrates that by using germinated grains, with high and diverse proteolytic activity in sourdough preparations, the prolamins can be extensively degraded. Whether such highly proteolytic food technology could be used to manufacture new gluten-free cereal-based products for gluten sensitive people remains to be solved.

Large scale surveys suggest limited mercury availability in tropical north Queensland (Australia)

Little is known about the threat of mercury (Hg) to consumers in food webs of Australia's wet-dry tropics. This is despite high concentrations in similar biomes elsewhere and a recent history of gold mining that could lead to a high degree of exposure for biota. We analysed Hg in water, sediments, invertebrates and fishes in rivers and estuaries of north Queensland, Australia to determine its availability and biomagnification in food webs. Concentrations in water and sediments were low relative to other regions of Hg concern, with only four of 138 water samples and five of 60 sediment samples above detection limits of 0.1 mu g L-1 and 01 mu g g(-1), respectively. Concentrations of Hg in fishes and invertebrates from riverine and wetland food webs were well below international consumption guidelines, including those in piscivorous fishes, likely due to low baseline concentrations and limited rates of biomagnification (average slope of log Hg vs. delta N-15 = 0.08). A large fish species of recreational, commercial, and cultural importance (the barramundi, Lates calcarifer), had low concentrations that were below consumption guidelines. Observed variation in Hg concentrations in this species was primarily explained by age and foraging location (floodplain vs. coastal), with floodplain feeders having higher Hg concentrations than those foraging at sea. These analyses suggest that there is a limited threat of Hg exposure for fish-eating consumers in this region. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V.

X-Ray Studies On Crystalline Complexes Involving Amino-Acids And Peptides .11. Peptide Aggregation And Water-Structure In The Crystals Of A Hydrated 1-1 Complex Between L-Histidyl-L-Serine And Glycyl-L-Glutamic Acid

The hexahydrate of a 1:1 complex between L-histidyl-L-serine and glycyl-L-glutamic acid crystallizes in space group P1 with a = 4.706(1), b= 8.578(2), c= 16.521(3) ÅA; α= 85.9(1), β= 89.7(1)°, = 77.4(1). The crystal structure, solved by direct methods, has been refined to an R value of 0.046 for 2150 observed reflections. The two peptide molecules in the structure have somewhat extended conformations. The unlike molecules aggregate into separate alternating layers. Each layer is stabilized by hydrogen bonded head-to-tail sequences as well as sequences of hydrogen bonds involving peptide groups. The arrangement of molecules in each layer is similar to one of the plausible idealized arrangements of L-alanyl-L-alanine worked out from simple geometrical considerations. Adjacent layers in the structure are held together by interactions involving side chains as well as water molecules. The water structure observed in the complex provides a good model, at atomic resolution, for that in protein crystals. An interesting feature of the crystal structure is the existence of two water channels in the interfaces between adjacent peptide layers.

Contributions to organic synthesis and reaction mechanisms

Development of new methods, leading to the first stereo-specific total synthesis of a steroid,viz equilenin, and of estrone and their derivatives and of several important synthones, useful for the preparation of physiologically active steroids, and the first conversion of an equilenane to estrane have been described. An account of the achievement of original syntheses of testosterone and its isomers and derivatives and degradation products, urinary steroids, terpenes and their important degradation products has been given. Mechanisms of Dieckmann cyclization, a novel dehydrogenation-addition reaction involving abietic acid and tetrachloro-o-benzoquinone, a rearrangement involving a substitution of cyclopentanone-2-carboxylic ester have been elucidated. An abnormaluv absorption exhibited by saturated 1,2-dicyano esters has been rationalized. Divergences in theord data of testosterone and 19-nortesto-sterone from their isomers have been explained by x-ray crystallographic studies of 8-isotestosterone, 8-iso-10-isotestosterone and 8-iso-10-iso-19-nortestosterone. A tentative explanation for the difference in their physiological activities has been suggested.

Fluorescent probe and NMR studies of the aggregation of bile salts in aqueous solution

The binding of the fluorescent probes 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate and dansyl cadaverine to the sodium salts of cholic, deoxycholic and dehydrocholic acids has been investigated. Enhanced probe solubilisation accompanies aggregation. Monitoring of fluorescence intensities as a function of bile salt concentration permits the detection of primary micelle formation, as well as secondary association. The transition concentrations obtained by fluorescence are in good agreement with values determined for the critical micelle concentrations, by other methods. Differences in the behaviour of cholate and deoxycholate have been noted. Fluorescence polarisation studies of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene solubilised in bile salt micelles suggest a higher microviscosity for the interior of the deoxycholate micelle as compared to cholate. 1H NMR studies of deoxycholate over the range 1–100 mg/ml suggest that micelle formation leads to a greater immobilisation of the C18 and C19 methyl groups as compared to the C21 methyl group. Well resolved 13C resonances are observed for all three steroids even at high concentration. Both fluorescence and NMR studies confirm that dehydrocholate does not aggregate.

Effect of surface resistance on gas absorption accompanied by a chemical reaction in a gas - liquid contactor

An analysis of gas absorption accompanied by chemical reaction in the presence of interfacial resistance is presented. The analysis indicates that the effect of interfacial resistance on interphase mass transfer is significantly higher in presence of a reaction compared to the pure absorption case. For fixed values of surface resistance and contact time, the difference between the amount of gas transferred across the interface with and without surface resistance increases as the value of reaction velocity increases. For ranges of contact time and surface resistance of practical relevance, the influence of surface resistance is too high to be neglected while designing gas-liquid contactors.

Feasibility of assimilating ASCAT surface winds into a Limited Area Model

Sea-surface wind observations of previous generation scatterometers have been successfully assimilated into Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models. Impact studies conducted with these assimilation implementations have shown a distinct improvement to model analysis and forecast accuracies. The Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT), flown on Metop-A, offers an improved sea-surface wind accuracy and better data coverage when compared to the previous generation scatterometers. Five individual case studies are carried out. The effect of including ASCAT data into High Resolution Limited Area Model (HIRLAM) assimilation system (4D-Var) is tested to be neutral-positive for situations with general flow direction from the Atlantic Ocean. For northerly flow regimes the effect is negative. This is later discussed to be caused by problems involving modeling northern flows, and also due to the lack of a suitable verification method. Suggestions and an example of an improved verification method is presented later on. A closer examination of a polar low evolution is also shown. It is found that the ASCAT assimilation scheme improves forecast of the initial evolution of the polar low, but the model advects the strong low pressure centre too fast eastward. Finally, the flaws of the implementation are found small and implementing the ASCAT assimilation scheme into the operational HIRLAM suite is feasible, but longer time period validation is still required.

The reaction of sulphur tetrafluoride with pyridine

Abstract is not available.

Ionic Liquids and Microwaves in Promotion of Organic Synthesis : Friedel-Crafts reaction, deuterolabelling and O-Demethylation

The use of ionic liquids in chemical research has gained considerable interest and activity in recent years. Due to their unique and varied physicochemical properties, in comparison to molecular solvents, the potential applications for ionic liquids are enormous. The use of microwave irradiation, as a powerful dielectric heating technique, in synthetic organic chemistry has been known since 1986. Since then, it has gained significant recognition for its research and application in both academia and industry. The use of either ionic liquids or microwave irradiation in synthetic organic chemistry has been known to afford improved, alternative or complimentary selectivities, in comparison to traditional processes. In this study, the use of ionic liquids as solvents, co-solvents and catalytic media was explored in Friedel-Crafts, deuterolabelling and O-demethylation reactions. Alternative methods for the production of a variety of aromatic ketones using the Friedel-Crafts acylation methodology were investigated using ionic liquid catalyst or ionic liquid acidic additive systems. The disclosed methods, i.e. metal bistriflamides and chloroindate ionic liquids systems, possessed good catalytic activity in the synthesis of typical benzophenones. These catalytic systems were also recyclable. Microwave irradiation was found to be useful in the synthesis of various polyhydroxydeoxybenzoins and arylpropanones as synthetic precursors to naturally occurring or potentially bioactive compounds. Under optimized condition, the reaction occurred in only four minutes using systems such as [bmim][NTf2]/HNTf2 and [bmim][BF4]/BF3·OEt2. Naturally occurring polyphenols, such as isoflavones, can possess various types of biological or pharmacological activity. In particular, some are noted for their beneficial effects on human health. Isotopically labelled analogues of polyphenols are valuable as analytical standards in the quantification of these compounds from biological matrices. A new strategy for deuterolabelling of polyphenols was developed using ionic liquids as co-solvents and 35% DCl/D2O, as a cheap deuterium source, under microwave irradiation. Under these conditions, perdeuterated compounds were achieved in short reaction times, in high isotopic purity and in excellent yields. An O-demethylation reaction was developed, using an ionic liquid reaction medium with BBr3 for the deprotection of a variety methyl protected polyphenolic compounds, such as isoflavons and lignans. This deprotection procedure was found to be very practical as the reaction occurred under mild reaction conditions and in short reaction times. The isolation and purification steps were particularly straightforward and high yielding, in comparison to traditional methods.