A Miséria da Museologia: Reflexões sobre a museologia social em Portugal

Os primeiros anos do novo milénio trouxeram para a história dos movimentos sociais novas formas de organização, novas ideias e novos protagonistas. Qual o lugar da museologia social em Portugal no âmbito destes movimentos sociais é a linha que nos orienta neste artigo? Em Portugal constitui-se em 1985 o Movimento Internacional para Uma Nova Museologia, um grupo de reflexão sobre os processos e as praticas duma museologia comprometida com as comunidades e com os territórios. Tal sucedeu devido à vitalidade dessa museologia social, em grande parte herdada da intensa atividade dos movimentos sociais iniciado com o processo revolucionais de 25 de Abril de 1974. Este artigo procura inventariar de que forma esta museologia social está a traduzir os movimentos sociais contemporâneos em Portugal.

The counter-propagating Rossby-wave perspective on baroclinic instability. Part III: Primitive-equation disturbances on the sphere

Baroclinic instability of perturbations described by the linearized primitive quations, growing on steady zonal jets on the sphere, can be understood in terms of the interaction of pairs of counter-propagating Rossby waves (CRWs). The CRWs can be viewed as the basic components of the dynamical system where the Hamiltonian is the pseudoenergy and each CRW has a zonal coordinate and pseudomomentum. The theory holds for adiabatic frictionless flow to the extent that truncated forms of pseudomomentum and pseudoenergy are globally conserved. These forms focus attention on Rossby wave activity. Normal mode (NM) dispersion relations for realistic jets are explained in terms of the two CRWs associated with each unstable NM pair. Although derived from the NMs, CRWs have the conceptual advantage that their structure is zonally untilted, and can be anticipated given only the basic state. Moreover, their zonal propagation, phase-locking and mutual interaction can all be understood by ‘PV-thinking’ applied at only two ‘home-bases’—potential vorticity (PV) anomalies at one home-base induce circulation anomalies, both locally and at the other home-base, which in turn can advect the PV gradient and modify PV anomalies there. At short wavelengths the upper CRW is focused in the mid-troposphere just above the steering level of the NM, but at longer wavelengths the upper CRW has a second wave-activity maximum at the tropopause. In the absence of meridional shear, CRW behaviour is very similar to that of Charney modes, while shear results in a meridional slant with height of the air-parcel displacement-structures of CRWs in sympathy with basic-state zonal angular-velocity surfaces. A consequence of this slant is that baroclinically growing eddies (on jets broader than the Rossby radius) must tilt downshear in the horizontal, giving rise to up-gradient momentum fluxes that tend to accelerate the barotropic component of the jet.

Protochordate Zic genes define primitive somite compartments and highlight molecular changes underlying neural crest evolution

The vertebrate Zic gene family encodes C2H2 zinc finger transcription factors closely related to the Gli proteins. Zic genes are expressed in multiple areas of developing vertebrate embryos, including the dorsal neural tube where they act as potent neural crest inducers. Here we describe the characterization of a Zic ortholog from the amphioxus Branchiostoma floridae and further describe the expression of a Zic ortholog from the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Molecular phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparisons suggest the gene duplications that formed the vertebrate Zic family were specific to the vertebrate lineage. In Ciona maternal CiZic/Ci-macho1 transcripts are localized during cleavage stages by asymmetric cell division, whereas zygotic expression by neural plate cells commences during neurulation. The amphioxus Zic ortholog AmphiZic is expressed in dorsal mesoderm and ectoderm during gastrulation, before being eliminated first from midline cells and then from all neurectoderm during neurulation. After neurulation, expression is reactivated in the dorsal neural tube and dorsolateral somite. Comparison of CiZic and AmphiZic expression with vertebrate Zic expression leads to two main conclusions. First, Zic expression allows us to define homologous compartments between vertebrate and amphioxus somites, showing primitive subdivision of vertebrate segmented mesoderm. Second, we show that neural Zic expression is a chordate synapomorphy, whereas the precise pattern of neural expression has evolved differently on the different chordate lineages. Based on these observations we suggest that a change in Zic regulation, specifically the evolution of a dorsal neural expression domain in vertebrate neurulae, was an important step in the evolution of the neural crest.

Riemann solvers with primitive parameter vectors for two-dimensional compressible flows of a real gas

An analysis of averaging procedures is presented for an approximate Riemann solver for the equations governing the compressible flow of a real gas. This study extends earlier work for the Euler equations with ideal gases.

Identifying and quantifying nonconservative energy production/destruction terms in hydrostatic Boussinesq primitive equation models

This paper seeks to illustrate the point that physical inconsistencies between thermodynamics and dynamics usually introduce nonconservative production/destruction terms in the local total energy balance equation in numerical ocean general circulation models (OGCMs). Such terms potentially give rise to undesirable forces and/or diabatic terms in the momentum and thermodynamic equations, respectively, which could explain some of the observed errors in simulated ocean currents and water masses. In this paper, a theoretical framework is developed to provide a practical method to determine such nonconservative terms, which is illustrated in the context of a relatively simple form of the hydrostatic Boussinesq primitive equation used in early versions of OGCMs, for which at least four main potential sources of energy nonconservation are identified; they arise from: (1) the “hanging” kinetic energy dissipation term; (2) assuming potential or conservative temperature to be a conservative quantity; (3) the interaction of the Boussinesq approximation with the parameterizations of turbulent mixing of temperature and salinity; (4) some adiabatic compressibility effects due to the Boussinesq approximation. In practice, OGCMs also possess spurious numerical energy sources and sinks, but they are not explicitly addressed here. Apart from (1), the identified nonconservative energy sources/sinks are not sign definite, allowing for possible widespread cancellation when integrated globally. Locally, however, these terms may be of the same order of magnitude as actual energy conversion terms thought to occur in the oceans. Although the actual impact of these nonconservative energy terms on the overall accuracy and physical realism of the oceans is difficult to ascertain, an important issue is whether they could impact on transient simulations, and on the transition toward different circulation regimes associated with a significant reorganization of the different energy reservoirs. Some possible solutions for improvement are examined. It is thus found that the term (2) can be substantially reduced by at least one order of magnitude by using conservative temperature instead of potential temperature. Using the anelastic approximation, however, which was initially thought as a possible way to greatly improve the accuracy of the energy budget, would only marginally reduce the term (4) with no impact on the terms (1), (2) and (3).

Wave activity for large-amplitude disturbances described by the primitive equations on the sphere

Pseudomomentum and pseudoenergy are both measures of wave activity for disturbances in a fluid, relative to a notional background state. Together they give information on the propagation, growth, and decay of disturbances. Wave activity conservation laws are most readily derived for the primitive equations on the sphere by using isentropic coordinates. However, the intersection of isentropic surfaces with the ground (and associated potential temperature anomalies) is a crucial aspect of baroclinic wave evolution. A new expression is derived for pseudoenergy that is valid for large-amplitude disturbances spanning isentropic layers that may intersect the ground. The pseudoenergy of small-amplitude disturbances is also obtained by linearizing about a zonally symmetric background state. The new expression generalizes previous pseudoenergy results for quasigeostrophic disturbances on the β plane and complements existing large-amplitude results for pseudomomentum. The pseudomomentum and pseudoenergy diagnostics are applied to an extended winter from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Re-Analysis data. The time series identify distinct phenomena such as a baroclinic wave life cycle where the wave activity in boundary potential temperature saturates nonlinearly almost two days before the peak in wave activity near the tropopause. The coherent zonal propagation speed of disturbances at tropopause level, including distinct eastward, westward, and stationary phases, is shown to be dictated by the ratio of total hemispheric pseudoenergy to pseudomomentum. Variations in the lower-boundary contribution to pseudoenergy dominate changes in propagation speed; phases of westward progression are associated with stronger boundary potential temperature perturbations.

The effect of the equivalent-weights particle filter on dynamical balance in a primitive equation model

The disadvantage of the majority of data assimilation schemes is the assumption that the conditional probability density function of the state of the system given the observations [posterior probability density function (PDF)] is distributed either locally or globally as a Gaussian. The advantage, however, is that through various different mechanisms they ensure initial conditions that are predominantly in linear balance and therefore spurious gravity wave generation is suppressed. The equivalent-weights particle filter is a data assimilation scheme that allows for a representation of a potentially multimodal posterior PDF. It does this via proposal densities that lead to extra terms being added to the model equations and means the advantage of the traditional data assimilation schemes, in generating predominantly balanced initial conditions, is no longer guaranteed. This paper looks in detail at the impact the equivalent-weights particle filter has on dynamical balance and gravity wave generation in a primitive equation model. The primary conclusions are that (i) provided the model error covariance matrix imposes geostrophic balance, then each additional term required by the equivalent-weights particle filter is also geostrophically balanced; (ii) the relaxation term required to ensure the particles are in the locality of the observations has little effect on gravity waves and actually induces a reduction in gravity wave energy if sufficiently large; and (iii) the equivalent-weights term, which leads to the particles having equivalent significance in the posterior PDF, produces a change in gravity wave energy comparable to the stochastic model error. Thus, the scheme does not produce significant spurious gravity wave energy and so has potential for application in real high-dimensional geophysical applications.

Architectonic subdivisions of the amygdalar complex of a primitive marsupial (Didelphis aurita)

The architecture of the amygdaloid complex of a marsupial, the opossum Didelphis aurita, was analyzed using classical stains like Nissl staining and myelin (Gallyas) staining, and enzyme histochemistry for acetylcholinesterase and NADPH-diaphorase. Most of the subdivisions of the amygdaloid complex described in eutherian mammals were identified in the opossum brain. NADPH-diaphorase revealed reactivity in the neuropil of nearly all amygdaloid subdivisions with different intensities, allowing the identification of the medial and lateral subdivisions of the cortical posterior nucleus and the lateral subdivision of the lateral nucleus. The lateral, central, basolateral and basomedial nuclei exhibited acetylcholinesterase positivity, which provided a useful chemoarchitectural criterion for the identification of the anterior basolateral nucleus. Myelin stain allowed the identification of the medial subdivision of the lateral nucleus, and resulted in intense staining of the medial subdivisions of the central nucleus. The medial, posterior, and cortical nuclei, as well as the amygdalopiriform area did not exhibit positivity for myelin staining. On the basis of cyto- and chemoarchitectural criteria, the present study highlights that the opossum amygdaloid complex shares similarities with that of other species, thus supporting the idea that the organization of the amygdala is part of a basic plan conserved through mammalian evolution. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Primitive art as it relates to contemporary design

For the most part, my project has been of an individually rewarding nature due to an extensive amount of reading and studio work. My paper functions as the major means of communication of my own experiences and findings. It is an attempt to share with others the ideas which I have found particularly stimulating and worthwhile during the course of the year. In other words, the written portion does not intend to summarize all of the phases of primitive art which I have studied during the past year; rather, it is indicative of the type of pursuit with which I became involved. It is neither a historical survey nor a specific and thorough study of one area of primitive art. Instead, my paper is a series of essays focusing upon primitive art in general, and upon some of the aspects of primitive art with which I became concerned in particular.

A música evangélica na atualidade: algumas reflexões sobre a relação entre religião, mídia e sociedade.

O presente artigo aborda o papel da música no culto evangélico, as modificações sofridas especialmente a partir da década de 1970 e a influência da mídia sobre alguns aspectos da música evangélica na atualidade, notadamente a partir da década de 1980, com a compra de Rede Record pela Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus e a fundação da Igreja Renascer em Cristo em 1986, que teve como característica, desde o seu início, uma atitude marcante na utilização dos meios de comunicação de massa, principalmente do rádio e da televisão e na organização de eventos realizados em ginásios esportivos e os chamados shows Gospel, nos quais se apresentavam diversas bandas. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica quanto ao conceito de música Gospel e as relações entre o discurso teológico e o comportamento musical nas diversas camadas sociais. Concluiu-se que a estreita relação entre música, mídia e religiosidade afeta o comportamento cultural e social desse segmento do Cristianismo.

Reflexões sobre o ensino de música e a formação do professor generalista

Nas séries iniciais do ensino fundamental no sistema educacional brasileiro, os conteúdos de quase todas as disciplinas são abordados por professores generalistas. A Lei de Diretrizes e Bases 9394/96 teve seu texto alterado em 2008, tornando obrigatórios os conteúdos de música no ensino de Arte na educação básica. Muitos professores têm se mostrado temerosos em desempenhar tais funções, possivelmente pelo fato de a música não ter estado presente na formação desses indivíduos. O presente estudo objetivou conhecer em que medida o aprendizado de um panorama da História da Música Popular Brasileira, olhando a música como produto cultural e histórico e os músicos como agentes sociais, poderia auxiliar os educadores na elaboração de estratégias pedagógicas para o estudo de conteúdos diversos na perspectiva contextualista, segundo Almeida (2001). Foram elaboradas com os alunos do curso de Pedagogia, algumas propostas interdisciplinares direcionadas aos alunos do ensino fundamental, utilizando a vida e obra de alguns compositores brasileiros. Observou-se que os pedagogos podem desenvolver a apreciação musical, traçando paralelos com conteúdos diversos. Concluiu-se que a contribuição do professor generalista para o desenvolvimento musical das crianças será proporcional à compreensão que este educador tem sobre música e arte na formação dos indivíduos.

Capital social como fator de sustentabilidade aos programas de desenvolvimento local, reflexões sobre uma prática : a experiência do SEBRAE em Lagoa dos Três Cantos

O tema desenvolvimento local tem sido objeto de crescente interesse tanto no ambiente político, quanto no acadêmico. No mundo todo, cada vez mais se busca soluções que permitam o aproveitamento das potencialidades atuais das comunidades sem comprome ter os recursos e as possibilidades das gerações futuras. Um dos desafios centrais nesta área é a compreensão de como o capital social se relaciona com o desenvolvimento de uma comunidade ou de uma região. Esta pesquisa focalizou essa questão, investigando o relacionamento dos estoques de capital social no município de Lagoa dos Três Cantos com a sustentação das iniciativas do PRODER, um programa de desenvolvimento local operacionalizado pelo SEBRAE. Seguindo um enfoque qualitativo, composto de coleta de dados históricos, entrevistas em profundidade e observações participantes, foi verificado o capital social presente na comunidade, investigando-se atributos tais como confiança, civismo, coesão social e nível de pleitos, bem como sua inter-relação com a continuidade do PRODER. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram significativa influência dos estoques de capital social da comunidade com o sucesso dos esforços de desenvolvimento ali empreendidos, trazendo importantes contribuições tanto para o aperfeiçoamento da metodologia do PRODER, quanto para a reflexão sobre os temas de gestão pública e desenvolvimento local.