945 resultados para Primates, Origin, Phylogeny
Resumo:
稻属Oryza隶属禾本科Poaceae,包括20多个野生种和2个栽培种(亚洲栽培稻O. sativa L和非洲栽培稻O. glaberrima Steud) ,广泛分布于全球热带和亚热带。稻属物种可划分为10个基因组(又称染色体组)类型:A, B, C, BC, CD, E, F, G, HJ 和 HK。栽培稻所属的A基因组是稻属中物种数目最多、地理分布最广的基因组类型,由8个种组成。由于栽培稻属于A基因组,故A基因组物种是栽培稻遗传改良的巨大基因源。数十年来,国际上许多学者对A基因组类群开展了大量涉及形态、细胞、同工酶和分子标记方面的研究,但由于A基因组物种间遗传关系十分接近,形态上差异小且地理分布重叠,使得A基因组物种的系统发育、物种起源和生物地理学等方面存在诸多悬而未决的问题,是稻属中分类和鉴定困难较多的类群。本文利用核基因内含子序列,结合转座子插入分析,重建了A基因组的系统发育,估测了各类群的分化时间;与此同时,基于多克隆测序和基因谱系分析,探讨了O. rufipogon和O. nivara遗传关系以及亚洲栽培稻起源。主要研究结果如下: 1. A基因组的系统发育 在水稻全基因组数据库搜索的基础上,测定了4个单拷贝核基因(Adh1 及3个未注释基因)的内含子序列,构建了稻属A基因组8个种的系统发育关系。基于最大简约法和贝叶斯法的系统发育分析表明:1)澳大利亚的O. meridionalis为A基因组的基部类群;2)亚洲栽培稻两个亚种O. sativa ssp. japonica 和 O. sativa ssp. indica分别和不同的野生类群聚为独立的两个分支,支持japonica 和 indica为多次起源;3)O. rufipogon和O. nivara在系统发育树上完全混在一起,显示出二者间不存在遗传分化;4)非洲一年生野生种O. barthii是非洲栽培稻O. glaberrima的祖先,而非洲多年生野生种O. longistaminata与O. glaberrima/O. barthii.亲缘关系较远;5)分子钟方法估测A基因组类群约在2百万年前(2.0MYA)开始分化,亚洲栽培稻和非洲栽培稻,以及亚洲栽培稻的两个亚种则分别在0.7和 0.4 MYA左右开始分化。此外,通过核基因内含子序列与其它常用片段如ITS,matK等对比分析表明,进化速率相对较快的核基因内含子序列可以有效地用于近缘类群的系统发育研究。 2. Oryza rufipogon 和O. nivara群体遗传研究及亚洲栽培稻起源 对于亚洲野生类群O. rufipogon和O. nivara是合并为一个种还是处理为两个独立的种一直存在争议。在系统发育研究基础上,我们选取4个核基因内含子或5’-UTR区(Waxy, LHS,CatA和1个未注释基因),对采自整个分布区的群体样品进行了多克隆测序,结果表明:1)检测到O. rufipogon和O. nivara均有较高的核苷酸多态性,4个位点上π值和θw值平均分别为0.011和0.014;2)且二者在遗传上没有明显分化,两个类群在4个核基因位点上均检测到大量共享多态(shared polymorphism),未发现固有差异(fixed difference),表明它们历史上可能属于一个大群体,支持将二者作为种内不同生态型或亚种处理;3)基因谱系树表明亚洲栽培稻的两个亚种indica和japonica分别和不同的O. rufipogon (包括O. nivara)群体聚在一起,进一步从基因谱系角度支持亚洲栽培稻多次起源假说。 3.转座子在群体遗传与系统发育研究中的应用 鉴于目前植物谱系地理学研究中缺乏具有足够信息量的分子标记用于检测种内遗传变异,我们选取3个核基因中的转座子,通过对取自O. rufipogon和O. nivara整个分布区的37份样品的克隆测序,探讨了进化速率快、信息含量丰富的转座子序列在群体遗传上的应用。结果表明:1)无论在物种水平还是群体水平,转座子能检测到比包括内含子在内的其它DNA区域高得多的遗传变异;2)在物种水平上,异交多年生的O. rufipogon和自交一年生的O. nivara多样性均较高,且2个种间相差很小,二者在3个位点上平均核苷酸多样性π值均为0.013,差别主要表现在O. rufipogon杂合位点比例(46.1%)明显高于O. nivara(9.1%),说明交配系统不同并不一定和物种多样性水平相关;3)是否发生转座子序列插入是有价值的系统发育信息,发生在不同染色体上3个基因中的转座子插入进一步证实A基因组基部类群是O. meridionalis;通过叶绿体中3个转座子的插入现象推断了稻族一些四倍体物种,如稻属BC基因组的一些类群的母本来源。
Resumo:
芍药属Paeonia是芍药科Paeoniacea内唯一的一个属。包括大约35个种,间断性的分布于北温带地区。其内三个组分别是牡丹组(sect. Moutan)、北美芍药组(sect. Onaepia)和芍药组(sect. Paeonia)。芍药组是芍药属中最大,也是唯一具有染色体倍性变化的一个组,现有大约25个种。其中,大约半数的种是四倍体(2n=20),主要分布于地中海地区。虽然有证据表明四倍体类群大多为异源起源,但芍药属内一致的核型、相似的形态和重叠的地理分布使得它们的起源和分类一直存在很大的争议。本研究利用了4个细胞核DNA片段(乙醇脱氢酶基因-Adh1和 Adh2;nrDNA的内转录间隔区-ITS;甘油-3磷酸乙酰转移酶基因-GPAT)和4个叶绿体DNA片段(matK基因;基因间隔区trnL-trnF、psbA-trnH和rps16-trnQ)对芍药组的网状进化进行部分重建。并在此基础上,对推测为杂交起源的P. anomala进行了形态学和细胞发生的研究。主要研究结果如下: 1. 芍药组的系统学 利用多个DNA分子标记(cpDNA: matK, rps16-trnQ; nrDNA: ITS, Adh1, Adh2),芍药组的二倍体和四倍体类群的系统发育被部分重建。基于最大简约法、贝叶斯法和最大似然法的系统发育分析表明: (a) 除P. tenuifolia之外,所有地中海地区分布的二倍体类群构成一个单系分支。该支与亚洲分布的二倍体类群以及P. tenuifolia成并系关系。 (b) 核和叶绿体DNA系统发育树的不一致,以及ITS、Adh基因的多态性的分析,表明部分二倍体类群间和四倍体类群间都存在杂交事件。这些类群包括:中国新疆阿勒泰地区分布的二倍体种P. anomala和P. intermedia(杂种个体XJ053);高加索地区分布的二倍体种P. tenuifolia和P. daurica(杂种个体H9933);土耳其分布的四倍体种P. mascula和P. kesrouanensis(杂交个体在两个居群中检测到)。 (c) 不一致的核和叶绿体DNA系统发育树,以及Adh基因表现出的相同多态性模式进一步支持早先的推测,即四倍体类群P. arietina是异源四倍体。同时扩大的数据分析显示P. obovata近缘类群为其母系亲本,P. tenuifolia近缘类群为其父系亲本。此外,形态上具有一定分化的两个亚种P. arietina ssp. arietina和P. arietina ssp. parnassica是多次起源。 (d) 现今地中海分布类群的近缘种参与了四倍体种P. kesrouanensis 和P. coriacea,以及P. wittmanniana和P. mascula的物种形成。依据Adh序列种内的多态性,初步推测P. kesrouanensis 和P. coriacea可能是异源四倍体,其另一个亲本与P. arietina母系亲本近源。而P. wittmanniana和P. mascula可能是同源四倍体。 (e) P. saueri和P. peregrina的两个亲本类群分别与P. tenuifolia和现今地中海分布二倍体种的近缘类群。 (f) Adh1基因序列中近缘的重组类型暗示:四倍体种P. macrophylla和P. banatica很可能是同倍性杂种。 2. P. anomala的杂交起源和细胞发生 P. anomala新疆阿勒泰地区分布的居群核型第一次被报道。该地区分布的类群核型为2A型(核型公式:2n = 2x = 10 = 6m+2sm+2st)。减数分裂的观察统计显示:阿勒泰地区所有检测个体都是臂内倒位杂合子。基于断片大小以及不同个体染色体桥和/或断片出现率的差异,我们发现该类群臂内倒位存在多态性。荧光原位杂交(FISH)证实P. anomala共有8个18S rDNA位点,并且定位了一个倒位片段在3号染色体的短臂上。此外,高频率的棒状二价体和单价体,以及低的同源染色体的配对系数说明该类群同源染色体间存在分化。染色体结构杂合能够导致部分花粉败育,所有被检测个体的花粉败育率约为8.8 – 29.4%。 扩大的居群取样以及多基因(cpDNA: matK, psbA-trnH, rps16-trnQ, trnL-trnF; nrDNA: ITS, Adh1, Adh2, Gpat)的系统发育分析,进一步支持P. anomala杂交起源于P. veitchii 和P. lactiflora的近缘类群。cpDNA片段和核DNA片段(ITS、GPAT)基因树间的不一致,以及P. anomala Adh1和Adh2序列表现出的多态性都支持该类群杂交起源的推测。不过,表型分析显示P. anomala在形态上偏向于P. veitchii。 3. P. obovata Maxim.四倍体类群的起源 与原先基于形态性状的认识不同,P. obovata 四倍体类群并不是一个严格意义上的同源四倍体。它起源于二倍体P. obovata中国和日本分布的两个地理亚种之间的杂交。Adh2基因仅在中国分布二倍体居群的扩增失败支持这一推测。此外,Adh基因系统发育分析显示:间断性分布于中国中部和中国东北部的四倍体类群是独立起源。
Do clonal growth form and habitat origin affect resource-induced plasticity in Tibetan alpine herbs?
Resumo:
Information is summarized on juvenile salmonid distribution, size, condition, growth, stock origin, and species and environmental associations from June and August 2000 GLOBEC cruises with particular emphasis on differences related to the regions north and south of Cape Blanco off Southern Oregon. Juvenile salmon were more abundant during the August cruise as compared to the June cruise and were mainly distributed northward from Cape Blanco. There were distinct differences in distribution patterns between salmon species: chinook salmon were found close inshore in cooler water all along the coast and coho salmon were rarely found south of Cape Blanco. Distance offshore and temperature were the dominant explanatory variables related to coho and chinook salmon distribution. The nekton assemblages differed significantly between cruises. The June cruise was dominated by juvenile rockfishes, rex sole, and sablefish, which were almost completely absent in August. The forage fish community during June comprised Pacific herring and whitebait smelt north of Cape Blanco and surf smelt south of Cape Blanco. The fish community in August was dominated by Pacific sardines and highly migratory pelagic species. Estimated growth rates of juvenile coho salmon were higher in the GLOBEC study area than in areas farther north. An unusually high percentage of coho salmon in the study area were precocious males. Significant differences in growth and condition of juvenile coho salmon indicated different oceanographic environments north and south of Cape Blanco. The condition index was higher in juvenile coho salmon to the north but no significant differences were found for yearling chinook salmon. Genetic mixed stock analysis indicated that during June, most of the Chinook salmon in our sample originated from rivers along the central coast of Oregon. In August, chinook salmon sampled south of Cape Blanco were largely from southern Oregon and northern California; whereas most chinook salmon north of Cape Blanco were from the Central Valley in California.
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Loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) are migratory, long-lived, and slow maturing. They are difficult to study because they are seen rarely and their habitats range over vast stretches of the ocean. Movements of immature turtles between pelagic and coastal developmental habitats are particularly difficult to investigate because of inadequate tagging technologies and the difficulty in capturing significant numbers of turtles at sea. However, genetic markers found in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) provide a basis for predicting the origin of juvenile turtles in developmental habitats. Mixed stock analysis was used to determine which nesting populations were contributing individuals to a foraging aggregation of immature loggerhead turtles (mean 63.3 cm straight carapace length [SCL]) captured in coastal waters off Hutchinson Island, Florida. The results indicated that at least three different western Atlantic loggerhead sea turtle subpopulations contribute to this group: south Florida (69%), Mexico (20%), and northeast Florida-North Carolina (10%). The conservation and management of these immature sea turtles is complicated by their multinational genetic demographics.
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The black muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons, 2n = 8 female/9 male) is a critically endangered mammalian species that is confined to a narrow region of southeastern China. Male black muntjacs have an astonishing X1X2Y1Y2Y3 sex chromosome system, unparalleled i