Anatomia foliar como subsídio para a taxonomia de espécies de Forsteronia G. Mey. (Apocynaceae) dos cerrados paulistas

Quatro espécies de Forsteronia encontradas em regiões de cerrado tiveram sua anatomia foliar investigada com o objetivo de levantar caracteres que auxiliem a identificar indivíduos em estádio vegetativo. Indivíduos de F. australis Müll.Arg., F. glabrescens Müll.Arg., F. pubescens A.DC. e F. thyrsoidea (Vell.) Müll.Arg. foram coletados em Moji-Guaçu e Itirapina (São Paulo, Brasil). De acordo com os dados obtidos, é possível identificar indivíduos em estádio vegetativo através da estrutura foliar. Dois caracteres macromorfológicos e quatro anatômicos diferenciam F. australis de F. glabrescens: 1. contorno do pecíolo em secção transversal; 2. ocorrência de cordão de floema acima do feixe vascular no pecíolo; 3. ocorrência de hipoderme secretora no pecíolo; 4. ocorrência de indumento nas domácias; 5. ocorrência de idioblastos secretores e aspecto da sua secreção; 6. tipo dos coléteres axilares. F. pubescens distingue-se de F. thyrsoidea por oito caracteres: 1. contorno do pecíolo em secção transversal; 2. ocorrência de cordões de floema acima do feixe vascular no pecíolo; 3. formato do feixe vascular; 4. posição dos idioblastos secretores no pecíolo; 5. tipo de mesofilo; 6. ocorrência de idioblastos cristalíferos; 7. ocorrência de idioblastos secretores ao redor do feixe vascular mediano; 8. ocorrência de coléter axilar ramificado. A anatomia das domácias e os coléteres dos tipos séssil e ramificado são ineditamente descritos para órgãos vegetativos de espécies de Apocynaceae. Os caracteres levantados têm importância taxonômica e são úteis na identificação das espécies de Forsteronia, contribuindo dessa forma para uma melhor delimitação das espécies consideradas semelhantes ocorrentes nos cerrados paulistas.

America noviter delineata

Julkaisussa: Novus Atlas. Vol. III

Orbis terrarum descriptio duobus planis hemisphaeriis comprehensa

Kartta kuuluu A. E. Nordenskiöldin kokoelmaan

Magnus Ducatus Finlandiae

Kartussissa ylhäällä vasemmalla: Perill[ustri] ac Generos[issi]mo Domino Gustavo Horn Comiti Biörneburgi, B. in Marienburgh, D[omi]n[o] in Hering et Malla. et c[aetera] S[acr]ae R[egi]ae M. Regnorumq[ue] Sueciae Senatori et Campi Mareschallo, Finlandiæ Australis Iudici Provinciali Equiti Aurato. Tabulam hanc Auct. Andrea Bureo Sueco. D.D. J. Blaeu.

Characterization of microsatellite markers for Sycoscapter nonpollinating fig wasps

We isolated 18 microsatellites from Sycoscapter australis, a nonpollinating fig wasp that develops in figs of Ficus macrophylla, and assessed their variability in 20 wasps. We further optimized nine of these loci for use in three other Sycoscapter species that develop in Ficus rubiginosa figs and assessed their variability in 47-140 wasps per species. These are the first microsatellites developed for nonpollinating fig wasps and show sufficient polymorphism to become important tools in evolutionary and genetical studies of Sycoscapter wasps.

Prevalence of Leptospira species among farmed and domestic animals in Greece

A total of 1527 serum samples from pigs, goats, sheep, cattle and dogs in Greece were examined by the microscopic agglutination test and 11.8 per cent of them had antibodies against one or more Leptospira serovars at titres of 1/100 or more. The predominant serovar affecting farm animal species was Bratislava, and Copenhageni was common among dogs and the second most important serovar when all animals were considered together. Another prevalent serovar was Australis, but antibodies to Pomona were detected only in goats and cattle.

Relationships between Oak powdery mildew incidence and severity and commensal fungi

Oak (Quercus robur) powdery mildew is a common and damaging fungal disease. In a local survey at Reading, UK, oak powdery mildew was common on trees of all height classes but was most common on trees of 3-9m. A variety of other fungal species were commonly found growing in association with oak powdery mildew colonies. The abundance of such fungi was estimated through stratified sample surveys for 2.5 years. The taxa most commonly associated with oak powdery mildew were Acremonium sp., Trichoderma sp., Ampelomyces/Phoma sp. and Leptosphaerulina australis. Nearly 90% of mildew colonies were associated with L. australis, which is not generally considered as a mycoparasite or antagonist, in contrast with the other three fungi. Abundance varied between June and October surveys. Acremonium sp. abundance was greater in summer samplings whereas L. australis and Trichoderma sp. abundances were greater in autumn samplings. Ampelomyces/Phoma sp. was never observed in the absence of powdery mildew. Relationships between the mildew-associated fungi and oak powdery mildew appeared curved and differed significantly between sampling years. L. australis was positively correlated with the other three associated fungi studied when powdery mildew was also present. The variety and high population densities of the mildew associated fungi suggest that they may be important in determining the final density of oak mildew and the damage caused by it.

Variation in morphological and physiological parameters in herbaceous perennial legumes in response to phosphorus supply

Change in morphological and physiological parameters in response to phosphorus (P) supply was studied in 11 perennial herbaceous legume species, six Australian native (Lotus australis, Cullen australasicum, Kennedia prorepens, K. prostrata, Glycine canescens, C. tenax) and five exotic species (Medicago sativa, Lotononis bainesii, Bituminaria bituminosa var albomarginata, Lotus corniculatus, Macroptilium bracteatum). We aimed to identify mechanisms for P acquisition from soil. Plants were grown in sterilised washed river sand; eight levels of P as KH2PO4 ranging from 0 to 384 μg P g−1 soil were applied. Plant growth under low-P conditions strongly correlated with physiological P-use efficiency and/or P-uptake efficiency. Taking all species together, at 6 μg P g−1 soil there was a good correlation between P uptake and both root surface area and total root length. All species had higher amounts of carboxylates in the rhizosphere under a low level of P application. Six of the 11 species increased the fraction of rhizosphere citrate in response to low P, which was accompanied by a reduction in malonate, except L. corniculatus. In addition, species showed different plasticity in response to P-application levels and different strategies in response to P deficiency. Our results show that many of the 11 species have prospects for low-input agroecosystems based on their high P-uptake and P-use efficiency.

The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizas of selected Australian Fabaceae

Members of the Australian native perennial Fabaceae have been little explored with regard to their root biology and the role played by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in their establishment, nutrition and long-term health. The ultimate goal of our research is to determine the dependency of native perennial legumes on their co-evolved AM fungi and conversely, the impact of AM fungal species in agricultural fields on the productivity of sown native perennial legume pastures. In this paper we investigate the colonisation morphology in roots and the AMF, identified by spores extracted from rhizosphere soil, from three replicate plots of each of the native legumes, Cullen australasicum, C. tenax and Lotus australis and the exotic legumes L. pedunculatus and Medicago sativa. The plants were grown in an agricultural field. The level and density of colonisation by AM fungi, and the frequency of intraradical and extraradical hyphae, arbuscules, intraradical spores and hyphal coils all differed between host plants and did not consistently differ between native and exotic species. However, there were strong similarities between species in the same genus. The three dominant species of AM fungi in rhizosphere soil also differed with host plant, but one fungus (Glomus mosseae) was always the most dominant. Sub-dominant AM species were the same between species in the same genus. No consistent differences in dominant spores were observed between the exotic and native Fabaceae species. Our results suggest that plant host influences the mycorrhizal community in the rhizosphere soil and that structural and functional differences in the symbiosis may occur at the plant genus level, not the species level or due to provenance.

Perennial legumes native to Australia: a preliminary investigation of nutritive value and response to cutting

Six Australian native herbaceous perennial legumes (Lotus australis, Swainsona colutoides, Swainsona swainsonioides, Cullen tenax, Glycine tabacina and Kennedia prorepens) were assessed in the glasshouse for nutritive value, soluble condensed tannins and production of herbage in response to three cutting treatments (regrowth harvested every 4 and 6 weeks and plants left uncut for 12 weeks). The Mediterranean perennial legumes Medicago sativa and Lotus corniculatus were also included. Dry matter (DM) yield of some native legumes was comparable to L. corniculatus, but M. sativa produced more DM than all species except S. swainsonioides after 12 weeks of regrowth. Dry matter yield of all native legumes decreased with increased cutting frequency, indicating a susceptibility to frequent defoliation. Shoot in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) was high (>70%) in most native legumes, except G. tabacina (65%) and K. prorepens (55%). Crude protein ranged from 21-28% for all legumes except K. prorepens (12%). More frequent cutting resulted in higher DMD and crude protein in all species, except for the DMD of C. tenax and L. australis, which did not change. Concentrations of soluble condensed tannins were 2-9 g/kg DM in the Lotus spp., 10-18 g/kg DM in K. prorepens and negligible (<1 g/kg) in the other legumes. Of the native species, C. tenax, S. swainsonioides and L. australis showed the most promise for use as forage plants and further evaluation under field conditions is now warranted.

Root distributions of Australian herbaceous perennial legumes in response to phosphorus placement

Many Australian plant species have specific root adaptations for growth in phosphorus-impoverished soils, and are often sensitive to high external P concentrations. The growth responses of native Australian legumes in agricultural soils with elevated P availability in the surface horizons are unknown. The aim of these experiments was to test the hypothesis that increased P concentration in surface soil would reduce root proliferation at depth in native legumes. The effect of P placement on root distribution was assessed for two Australian legumes, Kennedia prorepens F. Muell. and Lotus australis Andrews, and the exotic Medicago sativa L. Three treatments were established in a low-P loam soil: amendment of 0.15 g mono-calcium phosphate in either (i) the top 50 mm (120 µg P g–1) or (ii) the top 500 mm (12 µg P g–1) of soil, and an unamended control. In the unamended soil M. sativa was shallow rooted, with 58% of the root length of in the top 50 mm. K. prorepens and L. australis had a more even distribution down the pot length, with only 4 and 22% of their roots in the 0–50 mm pot section, respectively. When exposed to amendment of P in the top 50 mm, root length in the top 50 mm increased 4-fold for K. prorepens and 10-fold for M. sativa, although the pattern of root distribution did not change for M. sativa. L. australis was relatively unresponsive to P additions and had an even distribution of roots down the pot. Shoot P concentrations differed according to species but not treatment (K. prorepens 2.1 mg g–1, L. australis 2.4 mg g–1, M. sativa 3.2 mg g–1). Total shoot P content was higher for K. prorepens than for the other species in all treatments. In a second experiment, mono-ester phosphatases were analysed from 1-mm slices of soil collected directly adjacent to the rhizosphere. All species exuded phosphatases into the rhizosphere, but addition of P to soil reduced phosphatase activity only for K. prorepens. Overall, high P concentration in the surface soil altered root distribution, but did not reduce root proliferation at depth. Furthermore, the Australian herbaceous perennial legumes had root distributions that enhanced P acquisition from low-P soils.

Fungal community associated with marine macroalgae from Antarctica

Filamentous fungi and yeasts associated with the marine algae Adenocystis utricularis, Desmarestia anceps, and Palmaria decipiens from Antarctica were studied. A total of 75 fungal isolates, represented by 27 filamentous fungi and 48 yeasts, were isolated from the three algal species and identified by morphological, physiological, and sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region and D1/D2 variable domains of the large-subunit rRNA gene. The filamentous fungi and yeasts obtained were identified as belonging to the genera Geomyces, Antarctomyces, Oidiodendron, Penicillium, Phaeosphaeria, Aureobasidium, Cryptococcus, Leucosporidium, Metschnikowia, and Rhodotorula. The prevalent species were the filamentous fungus Geomyces pannorum and the yeast Metschnikowia australis. Two fungal species isolated in our study, Antarctomyces psychrotrophicus and M. australis, are endemic to Antarctica. This work is the first study of fungi associated with Antarctic marine macroalgae, and contributes to the taxonomy and ecology of the marine fungi living in polar environments. These fungal species may have an important role in the ecosystem and in organic matter recycling.

BREEDING BIOLOGY OF KELP GULLS ON THE BRAZILIAN COAST

We studied clutch size, hatching and fledging success, and time necessary for chick Kelp Gulls (Larus dominicanus) to leave the nest throughout two breeding seasons (2004 and 2005) on Guararitama Island, Sao Paulo, Brazil. We followed 93 nests in 2004 and 97 nests in 2005. The average (+/- SD) clutch size was 2.09 +/- 0.64 in 2004 and 1.93 +/- 0.59 in 2005. Hatching success was 74% in 2004 and 53% in 2005, and fledging success was 54% in 2004 and 58% in 2005. Chicks grew quickly, following the linear equation y(t) = 61g + 17.03g X age (in days), and began to fly at 40 days. Received 11 August 2008. Accepted 28 August 2009.

Is there any risk in a symbiotic species associating with an endangered one? A case of a phoronid worm growing on a Ceriantheomorphe tube

The conservation of emblematic threatened species is in highlight nowadays. Interestingly, few invertebrate groups attract scientific attention on this issue while they constitute the vast majority of animal biodiversity. Nevertheless, many invertebrate species are nowadays at risk of extinction. This means that plenty of species are currently disappearing out of sight. During a survey in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean tubes of an endangered species of cerianthid were sampled. This study reports for the very first time the occurrence of the species Phoronis australis in southwestern Atlantic waters and the association of phoronids with the genus Ceriantheomorphe. This raises questions on mutual extinction risks for symbiotic species and also on the criteria for their inclusion on Red Lists.

Variabilidade genética no Complexo Principal de Histocompatibilidade (MHC) de três espécies de mamíferos marinhos da costa do Rio grande do Sul

O MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) é um sistema genético importante para a manutenção de espécies ameaçadas, uma vez que baixa variabilidade para locos MHC tem sido associada a uma menor capacidade de resposta a doenças e diminuição do sucesso reprodutivo. Deste modo, pesquisas sobre a variabilidade genética do MHC têm demonstrado ser bastante informativas em estudos populacionais voltados para aspectos referentes à conservação. No presente trabalho foi investigada a variabilidade genética do MHC para três espécies de mamíferos marinhos (toninha, baleia franca austral e lobo marinho sul-americano) do sul do Brasil, com intensa mortalidade provocada por atividades humanas atuais ou passadas. As amostras foram coletadas de animais mortos encalhados na costa, de animais capturados acidentalmente por barcos pesqueiros, e também através de um sistema de biópsia. A região variável do exon 2 do gene DQB do MHC foi amplificada por PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) em 109 amostras de toninhas (Rio de Janeiro n=32, Rio Grande do Sul n=52, Argentina n=25), 35 amostras de lobo marinho sul-americano e 30 amostras de baleia franca austral, utilizando-se um par de primers heterólogos. O fragmento resultante de 172 pares de bases foi analisado quanto ao polimorfismo de seqüência através da técnica de SSCP (Polimorfismo de Conformação de Fita Simples) em todas as amostras de toninha e de lobo marinho sul-americano e 14 amostras de baleia franca austral. Dificuldades associadas à amplificação resultaram em padrões de SSCP pouco informativos para as amostras de lobo marinho sul-americano e baleia franca austral Todas as amostras de toninha apresentaram um padrão de pelo menos 4 bandas por indivíduo. As 4 bandas de um único indivíduo do Rio Grande do Sul foram seqüenciadas, tendo sido possível verificar que 2 seqüências relacionadas ao genes DQB estão sendo amplificadas com estes primers. Pelas análises de SSCP foi possível detectar ausência de variabilidade para as amostras de toninha provenientes do Rio de Janeiro e diferenciá-las da população da Argentina, que é polimórfica. A população do Rio Grande do Sul parece apresentar níveis intermediários de variação em relação aos extremos da distribuição da espécie. Analisando as três populações amostradas, conclui-se que a espécie apresenta baixos níveis de variabilidade para o loco DQB, a exemplo do que é reportado para os genes de MHC de outros mamíferos marinhos.