997 resultados para Pertussis Vaccine -- administration
Resumo:
INTRODUCTION: The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis was launched with the goal of eliminating this disease via the annual mass drug administration (MDA) of a single dose of antifilarial drugs. Adverse drug reactions following MDA are a major factor of poor treatment adherence in several countries. This study assessed the occurrence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) following the first round of mass treatment in two communities treated with different dosages of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) in the City of Recife, Brazil. METHODS: Population-based cross-sectional surveys were conducted in a random sample of the population living in both communities (Areas I and II). The dose of DEC recommended by the WHO (6mg/kg) was calculated based on the individual's weight-for-age. In Area II, weight differences between the genders were also considered when determining dosage. Data were obtained through interviews conducted in the first 12 to 48h and on the 5th day after MDA during household visits. RESULTS: A total of 487 and 365 individuals were interviewed in Areas I and II, respectively. The prevalence of ADRs in Area I (23.6; 95%CI: 19.1-29.5) was higher than in Area II (16.2; 95%CI:11.9-21.5)(p=0.0078). The prevalence of ADRs among females was higher than in males in Area I (p=0.0021). In Area II, no significant difference between the genders was observed (p=0.1840). Age was not associated with ADRs in either area. CONCLUSIONS: Adjusting MDA dosage schedules according to weight-for-age and sex may be may contribute to reduce the occurrence of adverse drug reactions in the population.
Resumo:
RESUMO: Raional: A persistncia teraputica o tempo em qualquer antidiabtico oral, desde o seu incio at descontinuao de todas as medicaes ou at ao fim do perodo do estudo. Os objetivos deste estudo foi a anlise da persistncia teraputica no segundo e terceiro anos aps incio do tratamento em doentes adultos diagnosticados na regio de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo e determinar o efeito de determinadas variveis na persistncia a longo prazo. Mtodos: Um estudo retrospetivo no interventivo foi desenhado com base nos dados a obter do SIARS (prescries e aquisies na farmcia) e Pordata. A persistncia foi quantificada como a percentagem de doentes que continuam a adquirir pelo menos um antidiabtico oral ao segundo e terceiro anos aps a compra da primeira receita. A associao entre a persistncia e o segundo e terceiro anos com cada uma das co-variveis foi aferido pelo teste qui-quadrado e os odd ratios foram calculados com recurso a um modelo de regresso logstica. Resultados: A persistncia teraputica obtida foi de 80% e 62% para o segundo e terceiro anos aps incio da teraputica. Odd ratios para primeiro e segundo ano: nmero de grupos farmacoteraputicos diferentes (OR = 2.167, 1.807 2.598, p = 0.000 / OR = 1.863, 1.621 2.142, p = 0.000); idade (OR = 0.914, 0.772 1.081, p = 0.294 / OR = 0.875, 0.764 1.002, p = 0.054); sexo (OR = 1.163, 0.983 1.377, p = 0.079); nmero de diferentes prescritores (OR = 3.594, 3.030 4.262, p = 0.000 / OR = 2.167, 1.886 2.491, p = 0.000); instituio de prescrio (OR = 0.725, 0.698 0.753, p = 0.000 / OR = 0.683, 0.650 0.717, p = 0.000); grupo farmacoteraputico (OR = 1.056, 1.043 1.069, p = 0.000 / OR = 1.077, 1.060 1.095, p = 0.000); relao com o mdico (OR = 0.834, 0.816 0.852, p = 0.000 / OR = 0.799, 0.777 0.821, p = 0.000) e custo mdio mensal por grupo farmacoteraputico (OR = 0.954, 0.942 0.968, p = 0.000 / OR = 0.930, 0.914 0.947, p = 0.000). Concluses: O valor da persistncia teraputica no segundo ano ligeiramente acima do que mencionado na literatura e no existem dados para comparar os resultados do terceiro ano. Relativamente ao efeito das co-variveis no segundo e terceiro anos aps o incio do tratamento, os resultados so sobreponveis, sendo que o sexo no est associado persistncia ao terceiro ano.----------------------------------ABSTRACT: Background: Therapy persistence is the time on any antidiabetic medication, from initiation of therapy to discontinuation of all medications or the end of the study period. The aim of the study was to analyse the therapy persistence in the second and third years after treatment initiation in newly diagnosed adult patients in the Lisbon and Tagus Valley region and to determine the effect of several co-variables in the long term persistence. Methods: A retrospective non-interventional study based on SIARS data (drug prescriptions and acquisitions) and Pordata was designed. Persistence was quantified as the percentage of patients that continued to purchase at least one type of antidiabetic at year 2 and 3 after the date of first prescription acquisition. Association between persistence at second and third years with each of the other co-variables were verified by using the Chi-Square test and odds ratio were calculated using a regression logistic model. Results: Therapy persistence obtained was 80% and 62% for the second and third years after treatment initiation. Odd ratios for second and third years: number of different pharmacotherapeutic groups (OR = 2.167, 1.807 2.598, p = 0.000 / OR = 1.863, 1.621 2.142, p = 0.000); age (OR = 0.914, 0.772 1.081, p = 0.294 / OR = 0.875, 0.764 1.002, p = 0.054); gender (OR = 1.163, 0.983 1.377, p = 0.079); number of different prescribers (OR = 3.594, 3.030 4.262, p = 0.000 / OR = 2.167, 1.886 2.491, p = 0.000); institution of prescription (OR = 0.725, 0.698 0.753, p = 0.000 / OR = 0.683, 0.650 0.717, p = 0.000); pharmacotherapeutic group (OR = 1.056, 1.043 1.069, p = 0.000 / OR = 1.077, 1.060 1.095, p = 0.000); relationship with the physician (OR = 0.834, 0.816 0.852, p = 0.000 / OR = 0.799, 0.777 0.821, p = 0.000) and average cost per month and per pharmacotherapeutic group (OR = 0.954, 0.942 0.968, p = 0.000 / OR = 0.930, 0.914 0.947, p = 0.000). Conclusions: Second year therapy persistence value is slightly above of what is referenced in literature and no data was found to compare the third year value. Regarding the effect of the co-variables analysed at second and third years after treatment initiation, the results were overlapping with gender being not associated with persistence at the third year.
Resumo:
INTRODUCTION: In 2010, to reduce the occurrence of serious pneumococcal disease, the Ministry of Health in Brazil incorporated the 10-valent pneumococcal vaccine in the immunization schedule of children younger than two years of age. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of vaccination on the incidence of infectious respiratory diseases in infants before and after the introduction of the 10-valent pneumococcal vaccine. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved primary care and hospital networks from a city in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, between 2009 and 2012. RESULTS: A 40% reduction in the prevalence of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) was observed after introducing the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Male children were 28% more likely to develop the disease. The prevalence ratio ([PR] = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.52 to 2.53, p < 0.05) suggested that not being vaccinated was associated with the occurrence of pneumonia. The prevalence of CAP was 70% lower (PR 0.30, 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.37, p<0.05) in children vaccinated as recommended compared to children with delayed vaccination, suggesting that the updated vaccine schedule improves protection. CONCLUSIONS: Immunization with the 10-valent pneumococcal vaccine appeared to reduce the number of pneumonia cases in children during the study period. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of the vaccine against the occurrence of pneumococcal pneumonia.
Resumo:
INTRODUCTION: Rotavirus is the main etiologic agent of acute infectious diarrhea in children worldwide. Considering that a rotavirus vaccine (G1P8, strain RIX4414) was added to the Brazilian vaccination schedule in 2006, we aimed to study its effectiveness and safety regarding intestinal intussusception. METHODS: A quasi-experimental trial was performed in which the primary outcome was the number of hospitalizations that were presumably due to acute infectious diarrhea per 100,000 children at risk (0-4 years old). The secondary outcomes included mortality due to acute infectious diarrhea and the intestinal intussusception rates in children in the same age range. We analyzed three scenarios: Health Division XIII of the State of São Paulo (DRS XIII) from 2002 to 2008, the State of São Paulo, and Brazil from 2002 to 2012. RESULTS: The averages of the hospitalization rates for 100,000 children in the pre- and post-vaccination periods were 1,413 and 959, respectively, for DRS XIII (RR=0.67), 312 and 249, respectively, for the State of São Paulo (RR=0.79), and 718 and 576, respectively, for Brazil (RR=0.8). The mortality rate per 100,000 children in the pre- and post-vaccination periods was 2.0 and 1.3, respectively, for DRS XIII (RR=0.66), 5.5 and 2.5, respectively, for the State of São Paulo (RR=0.47), and 15.0 and 8.0, respectively, for Brazil (RR=0.53). The average annual rates of intussusception for 100,000 children in DRS XIII were 28.0 and 22.0 (RR=0.77) in the pre- and post-vaccination periods, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A monovalent rotavirus vaccine was demonstrated to be effective in preventing the hospitalizations and deaths of children that were presumably due to acute infectious diarrhea, without increasing the risk of intestinal intussusception.
Resumo:
Poliomyelitis associated with live strain vaccine is defined as the paralytic form of the acute anterior poliomyelitis related to the vaccine strain. Since these strains behave similarly to the wild-type virus, we can differentiate, epidemiologically, two types of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis: cases in which the patient was vaccinated and cases in which the patient had had contact with vaccinated individuals. We herein present the case of an unvaccinated child, with a clinical picture of an acute anterior poliomyelitis associated with the live strain vaccine, whose brother received the Sabin vaccine 20 days before the onset of the symptoms. Vaccine strain of the type 3 poliovirus was isolated in fecal culture and a presented mutation in nucleotide 472 (C<FONT FACE="Symbol"></font>U) in the 5' non-coding region, which is strongly related to the higher strain virulence.
Resumo:
PURPOSE: Characterization of the structural changes occurring in the pulmonary arteries resulting from surgically produced congenital diaphragmatic hernia in rabbits, with particular emphasis on the preventive effects of prenatal tracheal ligation or administration of intra-amniotic dexamethasone or surfactant. METHODS: Twenty rabbit fetuses underwent surgical creation of a left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia on the 24th or 25th gestational day. They were divided according to the following procedures: congenital diaphragmatic hernia (n = 5), congenital diaphragmatic hernia plus tracheal ligation (n = 5), congenital diaphragmatic hernia plus intra-amniotic administration of dexamethasone 0.4 mg (n = 5) or surfactant (Curosurf 40 mg, n = 5). On gestational day 30, all the fetuses were delivered by caesarean section and killed. A control group consisted of five nonoperated fetuses. Histomorphometric analysis of medial thickness, cell nuclei density, and elastic fiber density of pulmonary arterial walls was performed. RESULTS: Arteries with an external diameter > 100 mum have a decreased medial thickness, lower cell nuclei density, and greater elastic fiber density when compared with arteries with external diameter <= 100 mum. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia promoted a significant decrease in medial thickness and an increase in cell nuclei density in artery walls with external diameter > 100 mum. Prenatal treatments with tracheal ligation or intra-amniotic administration of dexamethasone or surfactant prevented these changes. In arteries with external diameter <= 100 mum, congenital diaphragmatic hernia promoted a significant increase in medial thickness and in cell nuclei density and a decrease in elastic fiber density. The prenatal treatments with tracheal ligation or intra-amniotic administration of dexamethasone or surfactant prevented these changes, although no effect was observed in elastic fiber density in the congenital diaphragmatic hernia plus dexamethasone group. CONCLUSIONS: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia promoted different structural changes for large or small arteries. The prenatal intra-amniotic administration of dexamethasone or surfactant had positive effects on the lung structural changes promoted by congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and these effects were comparable to the changes induced by tracheal ligation.
Resumo:
OBJECTIVE: To study the healing process of the myocardium in hypertensive rats undergoing inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. METHODS: Two groups of animals were studied: one received L-NAME, 12mg/kg/day, and the other was a control group. The presence of type III collagen, fibronectin, and alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive cells was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Fibronectin was seen in both early and late lesions, while type III collagen was seen mainly in areas of incomplete healing, situated among myocytes and around the intramyocardial branches of the coronary arteries. Areas representing early and late lesions showed a population of spindle-shaped cells. Immunohistochemistry showed that these cells were positive for alpha-smooth muscle actin. CONCLUSION: In the myocardium of hypertensive rats, the alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive cells are related to the accumulation of type III collagen and fibronectin in the areas of myocardial damage.
Resumo:
"First online: 11 April 2016"
Resumo:
La Enfermedad de Chagas es una de las principales endemias de Amrica Latina donde existen cerca de 18 millones de infectados y 90 millones en riesgo. Entre el 25 y el 30 por ciento desarrolla patologa cardaca o digestiva en el perodo crnico. Se ha postulado que mecanismos autoinmunes, sumados a la accin directa del parsito, podran estar involucrados en la patogenia de la enfermedad. El desarrollo de vacunas tradicionales en Enfermedad de Chagas es una meta difcil de alcanzar, por lo cual parece ms factible abordar estrategias basadas en la inmunomodulacin, para disminuir la carga parasitaria, minimizar las acciones deletreas en el periodo agudo y prevenir el desarrollo de patologa en la etapa crnica. Para ello es necesario avanzar en el conocimiento de los mecanismos involucrados en la proteccin y en la patogenia. Si se acepta la hiptesis autoinmune, una estrategia de vacunacin con un tripanosoma antignicamente similar al <i>T. cruzi</i> pero no patgeno podra evitar posibles mecanismos autoagresivos. En nuestro Laboratorio se ha empleado un modelo de vacunacin en ratones utilizando como inmungeno el <i>Trypanosoma rangeli</i>, no patgeno en humanos. Los ratones vacunados, infectados con <i>T. cruzi</i>, mostraron buena respuesta inmune celular y humoral, bajas parasitemias, ausencia de lesiones histolgicas, y sobrevida cercana al 100 por ciento. Los controles no vacunados tuvieron una elevada mortalidad. Debido al ciclo biolgico del parsito, la defensa efectiva contra el <i>T. cruzi</i> requiere una potente respuesta de anticuerpos contra las formas extracelulares y una eficaz respuesta celular contra los amastigotes intracelulares. En el modelo desarrollado en nuestro laboratorio la proteccin se asocia con un adecuado equilibrio entre respuesta TH1 y TH2, con leve predominio TH1, disminucin de citoquinas (Ck) proinflamatorias e incremento de receptores solubles de Ck. El esquema de inmunizacin demostr asimismo su eficacia en cobayos y en perros mantenidos en el Laboratorio. Hiptesis de trabajo: - La vacunacin con <i>T. rangeli</i> desencadena mecanismos inmunomodulatorios que protegen de la infeccin con <i>T. cruzi</i>, entre los cuales se encuentran eventos que actan tempranamente en el sitio de inoculacin y en los que estn involucradas clulas y molculas del sistema inmune innato. - La vacunacin a perros constituye una nueva herramienta en la lucha contra la Enfermedad de Chagas. Objetivos: i) profundizar el estudio tendiente a dilucidar los mecanismos involucrados en la resistencia inducida por la inmunizacin con <i>T. rangeli</i> en ratones; ii) estudiar el efecto que tiene el estrs fsico de los ratones sobre la eficacia de la vacunacin y iii) analizar la inmunogenicidad de la vacuna en perros de zonas endmicas para Enfermedad de Chagas. Material y metodos: Los ratones y perros sern vacunados con tres dosis de epimastigotes de <i>T. rangeli</i>, fijados con glutaraldehido y los controles solo recibirn PBS. Los ratones seran desafiados con <i>T. cruzi</i>. Se estudiar en liquido peritoneal: a) poblaciones celulares por Citometria de flujo; b) cuantificacin de los distintos tipos de inmunoglobulinas, de citoquinas y sus receptores solubles, por ELISA, c) ON y arginasa, por tcnicas colorimetricas; d) est.udio de la interaccin macrfago-parsito y de receptores celulares por Inmunofluorescencia. e) En perros, se realizarn estudios parasitolgicos (xenodiagnostico) y serolgicos en vacunados y controles, 12 y 24 meses post vacunacin. Resultados esperados e importancia del proyecto: se espera conocer los principales eventos tempranos que participan en la eliminacin de los parsitos en los animales vacunados, el efecto del stress sobre la vacunacin y asimismo, la inmunogenicidad de la vacuna en perros de campo. Todo ello permitir obtener informacin sobre la eficacia de la vacunacin experimental y podra aportar una herramienta adicional contra la Enfermedad de Chagas, interfiriendo en la cadena epidemiolgica en reas endmicas.
Resumo:
Los procesos neuronales adaptativos que se observan como consecuencia de la administracin crnica de drogas de abuso, son similares a los procesos plsticos que subyacen al aprendizaje y la memoria. Por otra parte, el hipocampo forma parte del circuito neuronal responsable de los cambios conductuales observados como consecuencia de la administracin crnica de diferentes drogas de abuso. De acuerdo con esto, resultados previos de nuestro laboratorio demostraron que la plasticidad sinptica en el hipocampo y las claves contextuales relacionadas con la administracin de la droga, son relevantes para el incremento de la plasticidad hipocampal por la administracin crnica de diazepam. Especficamente en el gyrus dentado hipocampal se han descripto fenmenos plsticos relacionados con la exposicin crnica a psicofrmacos, tales como facilitacin en la transmisin sinptica, disminucin de la proliferacin celular y el aumento del factor de transcripcin ?Fos B. Debido a la correlacin existente entre los mecanismos de plasticidad neuronal, los aprendizaje asociativos y formacin de memorias y aquellos responsables de la adiccin, el objetivo general de este trabajo es caracterizar los cambios inducidos por la exposicin repetida de cocana y durante el periodo de abstinencia, en la excitabilidad neuronal de las clulas del gyrus dentado hipocampal, los canales inicos afectados y los posibles mecanismos bioqumicos involucrados en dichos cambios, que podran explicar las alteraciones conductuales observadas despus de dicho tratamiento. Con este propsito, se estudiar: 1) la plasticidad sinptica (potenciacin a largo plazo, LTP y depotenciacin a largo plazo, LTD) en el gyrus dentado, mediante registros electrofisiolgios multiunitarios; 2)la excitabilidad de las clulas granulares del gyrus dentado y la actividad de los canales inicos, utilizando la tcnica de patch clamp; 3) las alteraciones en la neurotransmisin glutamatergica, midiendo los niveles del neurotransmisor <i>in vivo</i>, utilizando la tcnica de microdilisis; el trfico de receptores glutamatrgicos, utilizando la tcnica de western-blott, 4) la participacin del xido ntrico en los cambios adaptativos observados como consecuencia de la sensibilizacin a cocana. Adems, mediante la utilizacin de tcnicas comportamentales (avoidance inhibitorio), se estudiarn las posibles alteraciones de conductas que se sabe dependen de la integridad funcional del hipocampo.En relacin a los resultados del presente proyecto se espera obtener un incremento en la plasticidad sinptica, en la excitabilidad neuronal de las clulas granulares del gyrus dentado de la formacin hipocmpica, en la liberacin extracelular de glutamato <i>in vivo</i>, como as tambin en el trfico de receptores glutamatrgicos. Adems se espera obtener un aumento de las vas de sealizacin activadas por la accin de glutamato, como la de xido ntrico/GMPc, como consecuencia de la administracin crnica de cocana. Con este aumento global de la plasticidad sinptica hipocampal, las conductas dependientes de esta estructura debieran estar facilitadas, demostrando as una participacin activa del hipocampo en los procesos de sensibilizacin y posiblemente en la adiccin a psicoestimulantes. La caracterizacin del impacto del desarrollo de sensibilizacin a cocana en la excitabilidad neuronal en el hipocampo, sobre los sistemas de neurotransmisin y las vas de sealizacin involucradas contribuiran a dilucidar los mecanismos que contribuyen al desarrollo de sensibilizacin a cocana, los cuales podran representar potenciales blancos teraputicos para el tratamiento de la adiccin, considerando principalmente aspectos especficos de la actividad elctrica neuronal y la plasticidad sinptica asociada con las diferentes fases del ciclo de la adiccin.
Resumo:
AbstractBackground:One of the most important thyroid hormone targets is the cardiovascular system. Hemodynamic changes, such as decreased resting heart rate (HR), myocardial contractility, and cardiac output, and increased diastolic pressure and systemic vascular resistance, have been observed in hypothyroid patients. Moreover, in these patients, ECG changes include sinus bradycardia and low voltage complexes (P waves or QRS complexes).Objective:This study aimed at evaluating the prophylactic effect of apelin on HR changes and QRS voltage that occur in propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroid rats.Method:In this study, 48 adult male Wistar rats weighing 170-235g were randomly divided into 6 groups: Control group (normal saline ip injection + tap water gavage); P group (PTU 0.05%, in drinking water); A group (apelin 200 g.kg-1.day-1, ip); PA group [co-administration of PTU and apelin]; PT group [co-administration of PTU + T4 (0.2 mg/g per day, gavage)]; and PAT group (co-administration of PTU, apelin and T4). All experiments were performed for 28 consecutive days, and then the animals were anesthetized with an ip injection of ketamine (80 mg/kg) and xylazine (12 mg/kg). Lead II electrocardiogram was recorded to calculate HR and QRS voltage.Results:Heart rate and QRS voltage increased more significantly in the hypothyroid group that consumed both apelin and T4 (201 4 beat/min, 0.71 0.02 mv vs. hypothyroid 145 9 beat/min, 0.563 0.015 mv; respectively).Conclusion:The co-administration of apelin and T4 showed a protective effect on QRS voltage and HR in PTU‑induced hypothyroid rats.
Resumo:
Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. fr Verfahrens- und Systemtechnik, Diss., 2009
Population balance modeling of influenza A virus replication in MDCK cells during vaccine production
Resumo:
Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. fr Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Diss., 2015
Resumo:
v.81 (1983)
