Inspecção de componentes microfabricados com células bacterianas: simulação, instrumentação e validação experimental

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Recensões

Revista do IHA, N.3 (2007), pp.293-305

Focos de dirofilariose canina na Ilha do Marajó: um fator de risco para a saúde humana

A ocorrência de dirofilariose pulmonar humana relaciona-se com a prevalência de infecção por Dirofilaria immitis na população canina. Várias espécies de mosquitos são vetores desse nematóide. Analisaram-se amostras de sangue canino coletados nas vilas Pingo d'Água e União, município de Salvaterra (Ilha do Marajó, PA), em junho, 2004 (n=34) e abril, 2005 (N=90). Os diagnósticos parasitológico e imunológico (ELISA - kit SNAP® 3DX™, Biobrasil) foram comparados (chi2, alfa=0,05) no exame de 34 amostras. A prevalência na população (N=90) foi avaliada pelo ELISA. O ELISA revelou mais positivos (25/34; 73,5%) que a gota espessa (23/34, 67,6%) e o Knott (21/34, 61,8%), mas a diferença não foi significativa (p>0,05). A freqüência de infecção por D. immitis na faixa de 0 a 2 anos foi 58%, enquanto em cães mais velhos foi 100%. A prevalência da dirofilariose canina em Pingo d'Água e Vila União foi alta (53,5%), indicando risco de transmissão do parasito às pessoas nessa área.

O Arquivo Gama Lobo Salema (sécs. XV – XX): temas e problemas entre a História e a Arquivística

Longe das premissas de «objectividade» e «cientificidade» positivistas, que promoviam a Arquivística como «ciência auxiliar» da História, os arquivistas como “guardiães passivos” 2 da documentação ao ser- viço dos historiadores e os arquivos como “resíduos naturais e orgânicos da actividade humana” 3 virginal- mente conservados ao longo dos séculos, as últimas décadas trouxeram novos pressupostos lançados por uma, também ela, «Nova Arquivística», progressivamente sintonizada com os desafios pós-modernistas com as exigências da Era da Informação. Autónoma, metamorfoseada e ao abrigo de um novo paradigma, esta «ciência» arquivística renovada depressa contaminou a sua antiga disciplina-mãe ao chamar particular atenção para a necessidade de rever algumas das tendências - ou “resíduos tóxicos” 5 para usar uma expressão de Patrick Geary – de herança positivista. Dessa contaminação resultaram dois movimentos essenciais que marcam o compasso de diversas das principais discussões hoje tecidas acerca da metodologia e da teoria da História: o archival turn (“viragem arquivística”), sobretudo animado pela produção científica ligada aos EUA, Inglaterra e Canáda; e o tournant documentaire (“viragem documental”), propagado por autores oriundos de França, Bélgica, Espanha, Itália e, em menor medida, Portugal. Apesar de cada uma destas viragens apresentar características específicas ambas partilham, no entanto, uma mesma essência que aponta precisamente para a concepção dos arquivos (tanto os conjuntos documentais como as instituições) não só como “place of study”, isto é, como espaços e repositórios de informação passível de ser recolhida para a análise de dado objecto de estudo mas também como objectos de estudo em si mesmos, per se merecedores de um esforço problematizante. Esta centralidade ocupada pelos conjuntos documentais, pelos arquivos-instituição e, consequentemente, pelo trabalho desenvolvido pelos arquivistas provocou, por seu turno, um intenso questionamento de algumas das mais enraizadas «evidências» cultivadas no seio da Historiografia.

Ageing on commercial automotive catalysts, a structure reactivity study

Increasingly stringed regulations for diesel engine emissions have a significant impact on the required efficiency of DOC. Lowered DOC oxidation efficiency due to thermal aging effects influences the efficiency of the exhaust aftertreatment systems downstream of the DOC. In this work carried out in the Jean Le Rond d’Alembert Institute the effect of hydrothermal aging on the reactivity and structure of a commercial DOC was investigated. The characterization of the catalytic performance was carried out on a synthetic gas bench using carrots catalyst under conditions close to the realistic conditions i.e. using a synthetic gas mixture, representative of the exhaust gases from diesel engines. Different structural characterization techniques were performed: textural and morphological proprieties were analyzed by BET and TEM, the characterization of the presented crystallographic phases was performed by DRX and the determination of the number of reducible species was possible by TPR. TEM results shown, an increase of the metal particle size with the aging caused by the agglomeration of metal particles, revealing the presence of metal sintering. DRX results also suggest the presence of support sintering. Furthermore, DRX and BET results unexpectedly reveal that the most drastic aging conditions used actually activated the catalyst surface. As expected, the aging affected negatively the catalyst performance on the oxidation of methane and CO, however an improvement of the NO oxidation performance with the aging was observed. Nevertheless, for the aging conditions used, catalytic activity results show that the influence of aging in DOC performance was not significant, and therefore, more drastic aging conditions must be used.

Surgical treatment of type I neuritis in a teenage boy with borderline tuberculoid leprosy

Exacerbation of the immune response against Mycobacterium leprae can lead to neuritis, which is commonly treated via immunosuppression with corticosteroids. Early neurolysis may be performed concurrently, especially in young patients with a risk of functional sequelae. We report the case of a young patient experienced intense pain in the left elbow one year after the treatment of tuberculoid-tuberculoid leprosy. The pain was associated with paresthesias in the ulnar edge and left ulnar claw. After evaluation, the diagnosis was changed to borderline tuberculoid leprosy accompanied with neuritis of the left ulnar nerve. Early neurolysis resulted in rapid reduction of the pain and recovery of motor function.

The enchained potential of the local food market

There is a rising demand for local food which traveled only short distances and is marketed directly by the producer. With growing importance of local food also the amount of literature in this field increased. Yet, literature is lacking to examine the challenges and burdens consumers face while trying to purchase local food. Evidence is shown that a gap exists between the intention of consumers who would like to purchase local food and their actual behavior. However, reasons for this gap are only discovered as byproducts of other research objectives. Consequently, this study investigates the specific reasons for the intention-behavior gap of consumers in the local food market. The study makes use of semi-structured face-to-face interviews with rural and urban respondents. The interviews are analyzed by qualitative content analysis based on Elo and Kyngäs (2008). Revealed key drivers for the intention-behavior gap are (1) the lack of awareness where to purchase local food products, (2) the limited reachability of local food producers, (3) the assortment of the local producer in regard to size and composition and (4) the lack in transparency of the prices of local food. Consequently, it is the producers turn to eliminate the revealed barriers by proactively bringing their products closer to the consumer.

Modelling Amazonian forest eddy covariance data: a comparison of big leaf versus sun/shade models for the C-14 tower at Manaus I. Canopy photosynthesis

In this study, we concentrate on modelling gross primary productivity using two simple approaches to simulate canopy photosynthesis: "big leaf" and "sun/shade" models. Two approaches for calibration are used: scaling up of canopy photosynthetic parameters from the leaf to the canopy level and fitting canopy biochemistry to eddy covariance fluxes. Validation of the models is achieved by using eddy covariance data from the LBA site C14. Comparing the performance of both models we conclude that numerically (in terms of goodness of fit) and qualitatively, (in terms of residual response to different environmental variables) sun/shade does a better job. Compared to the sun/shade model, the big leaf model shows a lower goodness of fit and fails to respond to variations in the diffuse fraction, also having skewed responses to temperature and VPD. The separate treatment of sun and shade leaves in combination with the separation of the incoming light into direct beam and diffuse make sun/shade a strong modelling tool that catches more of the observed variability in canopy fluxes as measured by eddy covariance. In conclusion, the sun/shade approach is a relatively simple and effective tool for modelling photosynthetic carbon uptake that could be easily included in many terrestrial carbon models.

Fracionamento químico da matéria orgânica e características de ácidos húmicos de solos com horizonte a antrópico da amazônia (Terra Preta)

Os solos da Amazônia que possuem horizonte A antrópico (Au) apresentam elevada fertilidade natural geralmente atribuída ao teor elevado de matéria orgânica e à sua elevada reatividade. Neste estudo foram quantificadas as substâncias húmicas e caracterizados os ácidos húmicos (AH) extraídos da camada 0-20 cm de solos com horizonte Au do estado do Amazonas (Terra Preta de Índio) sob floresta e cultivo agrícola. Também foram investigadas amostras de solos adjacentes sem o horizonte antrópico. A caracterização dos AH foi realizada através de análise termogravimétrica, análise da composição elementar e quantificação dos grupos funcionais (total, carboxílica e fenólica). Os horizontes A de solos antropogênicos apresentaram maior teor de carbono total, comparados aos de solos adjacentes. Entre as frações húmicas, a mais abundante foi a humina. A fração de ácidos húmicos (AH) foi a dominante das frações alcalino-solúveis nos solos estudados. Os AH dos solos antropogênicos tanto sob floresta como sob cultivo agrícola apresentaram maior grau de humificação quando comparados aos AH dos solos sem o horizonte Au. O cultivo agrícola também teve efeito na estabilidade e reatividade dos AH nos solos antropogênicos.

Hidroquímica do rio Solimões na região entre Manacapuru e Alvarães: Amazonas - Brasil

Este trabalho discute as características físico-químicas das águas dos rios Solimões, Purus e seus afluentes, coletadas em novembro de 2004 no Estado do Amazonas, entre as cidades de Manacapuru-Alvarães e Anamã-Pirarauara. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas (temperatura, pH, condutividade elétrica, turbidez, Ca2+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO4(2-), Cl-), de elementos-traço (Li, B, Al, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, Pb, La, Ce e U) e isótopos de estrôncio. Os parâmetros analisados e a composição química mostram que as águas dos rios e igarapés da região central da Amazônia são quimicamente distintas entre si. As águas brancas do Solimões são cálcicas-bicarbonatadas e as do Purus bicarbonatadas, os respectivos afluentes são sódico-potássico-bicarbonatados e sódico-potássico-sulfatados. Isso acarreta águas brancas fracamente ácidas a neutras e mais condutivas, enquanto as pretas são menos mineralizadas, mais ácidas, especialmente as do Purus. O Ba, Sr, Cu, V e As mais elevados diferenciam as águas brancas do Solimões das do Purus, bem como os afluentes do primeiro em relação ao segundo. Esse conjunto de características indicam que tanto o Solimões, como o Purus e os respectivos afluentes, estão submetidos a condições geológicas/ambientais distintas. A influência do aporte de sedimentos dos Andes é diluída ao longo da bacia do Solimões e se reflete na formação das várzeas dos Solimões e Purus. Por outro lado as rochas crustais, representadas pelos escudos das Guianas e Brasileiro também contribuem, mas em menor proporção.

Qualidade das águas superficiais e avaliação do estado trófico do Rio Arari (Ilha de Marajó, norte do Brasil)

A deterioração da qualidade da água pode ser causada tanto por resultado da pressão antrópica sobre os ambientes aquáticos em maiores escalas, como por fatores naturais em menores escalas, tal como ocorre em parte da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Arari (Ilha de Marajó, Pará). Este artigo teve como objetivo a avaliação da qualidade das águas superficiais e o estado trófico do Rio Arari, no trecho entre Santana e Cachoeira do Arari, considerando as variações temporais e espaciais de variáveis físicas, químicas e biológicas da água em dois períodos hidrológicos distintos de 2009: descarga máxima (abril e maio) e descarga mínima (setembro e novembro). Os Índices de Qualidade da Água (IQA) e Estado Trófico (IET) foram determinados simultaneamente em amostras de água superficial durante 12 horas consecutivas nas três estações de coleta ao longo do Rio Arari. Os valores do IQA variaram entre "Ruim" e "Regular", e estão provavelmente relacionadas aos elevados níveis de coliformes fecais, baixas concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido e pH ácido do Rio Arari. Conforme o IET, o rio pode ser classificado como supereutrófico e hipereutrófico, reflexo da grande disponibilidade de nutrientes (e.g. fósforo) e elevada biomassa fitoplanctônica em termos de clorofila a. O Rio Arari está sob um processo de eutrofização natural, visto que as fontes de contaminação antrópica ainda são incipientes, mas elas podem contribuir para um processo de longo prazo de eutrofização artificial.

Effect of fetal bovine serum on Candida glabrata cultures

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Biomédica (área de especialização em Engenharia Clínica)

Trap efficiency evaluation for small mammals in the southern Amazon

The effectiveness of ecological researches on small mammals strongly depends on trapping techniques to survey communities and populations accurately. The main goal of this study was to assess the efficiency of three types of traps (Sherman, Tomahawk and Pitfall) to capture non-volant small mammals. We installed traps in 22 forest fragments in the southern Brazilian Amazonia. We captured 873 individuals belonging to 21 species; most of the individuals (N = 369) and species (N = 19) were trapped using Pitfalls, followed by Shermans (N = 271 individuals; N = 15 species) and Tomahawks (N = 233 individuals; N = 15 species). Pitfalls trapped a richer community subset of small mammals than the two other types of traps, and a more abundant community subset than Tomahawks. Proechimys sp. was the most abundant species trapped (N = 125) and Tomahawk was the most efficient type of trap to capture this species (N = 97 individuals). Neacomys spinosus and Marmosops bishopi were more trapped in Pitfalls (N = 92 and 100 individuals, respectively) than Shermans and Tomahawks. Monodelphis glirina was more trapped in Shermans and Pitfalls than Tomahawks. Species composition trapped using the three types of traps were distinct. Pitfalls captured a more distinct subset of the small mammal community than the two other live traps. We recommend the association of the three types of traps to reach a more comprehensive sampling of the community of small mammals. Thus, as stated by previous studies, we also recommend the complementary use of Shermans, Tomahawks and Pitfalls to account for a thorough sampling of the whole small mammal community in researches conducted in the tropical forests of Amazonia.

An evaluation of septic tank effluent movement in soil and groundwater systems

Recent studies have shown that septic tank systems are a major source of groundwater pollution. Many public health workers feel that the most cri^cal aspect of the use of septic tanks as a means of sewage disposal is the contamination of private water wells with attendant human health hazards. In this study the movement and attenuation of septic tank effluents in a range of soil/overburden types and hydrogeological situations was investigated. The suitability of a number of chemical and biological tracer materials to monitor the movement of septic tank effluent constituents to groundwater sources was also examined. The investigation was divided into three separate but inteiTelated sections. In the first section of the study the movement of septic tank effluent from two soil treatment systems was investigated by direct measurements of soil nutrient concentrations and enteric bacterial numbers in the soil beneath and downgradient of the test systems. Two sites with different soil types and hydrogeological characteristics were used. The results indicated that the attenuation of the effluent in both of the treatment systems was incomplete. Migration of nitrate, ammonium, phosphate and fecal bacteria to a depth of 50 cm beneath the inverts of the distribution tiles was demonstrated on all sampling occasions. The lateral migration of the pollutants was less pronounced, although on occasions high nutrients levels and fecal bacterial numbers were detected at a lateral distance of 4.0 m downgradient of the test systems. There was evidence that the degree and extent of effluent migration was increased after periods of heavy or prolonged rainfall when the attenuating properties of the treatment systems were reduced as a result of saturation of the soil. The second part of the study examined the contamination of groundwaters downgradient of septic tank soil treatment systems. Three test sites were used in the investigation. The sites were chosen because of differences in the thicknesses and nature of the unsaturated zone available for effluent attenuation at each of the locations. A series of groundwater monitoring boreholes were installed downgradient of the test systems at each of the sites and these were sampled regularly to assess the efficiency of the overburden material in reducing the polluting potential of the wastewater. Effluent attenuation in the septic tank treatment systems was shown to be incomplete, resulting in chemical and microbiological contamination of the groundwaters downgradient of the systems. The nature and severity of groundwater contamination was dependent on the composition and thickness of the unsaturated zone and the extent of weathering in the underlying saturated bedrock. The movement of septic tank effluent through soil/overburdens to groundwater sources was investigated by adding a range of chemical and biological tracer materials to the three septic tank systems used in section two of the study. The results demonstrated that a single tracer type cannot be used to accurately monitor the movement of all effluent constituents through soils to groundwater. The combined use of lithium bromide and endospores of Bacillus globigii was found to give an accurate indication of the movement of both the chemical and biological effluent constituents.

Energy from waste (EfW): a feasibility study on the economic and the environmental co-benefits of biogas production within rural communities

Energy from waste (E/W) technologies in the form o f biogas plants, CHP plants and other municipal solid waste (MSW) conversion technologies, have been gaining steady ground in the provision o f energy throughout Europe and the UK. Urban Waste Water Treatment Plants (UWWTP) are utilising much o f the same biochemical processes common to these E/W plants. Previous studies on Centralised Anaerobic Digestion (CAD) within Ireland found that the legislative and economic conditions were not conducive to such an operation on the grounds o f low energy price for electric and heat energy, and due to the restrictive nature o f the allowable feedstocks. Recent changes to the Irish REFIT tariff on energy produced from Anaerobic digestion; alterations to the regulation o f the allowable use o f animal by products(ABP); the recent enactment o f the Renewable Energy D irective (09/28/EC) and a subsequent review o f the draft Biowaste Directive (2001) required that the issue o f decentralised energy production in Ireland be reassessed. In this instance the feasibility study is based on a extant rural community, centred around the village o f Woodford Co Galway. The review found that the prevailing conditions were now such that it was technically and economically feasible for this biochemical process to provide energy and waste treatment facilities at the above location. The review also outlines the last item which is preventing this process from becoming achievable, specifically the lack o f a digestate regulation on land spreading which deals specifically with biowaste. The study finds that the implementation o f the draft EU biowaste regulations, with amendments for Cr and Hg levels to match the proposed Irish regulation for compost, would ensure that Ireland has some o f the most restrictive regulations in Europe for this application. The delay in completing this piece o f legislation is preventing national energy and waste issues from being resolved in a planned and stepwise fashion. A proposed lay out for the new Integrated Waste from Energy Plant (IW/EP) is presented. Budget economic projections and alternative revenue streams are outlined. Finally a review o f the national policies regarding the Rural Development Plan (RDP), the Rural Planning Guidelines (RPG) and the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) are examined against the relevant EU directives.