Eficiência simbiótica de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares em solo não fumigado, para mamoeiro

Para que os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) possam ser utilizados em um programa de inoculação, é necessário que sejam capazes de apresentar eficiência simbiótica em solo que contenha populações indígenas de FMA. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência simbiótica e o potencial de inoculação de fungos MA em solo não fumigado, para o mamoeiro, foi desenvolvido um experimento em condições de casa de vegetação da Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas (BA), utilizando a variedade de mamoeiro Tainung nº 1. Utilizou-se amostra de um Latossolo Amarelo álico que continha 3 mg dm-3 de P disponível e que recebeu doses crescentes de P (0, 20, 40, 80 e 140 mg dm-3), combinadas com inoculação de três espécies previamente selecionadas e três isolados nativos de FMA, obtidos de agrossistema de mamoeiro. As plantas foram inoculadas com solo-inóculo no ato da repicagem e cultivadas por 50 dias, quando se determinaram a colonização, matéria seca da parte aérea e teores de nutrientes nas plantas. Todos os fungos inoculados apresentaram eficiência simbiótica em solo não fumigado, destacando-se Glomus clarum, Gigaspora margarita e isolado 29 (Gigaspora sp.), que apresentaram eficiência alta. Os isolados nativos foram mais eficientes em doses mais elevadas de fósforo no solo; a eficiência esteve relacionada com a absorção de fósforo e potássio. Os fungos previamente selecionados em solo fumigado foram também eficientes em solo que continha população indígena de FMA, portanto, validando este procedimento.

Efeito do fósforo, fumigação do substrato e fungo micorrízico arbuscular sobre o crescimento de plantas de mamoeiro

Estudou-se o efeito da inoculação com o fungo micorrízico arbuscular (FMA), Glomus macrocarpum, da fumigação do substrato e da adição de fósforo solúvel (60, 120, 240 e 480 mg kg-1 de P no solo) sobre as variáveis altura, número de folhas e diâmetro do caule de plantas de mamoeiro cv. Sunrise Solo.O FMA edoses crescentes de fósforo, isoladamente, exerceram efeitos significativos sobre essas variáveis. Não houve efeito significativo do fator fumigação do substrato. O efeito da inoculação foi mais acentuado no tratamento com adição de 60 mg kg-1 de P no solo. A inoculação com G. macrocarpum reduziu a necessidade de fósforo para o mamoeiro, tanto que as variáveis estudadas em plantas inoculadas na ausência de adubação fosfática não diferiram de plantas não inoculadas em substrato adicionado de mais de 240 mg kg-1 de P no solo.

Precursor uptake assays and metabolic analyses in isolated tomato fruit chromoplasts

Background Carotenoids are the most widespread group of pigments found in nature. In addition to their role in the physiology of the plant, carotenoids also have nutritional relevance as their incorporation in the human diet provides health benefits. In non-photosynthetic tissues, carotenoids are synthesized and stored in specialized plastids called chromoplasts. At present very little is known about the origin of the metabolic precursors and cofactors required to sustain the high rate of carotenoid biosynthesis in these plastids. Recent proteomic data have revealed a number of biochemical and metabolic processes potentially operating in fruit chromoplasts. However, considering that chloroplast to chromoplast differentiation is a very rapid process during fruit ripening, there is the possibility that some of the proteins identified in the proteomic analysis could represent remnants no longer having a functional role in chromoplasts. Therefore, experimental validation is necessary to prove whether these predicted processes are actually operative in chromoplasts. Results A method has been established for high-yield purification of tomato fruit chromoplasts suitable for metabolic studies. Radiolabeled precursors were efficiently incorporated and further metabolized in isolated chromoplast. Analysis of labeled lipophilic compounds has revealed that lipid biosynthesis is a very efficient process in chromoplasts, while the relatively low incorporation levels found in carotenoids suggest that lipid production may represent a competing pathway for carotenoid biosynthesis. Malate and pyruvate are efficiently converted into acetyl-CoA, in agreement with the active operation of the malic enzyme and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in the chromoplast. Our results have also shown that isolated chromoplasts can actively sustain anabolic processes without the exogenous supply of ATP, thus suggesting that these organelles may generate this energetic cofactor in an autonomous way. Conclusions We have set up a method for high yield purification of intact tomato fruit chromoplasts suitable for precursor uptake assays and metabolic analyses. Using targeted radiolabeled precursors we have been able to unravel novel biochemical and metabolic aspects related with carotenoid and lipid biosynthesis in tomato fruit chromoplasts. The reported chromoplast system could represent a valuable platform to address the validation and characterization of functional processes predicted from recent transcriptomic and proteomic data.

Influence of average size and interface passivation on the spectral emission of Si nanocrystals embedded in SiO2

The correlation between the structural (average size and density) and optoelectronic properties [band gap and photoluminescence (PL)] of Si nanocrystals embedded in SiO2 is among the essential factors in understanding their emission mechanism. This correlation has been difficult to establish in the past due to the lack of reliable methods for measuring the size distribution of nanocrystals from electron microscopy, mainly because of the insufficient contrast between Si and SiO2. With this aim, we have recently developed a successful method for imaging Si nanocrystals in SiO2 matrices. This is done by using high-resolution electron microscopy in conjunction with conventional electron microscopy in dark field conditions. Then, by varying the time of annealing in a large time scale we have been able to track the nucleation, pure growth, and ripening stages of the nanocrystal population. The nucleation and pure growth stages are almost completed after a few minutes of annealing time at 1100°C in N2 and afterward the ensemble undergoes an asymptotic ripening process. In contrast, the PL intensity steadily increases and reaches saturation after 3-4 h of annealing at 1100°C. Forming gas postannealing considerably enhances the PL intensity but only for samples annealed previously in less time than that needed for PL saturation. The effects of forming gas are reversible and do not modify the spectral shape of the PL emission. The PL intensity shows at all times an inverse correlation with the amount of Pb paramagnetic centers at the Si-SiO2 nanocrystal-matrix interfaces, which have been measured by electron spin resonance. Consequently, the Pb centers or other centers associated with them are interfacial nonradiative channels for recombination and the emission yield largely depends on the interface passivation. We have correlated as well the average size of the nanocrystals with their optical band gap and PL emission energy. The band gap and emission energy shift to the blue as the nanocrystal size shrinks, in agreement with models based on quantum confinement. As a main result, we have found that the Stokes shift is independent of the average size of nanocrystals and has a constant value of 0.26±0.03 eV, which is almost twice the energy of the Si¿O vibration. This finding suggests that among the possible channels for radiative recombination, the dominant one for Si nanocrystals embedded in SiO2 is a fundamental transition spatially located at the Si¿SiO2 interface with the assistance of a local Si-O vibration.

Magnetic hardening mechanisms in Nd-Fe-B nanocrystalline material

Microstructural and magnetic measurements of the evolution by heat treatment of initially amorphous Nd16Fe76B8 alloys prepared by melt spinning are presented. Evidence of magnetic hardening above a threshold temperature induced by magnetic isolation of the Nd2Fe14B grains is provided. A thermodynamic and kinetic explanation of local melting of the intergranular nanostructured Nd¿rich eutectic phase at temperatures below 900 K based on capillary effects is presented. A subsequent Ostwald ripening process moves Nd to wet intimately the hard magnetic grains, becoming, on cooling, a real paramagnetic isolating thin film (~2.5 nm). By using a simple analogy, it is shown that the switching magnetization field in a single¿domain crystal can be drastically affected through the exchange coupling to neighboring grains with different orientation of the easy axis. This effect should be important enough to reinforce the coercive field of polycrystalline hard magnetic materials and explains the observed enhancement from 0.9 to 1.9 T.

Qualidade física de um cambissolo sob sistemas de manejo

A Chapada do Apodi vem se destacando como um promissor polo de fruticultura irrigada em virtude da potencialidade agrícola dos seus solos, que são submetidos a diferentes tipos de manejo, condicionando mudanças em seus atributos físicos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar fisicamente um Cambissolo cultivado com mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.), sob dois sistemas de manejo, comparado com um sob vegetação nativa secundária. Foram coletadas amostras de solo com estruturas deformada e indeformada para determinação de: granulometria, argila dispersa em água, densidade do solo e de partículas, estabilidade de agregados, carbono orgânico e resistência à penetração. Foram calculados o grau de floculação das argilas e o teor de matéria orgânica. No campo, foi realizado ensaio de condutividade hidráulica do solo. Os dados experimentais foram analisados considerando o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, adotando-se para todas as análises o esquema em parcela subdividida 3 x 3 x 5 (dois sistemas de manejo do solo - plantio do mamoeiro em sulco e camalhão - e mata nativa secundária; três camadas de solo - 0,0-0,1; 0,1-0,2; e 0,2-0,3 m; e cinco repetições), exceção para a condutividade hidráulica, em que se adotou o esquema fatorial 3 x 2 x 5 (dois sistemas de manejo do solo e mata nativa secundária; duas tensões - 0 e 5 hPa; e cinco repetições). Foram aplicados os testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para verificar a normalidade dos dados, o F para a análise de variância e o de Tukey para a comparação de médias, todos a 5 %. Concluiu-se que a hipótese de que os sistemas de cultivo pioram os solos fisicamente foi refutada, indicando que a qualidade dos atributos do solo sob cultivo, em geral, está mantida ou melhorada em relação à condição atual da mata nativa secundária; o decréscimo do teor de matéria orgânica, da porcentagem de agregados estáveis na classe de 4,76-2,00 mm de diâmetro e do diâmetro médio ponderado em solo cultivado, apesar de ainda estarem distantes de limites considerados críticos, é indicador da necessidade de adoção de práticas de manejo que evitem o desencadeamento de um processo de degradação do solo; e os indicadores de qualidade foram sensíveis às alterações provocadas pelos sistemas de manejo do solo e, portanto, podem ser utilizados como fonte para a interpretação da dinâmica de processos físicos do solo no tempo.

Effects of tillage systems on physical properties of a cohesive yellow argisol in the northern state of Espírito Santo, Brazil

Tillage systems are a key element of the technology of crop production, both with a view to crop yield and from the perspective of soil conservation and sustainability of the production system. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the effects of five tillage systems on the physical properties of a cohesive Yellow Argisol. The experiment was installed in the field on January 21, 2011 and lasted 260 days, in an area previously used as pasture with Brachiaria grass without liming or fertilization, but irrigated by a low pressure spray system. The treatments, in five replications and in a randomized block design, consisted of: 1) disk plow (twice) + disk harrow + ridge-furrow tillage (raising a ridge along the planting row), 135 days after transplanting (DP + RID); 2) disk plow (twice) + disk harrow (DP no RID); 3) subsoiler (SB); 4) disk plow (twice) + disk harrow + scarification with three shanks along the plant row (DP + SPR); and 5) disk plow (twice) + disk harrow + scarification with three shanks in the total area (DP + STA). In all tillage systems, furrows were mechanically opened for the papaya plants. After the treatments, the mechanical resistance to penetration was determined, followed by soil moisture, mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD), bulk density (BD), macroporosity (Ma), microporosity (Mi), and number of fruits per plant. There were differences in penetration resistance (PR) between treatments. The subsoiler was more effective to decrease RP to a distance of 0.35 m from the plants, perpendicular to the plant row. The scarifier resulted in a lower PR than DP or SB, even at the depth of 0.40 m, and it was more effective at greater distances perpendicular to the plant. All tillage systems induced a PR between 2.0 and 3.0 MPa at the depth with the highest concentration of papaya tree roots (0-0.25 m), improving the physical conditions to this depth. There was no statistical difference among the treatments for BD, Ma, Mi, MWD, and GMD at a depth of 0.20 m. The disk plow changed the physical properties of the soil most intensely to a depth of 0.20 m. The use of scarification, reduced tillage with a forest subsoiler, or ridge-furrow tillage did not improve the physical properties in the rhizosphere. Reduced tillage with a forest subsoiler resulted in a lower number of fruits per plant than all other treatments, which did not differ from each other.

HEAVY METALS AND MICRONUTRIENTS IN THE SOIL AND GRAPEVINE UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION STRATEGIES

Soils under natural conditions have heavy metals in variable concentrations and there may be an increase in these elements as a result of the agricultural practices adopted. Transport of heavy metals in soil mainly occurs in forms dissolved in the soil solution or associated with solid particles, water being their main means of transport. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the heavy metal and micronutrient content in the soil and in the grapevine plant and fruit under different irrigation strategies. The experiment was carried out in Petrolina, PE, Brazil. The treatments consisted of three irrigation strategies: full irrigation (FI), regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), and deficit irrigation (DI). During the period of grape maturation, soil samples were collected at the depths of 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, and 60-80 cm. In addition, leaves were collected at the time of ripening of the bunches, and berries were collected at harvest. Thus, the heavy metal and micronutrient contents were determined in the soil, leaves, and berries. The heavy metal and micronutrient contents in the soil showed a stochastic pattern in relation to the different irrigation strategies. The different irrigation strategies did not affect the heavy metal and micronutrient contents in the vine leaves, and they were below the contents considered toxic to the plant. In contrast, the greater availability of water in the FI treatment favored a greater Cu content in the grape, which may be a risk to vines, causing instability and turbidity. Thus, adoption of deficit irrigation is recommended so as to avoid compromising the stability of tropical wines of the Brazilian Northeast.

Efeitos da premunização da abóbora 'Menina Brasileira' com estirpes fracas do vírus-do-mosaico-do-mamoeiro - estirpe melancia

Neste trabalho avaliou-se o efeito da premunização com duas estirpes fracas do vírus-do-mosaico-do-mamoeiro - estirpe melancia ("papaya ringspot virus - type W", PRSV-W), combinada com a tolerância das plantas, no controle do mosaico e na produtividade da abóbora 'Menina Brasileira'. Testes realizados em casa de vegetação mostraram que as plantas dessa cultivar premunizadas com as estirpes fracas PRSV-W-1 e 2 ficaram totalmente protegidas contra a infecção por uma estirpe severa de Campinas. Em condições de campo avaliou-se comparativamente a produção de plantas premunizadas, infectadas com a estirpe severa de Campinas, e sadias e expostas à infecção natural (controle). A proteção foi medida com base na produção individual das plantas, cujos frutos foram classificados em comerciais e não-comerciais. As plantas premunizadas tiveram uma produção média de frutos comerciais (peso) 33% superior à daquelas naturalmente infectadas em campo. Quanto ao número de frutos comerciais, o aumento foi da ordem de 50%. A premunização combinada com a tolerância da abóbora 'Menina Brasileira' permitiu um melhor controle do mosaico, com ganhos na produção de frutos comerciais.

Uso de esterco no desenvolvimento de mudas de mamoeiro colonizadas com fungos micorrízicos

O trabalho objetivou a adequação de esterco na composição do substrato para produção de mudas de mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.), que permita o melhor estabelecimento da simbiose micorrízica e sua expressão no desenvolvimento da muda. Foram testadas cinco doses de esterco no substrato (0, 5, 10, 20 e 30%) e a inoculação ou não de Glomus etunicatum. Após 50 dias de cultivo concluiu-se que: o esterco promove máximo desenvolvimento das mudas nas doses de 20% e 30%; a adição de P e K não resulta em benefícios adicionais no crescimento das mudas; a inoculação de G. etunicatum é eficiente para o desenvolvimento da muda até a dose de 10% de esterco; o fungo coloniza as mudas em doses de até 30% de esterco, mas com tendência decrescente; a combinação de 10% de esterco e inoculação do fungo micorrízico arbuscular promove a formação de plantas sadias, sem sintomas de deficiência nutricional e apropriadas para o transplantio ao campo.

Protocolo para a embriogênese somática do mamoeiro

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estabelecer um protocolo de embriogênese somática para o mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.) cv. Baixinho de Santa Amália, grupo Solo. Foram utilizados quatro tipos de explantes e duas condições de cultivo, sendo as fases de indução de calos, indução e maturação de embriões somáticos, alongamento e enraizamento das plântulas avaliadas em diferentes meios de cultura. A combinação explante hipocótilo com folhas cotiledonares e meio de cultura ½MS + 10 mg L-1 de 2,4-D, sob condições de escuro, foi a mais favorável para a indução de calos friáveis. Os meios de cultura HMH com 0,2 mg L-1 de ANA e 2,0 mg L-1 de cinetina e ½MS foram adequados para a indução e maturação de embriões somáticos; o meio MS com 1 mg L-1 de GA3 foi adequado para o alongamento das plântulas; e o meio MS com 1 mg L-1 IBA, para o enraizamento. A eficiência das fases de indução de calos, indução de embriões, maturação de embriões, alongamento, enraizamento e aclimatação das plântulas foi de 100%, 98%, 44%, 42%, 50% e 80%, respectivamente. O protocolo estabelecido possibilita que o processo de embriogênese somática seja realizado em um período de 230 dias, com uma eficiência final de 7%, e pode ser utilizado em trabalhos de transformação genética do mamoeiro.

Elastic stresses and plastic deformations in 'Santa Clara' tomato fruits caused by package dependent compression

The objective of this work was to study the fruit compression behavior aiming to develop new tomato packages. Deformations caused by compression forces were observed inside packages and in individual 'Santa Clara' tomato fruit. The forces applied by a transparent acrylic lever to the fruit surface caused pericarp deformation and the flattened area was proportional to the force magnitude. The deformation was associated to the reduction in the gas volume (Vg), caused by expulsion of the air from the loculus cavity and reduction in the intercellular air volume of the pericarp. As ripening advanced, smaller fractions of the Vg reduced by the compressive force were restored after the stress was relieved. The lack of complete Vg restoration was an indication of permanent plastic deformations of the stressed cells. Vg regeneration (elastic recovery) was larger in green fruits than in the red ones. The ratio between the applied force and the flattened area (flattening pressure), which depends on cell turgidity, decreased during ripening. Fruit movements associated with its depth in the container were observed during storage in a transparent glass container (495 x 355 x 220 mm). The downward movement of the fruits was larger in the top layers because these movements seem to be driven by a summation of the deformation of many fruits in all layers.

Dependência micorrízica de variedades comerciais de mamoeiro

O genótipo da planta é fator preponderante na resposta à micorriza. Avaliou-se, neste trabalho, a resposta a fósforo e o grau de dependência micorrízica de variedades de mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.). O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação da Embrapa-Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Mandioca e Fruticultura, com quatro variedades, testando-se seis doses de P: 0, 20, 40, 80, 140, 280 mg dm-3 e três tratamentos fúngicos (um controle não-micorrizado e a inoculação de Glomus clarum ou Gigaspora margarita). Foram estimados os seguintes parâmetros: dose de P para máxima eficiência micorrízica; valor T'; benefício da aplicação do P; benefício micorrízico; eficiência simbiótica, e dependência micorrízica. Plantas não-micorrizadas apresentaram resposta quadrática ao P aplicado e as inoculadas seguiram modelo raiz-quadrático, com grande incremento de matéria seca da parte aérea nas doses baixas; o benefício de P foi maior nas variedades Sunrise Solo e Improved Sunrise Solo - Line 72/12, enquanto as variedades Baixinho de Santa Amália e Tainung nº 1 apresentaram benefício micorrízico proporcionalmente maior, resultando em maior eficiência simbiótica. As variedades de mamoeiro apresentaram a seguinte classificação quanto à dependência micorrízica: Baixinho de Santa Amália = Tainung nº 1 > Sunrise Solo = Improved Sunrise Solo - Line 72/12. A maior ou menor dependência relacionou-se com a capacidade da variedade em produzir raízes.

Aminogenesis control in fermented sausages manufactured with pressurized meat batter and starter culture

The application of high hydrostatic pressure (200 MPa) to meat batter just before sausage fermentation and the inoculation of starter culture were studied to improve the safety and quality of traditional Spanish fermented sausages (fuet and chorizo). Higher amounts of biogenic amines were formed in chorizo than in fuet. Without interfering with the ripening performance in terms of acidification, drying and proteolysis, hydrostatic pressure prevented enterobacteria growth but did not affect Gram-positive bacteria significantly. Subsequently, a strong inhibition of diamine (putrescine and cadaverine) accumulation was observed, but that of tyramine was not affected. The inoculated decarboxylase-negative strains, selected from indigenous bacteria of traditional sausages, were resistant to the HHP treatment, being able to lead the fermentation process, prevent enterococci development and significantly reduce enterobacteria counts. In sausages manufactured with either non-pressurized or pressurized meat batter, starter culture was the most protective measure against the accumulation of tyramine and both diamines.

Assessment of high hydrostatic pressure and starter culture on the quality properties of low-acid fermented sausages

The addition of starter culture and high pressure processing after ripening improved the microbial quality of low-acid fermented sausages (fuet and chorizo). The use of Lactobacillus sakei CTC6626 and Staphylococcus xylosus CTC6013 as starter culture significantly reduced Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus levels in the finished sausages. Moreover, the addition of starter culture produced sausages of similar quality to traditional low-acid fermented sausages. Slightly lower pH values and higher cohesiveness were obtained for both fuet and chorizo with starter culture. Sensory analysis showed no differences between lots of chorizo whereas starter fuet was more acid and gummy. High pressure induced an additional reduction of Enterobacteriaceae in non-starter sausages. An increase of textural properties was observed after pressurization. No other differences were observed between non-treated and pressurized sausages.