Outdoor e indoor: Abitare il comfort. Strategie di riqualificazione del quartiere Pilastro a Bologna

Il caso studio affrontato nella tesi è il complesso residenziale Pilastro, costruito tra gli anni 1962 e 1985 a Bologna. Collocato nella parte nord-est della città, all’interno del quartiere San Donato, il quartiere si presenta come una delle periferie più adatte ad ospitare i nuovi progetti di sviluppo urbano, in virtù della sua posizione strategica rispetto ai diversi poli e alla rete infrastrutturale principale. Questo studio consiste in una serie di analisi, effettuate al fine di giungere a trattare gli aspetti progettuali, che rispondono a una serie di problematiche riscontrate nella parte conosciuta come “Primo Impianto”. Le criticità affrontate sono: - Fenomeno di Canyon Urbano dovuto al rapporto tra la morfologia urbana e il microclima; - Limiti nella fruibilità degli spazi esterni (outdoor), a causa della presenza di spazi non caratterizzati, dotati di uno scarso livello di comfort termico durante il periodo estivo; - Problemi riguardo l’aspetto viabilistico e le sezioni stradali; - Bassa prestazione energetica correlata alla vetustà degli edifici; - Basso livello di comfort interno (indoor) degli edifici. La Tesi ha come obiettivo la definizione di diverse strategie progettuali che tengano conto delle condizioni climatiche relative al benessere termico come criterio per la riqualificazione degli spazi esterni e degli edifici esistenti. Quest’ultima terrà altresì conto della prestazione energetica dei fabbricati. Un aspetto complementare è quello del ragionamento sull’incidenza della progettazione degli spazi esterni (outdoor) sugli aspetti relativi al benessere negli spazi interni (indoor). Metodo L’approccio seguito nel trattare le problematiche ha come punto di partenza lo studio degli spazi esterni, che continua anche al livello del costruito. Attraverso diverse analisi a livello urbanistico, sono stati indagati una serie di aspetti come la morfologia urbana, i servizi, gli spazi aperti, la popolazione e la mobilità, etc. Il comparto studio, collocato nella parte nord-est del Primo Impianto in Via Lodovico Frati, è composto da edifici residenziali in linea e lo spazio “in between” che si affaccia alla strada. Al fine di considerare le condizioni climatiche e la loro incidenza nel comfort urbano, sono stati studiati diversi parametri fisici incidenti, valutati con l’ausilio del software di simulazione Envi-met, con l’output di cui, è stato possibile ottenere mappe di valori del comfort outdoor, sia della condizione esistente che in quella dopo l’intervento progettuale. Per quanto riguarda gli edifici, per valutare il livello di comfort negli ambienti interni è stato usato il software di simulazione EnergyPlus, mentre per valutare la prestazione energetica è stato usato il software Termolog Epix 5. L’output dei risultati ottenuti dai software di simulazione è uno strumento importante di verifica per le diverse scelte progettuali.

Outdoor production of Isochrysis galbana (T-iso) in industrial scale photobioreactors and modelling of its photosynthesis and respiration rate

Isochrysis galbana is a widely-used strain in aquaculture in spite of its low productivity. To maximize the productivity of processes based on this microalgae strain, a model was developed considering the influence of irradiance, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen concentration on the photosynthesis and respiration rate. Results demonstrate that this strain tolerates temperatures up to 35ºC but it is highly sensitive to irradiances higher than 500 µE·m-2·s-1 and dissolved oxygen concentrations higher than 11 mg·l-1. With the researcher group of the “Universidad de Almeria”, the developed model was validated using data from an industrial-scale outdoor tubular photobioreactor demonstrating that inadequate temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations reduce productivity to half that which is maximal, according to light availability under real outdoor conditions. The developed model is a useful tool for managing working processes, especially in the development of new processes based on this strain and to take decisions regarding optimal control strategies. Also the outdoor production of Isochrysis galbana T-iso in industrial size tubular photobioreactors (3.0 m3) has been studied. Experiments were performed modifying the dilution rate and evaluating the biomass productivity and quality, in addition to the overall performance of the system. Results confirmed that T-iso can be produced outdoor at commercial scale in continuous mode, productivities up to 20 g·m-2·day-1 of biomass rich in proteins (45%) and lipids (25%) being obtained. The utilization of this type of photobioreactors allows controlling the contamination and pH of the cultures, but daily variation of solar radiation imposes the existence of inadequate dissolved oxygen concentration and temperature at which the cells are exposed to inside the reactor. Excessive dissolved oxygen reduced the biomass productivity to 68% of maximal, whereas inadequate temperature reduces to 63% of maximal. Thus, optimally controlling these parameters the biomass productivity can be duplicated. These results confirm the potential to produce this valuable strain at commercial scale in optimally designed/operated tubular photobioreactors as a biotechnological industry.

Landscape and well-being: a scoping study on the health-promoting impact of outdoor environments

OBJECTIVES: The present literature review conceptualises landscape as a health resource that promotes physical, mental, and social well-being. Different health-promoting landscape characteristics are discussed. METHODS: This article is based on a scoping study which represents a special kind of qualitative literature review. Over 120 studies have been reviewed in a five-step-procedure, resulting in a heuristic device. RESULTS: A set of meaningful pathways that link landscape and health have been identified. Landscapes have the potential to promote mental well-being through attention restoration, stress reduction, and the evocation of positive emotions; physical well-being through the promotion of physical activity in daily life as well as leisure time and through walkable environments; and social well-being through social integration, social engagement and participation, and through social support and security. CONCLUSION: This scoping study allows us to systematically describe the potential of landscape as a resource for physical, mental and social well-being. A heuristic framework is presented that can be applied in future studies, facilitating systematic and focused research approaches and informing practical public health interventions.

A model for radiofrequency electromagnetic field predictions at outdoor and indoor locations in the context of epidemiological research

We present a geospatial model to predict the radiofrequency electromagnetic field from fixed site transmitters for use in epidemiological exposure assessment. The proposed model extends an existing model toward the prediction of indoor exposure, that is, at the homes of potential study participants. The model is based on accurate operation parameters of all stationary transmitters of mobile communication base stations, and radio broadcast and television transmitters for an extended urban and suburban region in the Basel area (Switzerland). The model was evaluated by calculating Spearman rank correlations and weighted Cohen's kappa (kappa) statistics between the model predictions and measurements obtained at street level, in the homes of volunteers, and in front of the windows of these homes. The correlation coefficients of the numerical predictions with street level measurements were 0.64, with indoor measurements 0.66, and with window measurements 0.67. The kappa coefficients were 0.48 (95%-confidence interval: 0.35-0.61) for street level measurements, 0.44 (95%-CI: 0.32-0.57) for indoor measurements, and 0.53 (95%-CI: 0.42-0.65) for window measurements. Although the modeling of shielding effects by walls and roofs requires considerable simplifications of a complex environment, we found a comparable accuracy of the model for indoor and outdoor points.