Bioimpedance for oedema evaluation after total knee arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Electrical bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) allows the evaluation of limb extracellular fluid (R0) and total fluid (Rinf). BIS could facilitate post-surgical oedema evaluation after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), as it is easily performed and is non-invasive. However, neither its applicability in this context nor the influence of metallic implants on measurement has been evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of TKA implants on the BIS R0 and Rinf variables used for oedema evaluation. METHOD: This was a prospective non-randomized comparative clinical trial. One oedema-free group of patients with TKA was compared with a group presenting similar characteristics except for the arthroplasty, to assess the influence of the implant on BIS measurement in the absence of oedema. The TKA group included 15 patients who had undergone surgery more than a year previously, and the control group included 19 patients awaiting TKA surgery. Volume and perimeter measurements served as reference criterions. The lower limb percentage differences for BIS, knee perimeter and volume were calculated. The significance of differences between groups was calculated for all measurement methods, using the Mann-Whitney test. The setting was a Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology in a university hospital. RESULTS: The differences between groups were not significant for R0, Rinf, volume and perimeter. R0 showed the smallest mean difference in limb percentage difference between groups [means (SD): TKA 3.98 (8.09), controls 3.97 (5.16)]. CONCLUSIONS: The lower-leg percentage difference in the TKA group is comparable with that of healthy subjects. R0 can be used for oedema evaluation following TKA surgery, as there was no sign of alteration from the metallic implant. These findings indicate the potential for early oedema evaluation after TKA. More research is warranted to extensively validate the application of BIS for oedema evaluation after TKA. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Evaluation de l'activité fonctionnelle des membres supérieurs chez des patients atteints de maladies neuromusculaires par mesures cinématiques (Physilog®)

Contexte :¦Les affections neuromusculaires sont des maladies rares, le plus souvent d'origine génétique et dont le degré de sévérité est variable. Certaines sont progressives et conduisent à une perte de l'indépendance motrice et à une insuffisance respiratoire, tandis que d'autres permettent une vie proche de la normale.¦Les progrès des connaissances en génétique moléculaire ont permis d'améliorer significativement la connaissance des mécanismes physiopathologiques de ces maladies et ont également ouverts la voie à de nouvelles possibilités thérapeutiques. Concernant les maladies les plus graves, le but premier de ces thérapies sera de tenter de préserver la marche indépendante le plus longtemps possible. Toutefois, les patients ayant déjà perdu la marche et qui dépendent de la fonction de leur membres supérieurs pour garder une certaine indépendance devront également pouvoir être inclus dans des essais thérapeutiques et bénéficier des traitements reconnus efficaces.¦De nouveaux moyens de mesure de la fonction motrice des membres supérieurs doivent être développés non seulement dans la perspective de ces éventuels essais thérapeutiques pour ces patients limités à la chaise roulante, mais également dans le but de pouvoir évaluer plus précisément l'histoire naturelle des maladies même après la perte de la marche indépendante.¦Objectifs:¦Evaluer la fonction motrice des membres supérieurs chez des patients myopathes ayant perdu la marche indépendante par mesure cinématique.¦Méthode :¦Mesure de l'activité des membres supérieurs et le profil de cette activité par mesure cinématique (Physilog) chez:¦-Vingt-cinq patients atteints d'une myopathie en chaise roulante.¦-Vingt-cinq sujets contrôle assis¦Ces mesures seront comparées aux scores obtenus à l'échelle de Mesure de Fonction Motrice (Bérard et al, 2005) et plus précisément à l'axe D3 de cette échelle qui évalue les fonctions distales.¦Les patients seront vus à deux reprises pour une période de deux fois deux heures pendant laquelle ils porteront le Physilog. Il leur sera demandé d'effectuer une série d'exercices afin d'évaluer la fonction motrice des membres supérieurs (manger un yaourt avec une cuillère, verser un verre d'eau et le boire, se toucher selon les possibilités la tête, le front, la bouche, le cou, jouer à la console Wii) Le score de Brooke sera également testé. Chaque exercice sera répété plusieurs fois afin de d'assurer de la qualité des résultats.¦Système portable Physilog :¦Physilog est un système de mesure ambulatoire. La version utilisée dans cette étude est composée de 2 capteurs miniatures et d'une unité numérique portable légère (~215 g), qui filtre, amplifie et sauvegarde les signaux fournis par les capteurs sur une carte mémoire (Physilog-BioAGM, CH).¦Afin de pouvoir enregistrer l'activité des deux membres supérieurs, deux appareils Physilog (4 capteurs) seront utilisés par patient. Deux capteurs seront fixés sur chaque membre supérieur. Les capteurs sont fixés sur la peau à l'aide d'une bande autocollante.¦Les capteurs mis au point par le LMAM (laboratoire de mesure et d'analyse du mouvement) mesurent la rotation angulaire et l'accélération au niveau des membres supérieurs. L'algorithme utilisé dans cette étude a été développé dans le laboratoire LMAM à l'EPFL et a fait l'objet d'une thèse.¦Résultats escomptés :¦Les résultats de l'étude pilote montrent que le Physilog permet de quantifier de manière fiable et reproductible la fonction des membres supérieurs durant des activités courantes de la vie quotidienne et pourrait donc devenir un moyen d'évaluation fiable des nouveaux traitements.

Azithromycin versus Sulfadiazine and Pyrimethamine for non-vision-threatening toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this pilot study is to compare the efficacy and tolerance of azithromycin alone as opposed to standard treatment with sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine for active, non-vision-threatening toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. MATERIAL/METHODS: We conducted a prospective, randomized, institutional clinical study comparing azithromycin to sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine for active, non-vision-threatening toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Nineteen out of 75 patients fulfilled inclusion criteria and were randomized into 2 treatment regimens. Nine patients were treated with sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine and 10 patients with azithromycin at a dose of 500 mg qd. Main outcome measures assessed were time to sharpening of lesion borders, time to lesion scarring, time to disease inactivity, and treatment tolerance. RESULTS: Azithromycin monotherapy achieved lesion scarring and disease inactivity in all but 1 patient. Although no statistically significant difference was found between the 2 patient groups as regards main outcome measures for treatment efficacy, all median times to endpoints (days) were longer for the azithromycin group - time to sharpening of lesion borders on clinical evaluation (25.5 vs. 24) and masked evaluation of photographs (30.5 vs. 24), time to lesion scarring on clinical evaluation (73 vs. 47) and masked evaluation of photographs (71.5 vs. 36) and time to disease inactivity (73 vs. 49). Treatment tolerance was significantly better for the azithromycin group (p=0.0005). ConcluSIONS: Azithromycin monotherapy at a dose of 500 mg per day was shown to be effective and well-tolerated for the treatment of active, non-vision-threatening toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Duration of treatment was clinically longer for the azithromycin group.

Evaluation in vitro de la réactivité des particules fines et ultrafines : rapport scientifique final

Une des percées les plus importantes dans la recherche sur les nanoparticules (ambiantes et manufacturées) a été la reconnaissance de leur potentiel à générer un stress oxydatif au niveau cellulaire. Dans cette optique, la mesure du potentiel oxydant intrinsèque des particules pourrait présenter une première étape dans l'évaluation des dangers. Ce projet méthodologique avait pour but de caractériser le potentiel oxydant de différentes nanoparticules « modèles » (ambiantes et manufacturées) au moyen de trois tests acellulaires (Test DTT, Test DCFH, Test oxymétrique) et d'utiliser ces résultats pour proposer une méthode de « référence ». D'autre part, nous avons appliqué la méthode sélectionnée à deux cas (exposition d'ouvriers à des particules de combustion et évaluation du danger de différentes nanoparticules manufacturées) afin de déterminer quels sont les paramètres qui influencent la mesure. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que la préparation des suspensions joue un rôle dans la mesure de ce potentiel oxydant. La réactivité dépend de la concentration du surfactant et de la durée de sonication. D'autre part, l'ordre de réactivité est dépendant de la métrique utilisée (masse ou surface) pour exprimer les résultats. Parmi les trois tests considérés, le test DTT pourrait être le plus utile pour effectuer une évaluation initiale du danger potentiel de nanoparticules ambiantes ou manufacturées. Ce test pourrait être intégré dans une stratégie d'évaluation de la toxicité des nanoparticules. Le test DTT correspond bien un test intégratif. Pour des situations de travail dans lesquelles les particules de combustion sont majoritaires, les paramètres physico-chimiques qui corrèlent de manière significative avec la réactivité DTT sont la surface des particules, les concentrations de carbone organique, la somme des concentrations de quatre quinones et les concentrations de fer et cuivre. Un nombre plus faible de corrélations est observé dans des ateliers mécaniques, suggérant que d'autres composés non mesurés interviennent également dans cette réactivité. Concernant les nanoparticules carbonées manufacturées, les fonctions chimiques de surface corrélées avec la réactivité DTT sont des fonctions acides et des fonctions inconnues pouvant dismuter. D'autre part, la solubilité et la possibilité de former des complexes avec le DTT sur la surface des NP manufacturées influencent le résultat de réactivité.

Imaging and therapy with monoclonal antibodies in non-hematopoietic tumors.

Although radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies are useful in tumor imaging, in our opinion their most important role is in the evaluation of the capacity of newly developed monoclonal antibodies to localize in tumors specifically. Intravenous injections of monoclonal antibody fragments, labelled with beta-emitting radionuclides, can completely eradicate large human colon carcinoma xenografts in nude mice whereas this is not achieved by unconjugated monoclonal antibodies. New strategies are being developed to make radioimmunotherapy applicable to carcinoma patients.

Evaluation éthique en psychologie : une utilisation respectueuse des différents instruments psychométriques

Trois psychologues de l'Université de Lausanne, Sophie Perdrix, Linda Charvoz et Jérôme Rossier, abordent dans leur article la relation complexe que le psychologue entretient avec les évaluations psychologiques. Ils plaident en faveur d'une utilisation respectueuse des différences individuelles des instruments d'évaluation et mettent en garde contre leurs aspects réductionnistes.

Comparative socio-economic evaluation of IBD patients with and without infliximab maintenance therapy

Background: The anti-TNFα agent Infliximab (IFX) is used for the treatment of moderate to severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with insufficient response to conventional immunomodulator therapy. IFX maintenance therapy is expensive and it is unknown if indirect costs (eg. by loss of work productivity) can be reduced by this therapy. Goal: to evaluate the direct and indirect costs of an IBD patient cohort under maintenance IFX compared to a cohort under "conventional" immunomodulator therapy. Methods: Direct and indirect costs of an IBD cohort under IFX and a reference cohort (similar disease activity and location) under conventional immunomodulator therapy (Azathioprine, or 6-MP, or MTX) were retrospectively evaluated over 12 months (January to December 2008). Results: 54 IFX-patients (24f/30m, 37 CD, 10 UC, 7 IC) and 71 non-IFX-patients (38f/33m, 56 CD, 12 UC, 3 IC) were included. IFX patients were younger than non-IFX patients (36 vs. 47 years, P = 0.0003). The mean duration of inpatient stay in hospital (23 in IFX vs. 21 days for non-IFX, P = 0.909) and the hospitalization costs (7,692 in IFX vs. 4,179 SFr for non-IFX, P = 0.4540) did not differ. IFX-patients had significantly more frequently specialist outpatient consultations (8 vs. 4, P < 0.001) and outpatient-related costs (3,633 vs. 2,186 SFr, P <0.001). Total costs for all diagnostic procedures (blood work, endoscopies, radiology) were higher in the IFXcohort (2,265 vs. 1,164 SFr, P < 0.001). Sixty-five percent of IFX-patients had a 100% job employment compared to 80% in the non-IFX cohort (P = 0.001). Conclusions: The direct and indirect costs of maintenance IFX-treated IBD patients are higher compared to IBD patients under conventional immunomodulators. Care should be taken not only to judge the costs as the IFX treated population may represent a cohort with more aggressive disease phenotype, furthermore, quality of life aspects were not assessed.

Evaluation des effets de la campagne de prévention "Mission : possible" de l'Aide suisse contre le sida (2008)

L'Office fédéral de la santé publique (OFSP) a donné pour mandat à l'IUMSP d'évaluer la campagne " Mission : Possible " de l'Aide suisse contre le sida (ASS), réalisée en 2008. Il s'agit d' une campagne de prévention du VIH/sida s'adressant exclusivement aux hommes qui ont des relations sexuelles avec des hommes (HSH). Elle a été mise en oeuvre par l'Aide suisse contre le sida, sur mandat de l'Office fédéral de la santé publique. L'objectif stratégique de " Mission: Possible " consiste à freiner la propagation du VIH parmi les HSH. Actuellement, une partie importante des infections à VIH sont le fait de rapports sexuels non protégés avec des partenaires sexuels en phase de primo-infection, c'est-à-dire la phase suivant directement le contage et durant laquelle la quantité de virus dans le sang est particulièrement élevée. L'ambition de la campagne Mission Possible était de briser les chaînes d'infection ainsi créées en incitant tous les HSH à observer strictement les règles du safer sex, trois mois durant, soit le temps nécessaire pour que les personnes récemment infectées sortent de la phase de primo-infection. Ainsi, le risque de nouvelles transmissions diminuerait de façon globale et l'épidémie serait ralentie. Au terme des trois mois, les HSH étaient incités à faire un test VIH gratuit (sur présentation d'un bon à présenter dans les centres de dépistage et conseils anonymes : policliniques universitaires et certaines antennes de l'ASS). La campagne reposait sur une importante mobilisation communautaire, c'est-à-dire l'implication de tous les acteurs de la scène gaie en Suisse (journaux et sites internet, associations et établissements gais). [Introd. du résumé p. 9] Site internet de la campagne "Mission : possible": http://www.missionp.ch/fr/home/

Non integrative lentiviral vactors for gene transfer in the retina

Purpose:Lentiviral vectors are among the most efficient gene transfer tools for both dividing and non dividing cells, including pigmented epithelial cells of the retina. One of the latest developments in the field, which represents a significant advance in biosafety, consists in the use of non integrative lentiviral vectors (NILVs). These newly described tools were already shown to be efficient in various tissues, such as the retina. They allow prolonged transgene expression as long as the transduced cells do not divide or divide slowly. However, they were also shown to induce transgene expression less efficiently than their integrative counterparts. Further investigations are thus needed to improve their potential. To this aim, different strategies are under evaluation. In this study, we focused on using different integrase mutations. Methods:We considered different integrase mutations, including modifications in the catalytic site and in the C-terminal domain of the enzyme. Lentiviral vectors bearing these mutant integrases and allowing expression of various transgenes were produced and characterized in vitro and in vivo. In particular, we evaluated their transgene expression capability. Influence of integrase mutation on the residual integration activity was also investigated. Results:In line with the fact that the lentiviral integrase is involved in several steps of the replication cycle of lentiviruses, we observed that integrase mutations can modify lentiviral vector features, resulting in different transduction efficiencies as well as modulation of the integration activity. Conclusions:NILVs appear as suitable tools for gene transfer in the retina, particularly to transduce RPE cells. They can be advantageously used, for instance, to develop neuroprotective strategies aimed at rescuing photoreceptors from death in various retinal diseases.

Hyperhomocysteinaemia in young patients with non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Elevated plasma homocysteine is a newly identified vascular risk factor among patients under age 55 years with cerebrovascular, cardiovascular, or peripheral vascular disease. This study sought to evaluate retrospectively the plasma homocysteine status among healthy younger patients with ischaemic optic disc disease. METHODS: 12 non-diabetic patients who had been diagnosed with non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) before the age of 50 years were identified from chart review. None had experienced previous ischaemic cerebrovascular, cardiovascular, or peripheral vascular events. Plasma homocysteine, CBC, renal function, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folate levels were sampled in the fasting state. RESULTS: Two of 12 patients (17%) had hyperhomocysteinaemia. Both had experienced NAION in both eyes with recurrent episodes. Neither patient was hypertensive nor had a smoking history. One of these two patients had mild hypercholesterolaemia which did not warrant medication. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated plasma homocysteine may be associated with NAION. An evaluation for hyperhomocysteinaemia should be considered in patients with NAION who do not have the typical risk factor such as older age, diabetes, hypertension, or tobacco use. It should also be considered in young patients with bilateral or recurrent attacks of NAION.

Voltage-gated sodium channel expression in mouse DRG after SNI leads to re-evaluation of projections of injured fibers.

BACKGROUND: Dysregulation of voltage-gated sodium channels (Na(v)s) is believed to play a major role in nerve fiber hyperexcitability associated with neuropathic pain. A complete transcriptional characterization of the different isoforms of Na(v)s under normal and pathological conditions had never been performed on mice, despite their widespread use in pain research. Na(v)s mRNA levels in mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were studied in the spared nerve injury (SNI) and spinal nerve ligation (SNL) models of neuropathic pain. In the SNI model, injured and non-injured neurons were intermingled in lumbar DRG, which were pooled to increase the tissue available for experiments. RESULTS: A strong downregulation was observed for every Na(v)s isoform expressed except for Na(v)1.2; even Na(v)1.3, known to be upregulated in rat neuropathic pain models, was lower in the SNI mouse model. This suggests differences between these two species. In the SNL model, where the cell bodies of injured and non-injured fibers are anatomically separated between different DRG, most Na(v)s were observed to be downregulated in the L5 DRG receiving axotomized fibers. Transcription was then investigated independently in the L3, L4 and L5 DRG in the SNI model, and an important downregulation of many Na(v)s isoforms was observed in the L3 DRG, suggesting the presence of numerous injured neurons there after SNI. Consequently, the proportion of axotomized neurons in the L3, L4 and L5 DRG after SNI was characterized by studying the expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3). Using this marker of nerve injury confirmed that most injured fibers find their cell bodies in the L3 and L4 DRG after SNI in C57BL/6 J mice; this contrasts with their L4 and L5 DRG localization in rats. The spared sural nerve, through which pain hypersensitivity is measured in behavioral studies, mostly projects into the L4 and L5 DRG. CONCLUSIONS: The complex regulation of Na(v)s, together with the anatomical rostral shift of the DRG harboring injured fibers in C57BL/6 J mice, emphasize that caution is necessary and preliminary anatomical experiments should be carried out for gene and protein expression studies after SNI in mouse strains.

Non-invasive detection of coronary endothelial response to sequential handgrip exercise in coronary artery disease patients and healthy adults.

OBJECTIVES: Our objective is to test the hypothesis that coronary endothelial function (CorEndoFx) does not change with repeated isometric handgrip (IHG) stress in CAD patients or healthy subjects. BACKGROUND: Coronary responses to endothelial-dependent stressors are important measures of vascular risk that can change in response to environmental stimuli or pharmacologic interventions. The evaluation of the effect of an acute intervention on endothelial response is only valid if the measurement does not change significantly in the short term under normal conditions. Using 3.0 Tesla (T) MRI, we non-invasively compared two coronary artery endothelial function measurements separated by a ten minute interval in healthy subjects and patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: Twenty healthy adult subjects and 12 CAD patients were studied on a commercial 3.0 T whole-body MR imaging system. Coronary cross-sectional area (CSA), peak diastolic coronary flow velocity (PDFV) and blood-flow were quantified before and during continuous IHG stress, an endothelial-dependent stressor. The IHG exercise with imaging was repeated after a 10 minute recovery period. RESULTS: In healthy adults, coronary artery CSA changes and blood-flow increases did not differ between the first and second stresses (mean % change ±SEM, first vs. second stress CSA: 14.8%±3.3% vs. 17.8%±3.6%, p = 0.24; PDFV: 27.5%±4.9% vs. 24.2%±4.5%, p = 0.54; blood-flow: 44.3%±8.3 vs. 44.8%±8.1, p = 0.84). The coronary vasoreactive responses in the CAD patients also did not differ between the first and second stresses (mean % change ±SEM, first stress vs. second stress: CSA: -6.4%±2.0% vs. -5.0%±2.4%, p = 0.22; PDFV: -4.0%±4.6% vs. -4.2%±5.3%, p = 0.83; blood-flow: -9.7%±5.1% vs. -8.7%±6.3%, p = 0.38). CONCLUSION: MRI measures of CorEndoFx are unchanged during repeated isometric handgrip exercise tests in CAD patients and healthy adults. These findings demonstrate the repeatability of noninvasive 3T MRI assessment of CorEndoFx and support its use in future studies designed to determine the effects of acute interventions on coronary vasoreactivity.

Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt Moisture Sensitivity Using the Nottingham Asphalt Test Equipment, July 2005

Moisture sensitivity of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) mixtures, generally called stripping, is a major form of distress in asphalt concrete pavement. It is characterized by the loss of adhesive bond between the asphalt binder and the aggregate (a failure of the bonding of the binder to the aggregate) or by a softening of the cohesive bonds within the asphalt binder (a failure within the binder itself), both of which are due to the action of loading under traffic in the presence of moisture. The evaluation of HMA moisture sensitivity has been divided into two categories: visual inspection test and mechanical test. However, most of them have been developed in pre-Superpave mix design. This research was undertaken to develop a protocol for evaluating the moisture sensitivity potential of HMA mixtures using the Nottingham Asphalt Tester (NAT). The mechanisms of HMA moisture sensitivity were reviewed and the test protocols using the NAT were developed. Different types of blends as moisture-sensitive groups and non-moisture-sensitive groups were used to evaluate the potential of the proposed test. The test results were analyzed with three parameters based on performance character: the retained flow number depending on critical permanent deformation failure (RFNP), the retained flow number depending on cohesion failure (RFNC), and energy ratio (ER). Analysis based on energy ratio of elastic strain (EREE ) at flow number of cohesion failure (FNC) has higher potential to evaluate the HMA moisture sensitivity than other parameters. If the measurement error in data-acquisition process is removed, analyses based on RFNP and RFNC would also have high potential to evaluate the HMA moisture sensitivity. The vacuum pressure saturation used in AASHTO T 283 and proposed test has a risk to damage specimen before the load applying.

Evaluation of the susceptibility of pathogenic Candida species to fluconazole. Fluconazole Global Susceptibility Study Group.

A fluconazole 25 microg disk diffusion test was used to test 2230 consecutively isolated Candida strains from 42 different hospital laboratories in 23 countries. Ninety seven percent of 1634 Candida albicans isolates and 83.4% of 596 non-Candida albicans isolates were susceptible to fluconazole, applying the proposed breakpoints (> or = 26 mm for susceptible strains and 18-25 mm for dose-dependent susceptible strains). This is the first hospital laboratory study to evaluate a large number and wide range of sequential Candida isolates from patients with all types of hospital infections. The fluconazole disk diffusion test appears to be a low-cost, reproducible, and accurate means of assessing the in vitro susceptibility of Candida isolates.

On the efficient evaluation of ruin probabilities for completely monotone claim size distributions

In this paper we propose a highly accurate approximation procedure for ruin probabilities in the classical collective risk model, which is based on a quadrature/rational approximation procedure proposed in [2]. For a certain class of claim size distributions (which contains the completely monotone distributions) we give a theoretical justification for the method. We also show that under weaker assumptions on the claim size distribution, the method may still perform reasonably well in some cases. This in particular provides an efficient alternative to a related method proposed in [3]. A number of numerical illustrations for the performance of this procedure is provided for both completely monotone and other types of random variables.