Why labor income shares seem to be constant?

The common assumptions that labor income share does not change over time or across countries and that factor income shares are equal to the elasticity of output with respect to factors have had important implications for economic theory. However, there are various theoretical reasons why the elasticity of output with respect to reproducible factors should be correlated with the stage of development. In particular, the behavior of international trade and capital flows and the existence of factor saving innovations imply such a correlation. If this correlation exists and if factor income shares are equal to the elasticity of output with respect to factors then the labor income share must be negatively correlated with the stage of development. We propose an explanation for why labor income share has no correlation with income per capita: the existence of a labor intensive sector which produces non tradable goods.

Davy Crockett : an american hero.

Es la historia de este héroe americano, que luchó por la justicia y la libertad, y ayudó a construir América. Le seguimos mientras atraviesa Tennessee, Mississippi, Luisiana y Tejas, y llega a El Alamo. Incluye dossieres sobre cazadores, tramperos, Jim Bowie y la frontera americana ,además de distintas actividades lingüísticas, ejercicios de estilo KET y Trinity.

Kipus: revista andina de letras. 11 (Reseñas)

Presenta las reseñas de los siguientes libros: Marcelo Báez, TIERRA DE NADIA, Quito: Libresa, 2000; 106 pp. -- Byron Rodríguez, BESTIARIO DE CENIZAS, 2a. ed., Quito: Eskeletra, 1999. -- Viviana Cordero, EL TEATRO DE LOS MONSTRUOS, Quito: coedición Libresa / B@ezOquendo, 2000; 310 pp. -- Fernando Cruz Kronfly, LA CARAVANA DE GARDEL. -- Jorge Dávila Vázquez, CÉSAR DÁVILA ANDRADE, COMBATE POÉTICO Y SUICIDIO, Cuenca: Universidad de Cuenca, 1999; 348 pp. -- Euler Granda, QUE TRATA DE UNOS GATOS, Quito: Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, 1999. -- Edgar Freire, El BARRIO DE lOS PRODIGIOS (MEMORIAS DE UN NIÑO), Quito: Libresa, 1999; 178 pp. -- Jostein Gaarder, VITA BREVIS, Madrid: Siruela, 1997; 130 pp. -- Michael Handelsman, Lo AFRO Y LA PLURINACIONALIDAD: EL CASO ECUATORIANO VISTO DESDE SU LITERATURA, Mississippi: University of Mississippi, 1999; 196 pp. -- Iván Oñate, LA NADA SAGRADA, Quito: Eskeletra, 1999. -- Jorge Volpi, EN BUSCA DE KLINGSOR, Barcelona: Seix Barral, 1999. -- Rosa Montero, LA HLJA DEL CANÍBAL, Bogotá: Espasa, 1998; 338 pp. -- María E. Moscoso, LA CANCIÓN DE ROKOLA, Quito: El Conejo, 1999. -- Kenzaburo Oé, DINOS CÓMO SOBREVIVIR A NUESTRA LOCURA Barcelona: Anagrama, 1995. -- Pablo Rocca, compilador, PÁGINAS DE GUERRA (1806-1935), Montevideo: Banda Oriental, 1995; 87 pp. -- Javier Ponce, RESÍGNATE A PERDER, Quito: Seix Barral. 1998; 135 pp. -- Eduardo Rosenzvaig, LA CEPA. ARQUEOLOGÍA DE UNA CULTURA AZUCARERA, Buenos Aires: Universidad Nacional de Tucumán / Ediciones Letra Buena, 1999; tomo III, 608 pp. -- Abdón Ubidia, REFERENTES. ENSAYOS, Quito: El Conejo / UASB / Abya-Yala, 2000; 195 pp.

Changes in heron and egret populations on the Laurentian Great Lakes and connecting channels, 1977-2009

Canadian and U.S. federal wildlife agencies completed four decadal surveys, spanning the years 1977 to 2009, to census colonial waterbirds breeding on the Great Lakes and adjoining bodies of water. In this paper, we reports abundance, distribution, and general population trends of three species: Black-crowned Night-Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), Great Egret (Ardea alba), and Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias). Estimates of nest numbers ranged from approximately 4000-6100 for the Black-crowned Night-Heron, 250-1900 for the Great Egret, and 3800-6400 for the Great Blue Heron. Average annual rates of change in nest numbers between the first (1977) and fourth (2008) census were −1% for the Black-crowned Night-Heron, +23% for the Great Egret, and −0.27% for the Great Blue Heron. Across the 30-year census, Black-crowned Night-Heron estimates decreased in U.S. (−57%) but increased (+18%) in Canadian waters, Great Egret nests increased 1381% in Canadian waters with a smaller, but still substantial increase in the number of nests at U.S. colonies (+613%), and Great Blue Heron numbers increased 148% in Canadian waters and 713% in U.S. waters. Although a single factor cannot be clearly linked to changes observed in each species’ distribution, hydrological variation, habitat succession, nest competition with Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus), and land use changes likely all contributed. Management activities should support both breeding and foraging conditions including restoration of early successional habitats and anticipate continued northward expansions in the distributions of these waterbirds.

Application of the Lighthill-Ford theory of spontaneous imbalance to clear-air turbulence forecasting

A new method of clear-air turbulence (CAT) forecasting based on the Lighthill–Ford theory of spontaneous imbalance and emission of inertia–gravity waves has been derived and applied on episodic and seasonal time scales. A scale analysis of this shallow-water theory for midlatitude synoptic-scale flows identifies advection of relative vorticity as the leading-order source term. Examination of leading- and second-order terms elucidates previous, more empirically inspired CAT forecast diagnostics. Application of the Lighthill–Ford theory to the Upper Mississippi and Ohio Valleys CAT outbreak of 9 March 2006 results in good agreement with pilot reports of turbulence. Application of Lighthill–Ford theory to CAT forecasting for the 3 November 2005–26 March 2006 period using 1-h forecasts of the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) 2 1500 UTC model run leads to superior forecasts compared to the current operational version of the Graphical Turbulence Guidance (GTG1) algorithm, the most skillful operational CAT forecasting method in existence. The results suggest that major improvements in CAT forecasting could result if the methods presented herein become operational.

Childhood emotional abuse and neglect as predictors of psychological and physical symptoms in women presenting to a primary care practice

Objective: There were two aims to this study: first to examine whether emotional abuse and neglect are significant predictors of psychological and somatic symptoms, and lifetime trauma exposure in women presenting to a primary care practice, and second to examine the strength of these relationships after controlling for the effects of other types of childhood abuse and trauma. Method: Two-hundred and five women completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein et al., 1994), Trauma History Questionnaire (Green, 1996), the Symptom Checklist-revised (Derogatis, 1997), and the Revised Civilian Mississippi Scale for posttraumatic stress disorder (Norris & Perilla, 1996) when presenting to their primary care physician for a visit. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine unique contributions of emotional abuse and neglect variables on symptom measures while controlling for childhood sexual and physical abuse and lifetime trauma exposure. Results: A history of emotional abuse and neglect was associated with increased anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress and physical symptoms, as well as lifetime trauma exposure. Physical and sexual abuse and lifetime trauma were also significant predictors of physical and psychological symptoms. Hierarchical multiple regressions demonstrated that emotional abuse and neglect predicted symptomatology in these women even when controlling for other types of abuse and lifetime trauma exposure. Conclusions: Long-standing behavioral consequences may arise as a result of childhood emotional abuse and neglect, specifically, poorer emotional and physical functioning, and vulnerability to further trauma exposure. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.