Microscopic Origin of Macroscopic Strength in Granular Media: A Numerical and Analytical Approach

Constitutive modeling in granular materials has historically been based on macroscopic experimental observations that, while being usually effective at predicting the bulk behavior of these type of materials, suffer important limitations when it comes to understanding the physics behind grain-to-grain interactions that induce the material to macroscopically behave in a given way when subjected to certain boundary conditions.

The advent of the discrete element method (DEM) in the late 1970s helped scientists and engineers to gain a deeper insight into some of the most fundamental mechanisms furnishing the grain scale. However, one of the most critical limitations of classical DEM schemes has been their inability to account for complex grain morphologies. Instead, simplified geometries such as discs, spheres, and polyhedra have typically been used. Fortunately, in the last fifteen years, there has been an increasing development of new computational as well as experimental techniques, such as non-uniform rational basis splines (NURBS) and 3D X-ray Computed Tomography (3DXRCT), which are contributing to create new tools that enable the inclusion of complex grain morphologies into DEM schemes.

Yet, as the scientific community is still developing these new tools, there is still a gap in thoroughly understanding the physical relations connecting grain and continuum scales as well as in the development of discrete techniques that can predict the emergent behavior of granular materials without resorting to phenomenology, but rather can directly unravel the micro-mechanical origin of macroscopic behavior.

In order to contribute towards closing the aforementioned gap, we have developed a micro-mechanical analysis of macroscopic peak strength, critical state, and residual strength in two-dimensional non-cohesive granular media, where typical continuum constitutive quantities such as frictional strength and dilation angle are explicitly related to their corresponding grain-scale counterparts (e.g., inter-particle contact forces, fabric, particle displacements, and velocities), providing an across-the-scale basis for better understanding and modeling granular media.

In the same way, we utilize a new DEM scheme (LS-DEM) that takes advantage of a mathematical technique called level set (LS) to enable the inclusion of real grain shapes into a classical discrete element method. After calibrating LS-DEM with respect to real experimental results, we exploit part of its potential to study the dependency of critical state (CS) parameters such as the critical state line (CSL) slope, CSL intercept, and CS friction angle on the grain's morphology, i.e., sphericity, roundness, and regularity.

Finally, we introduce a first computational algorithm to ``clone'' the grain morphologies of a sample of real digital grains. This cloning algorithm allows us to generate an arbitrary number of cloned grains that satisfy the same morphological features (e.g., roundness and aspect ratio) displayed by their real parents and can be included into a DEM simulation of a given mechanical phenomenon. In turn, this will help with the development of discrete techniques that can directly predict the engineering scale behavior of granular media without resorting to phenomenology.

Analyses of treated sewage effluent from Grasmere Treatment Unit (1974-1976), England [Dataset]

This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of treated sewage effluent from Grasmere Treatment Unit in Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium and chloride ions were taken between 1974 and 1976.

Modal fields and bending loss analyses of three-layer large flattened mode fibers

Theoretical method to analyze three-layer large flattened mode (LFM) fibers is presented. The modal fields, including the fundamental and higher order modes, and bending loss of the fiber are analyzed. The reason forming the different modal fields is explained and the feasibility to filter out the higher order modes via bending to realize high power, high beam quality fiber laser is given. Comparisons are made with the standard step-index fiber. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Application of Entropy and Fractal Dimension Analyses to the Pattern Recognition of Contaminated Fish Responses in Aquaculture

The objective of the work was to develop a non-invasive methodology for image acquisition, processing and nonlinear trajectory analysis of the collective fish response to a stochastic event. Object detection and motion estimation were performed by an optical flow algorithm in order to detect moving fish and simultaneously eliminate background, noise and artifacts. The Entropy and the Fractal Dimension (FD) of the trajectory followed by the centroids of the groups of fish were calculated using Shannon and permutation Entropy and the Katz, Higuchi and Katz-Castiglioni's FD algorithms respectively. The methodology was tested on three case groups of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), two of which were similar (C1 control and C2 tagged fish) and very different from the third (C3, tagged fish submerged in methylmercury contaminated water). The results indicate that Shannon entropy and Katz-Castiglioni were the most sensitive algorithms and proved to be promising tools for the non-invasive identification and quantification of differences in fish responses. In conclusion, we believe that this methodology has the potential to be embedded in online/real time architecture for contaminant monitoring programs in the aquaculture industry.

Thermal analyses, spectral characterization and structural interpretation of Yb3+ doped TeO2-ZnO-ZnCl2 glasses

Bulk-lasses have been prepared in the TeO2-ZnO-ZnCl2 systems. Their characteristic temperatures were determined and analyzed. Raman and FT-IR spectra were used to analyze the effect of ZnCl2 on the structure and spectral properties of tellurite glasses and OH- groups in this glass system. The spectroscopic properties including absorption spectra, emission cross-sections and fluorescence lifetimes of Yb3+ in TeO2-ZnO-ZnCl2 were measured and calculated. It is demonstrated that the progressive replacement less than 20 mol% of TeO2 by ZnCl2 improves the thermal stability, removes the OH- groups, turns TeO4 bipyramidal arrangement into TeO3 (and/or TeO3+1) trigonal pyramids structures and results in the decrease of the symmetry of the structure, which increases the emission cross-sections and lifetimes. But when the content of ZnCl2 up to 30 mol%, the glass system becomes more hygroscopic and introduces more OH- groups, which decrease the emission cross-sections and shorten the lifetimes. The results show that the glass system with (TeO2)-Te-69-(ZnO)-Zn-10-20ZnCl(2)-1Yb(2)O(3) is a desirable component for active laser media for high power generation. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Analyses physico-chimiques des eaux de la Lagune Ebrié effectuées de 1979 à 1981 au cours des programmes "Variabilité interannuelle" et "Baie de Biétri"

Physico-chemical data collections aimed to assess the interannual variability of the lagoon hydroclimate and the impact of an airport dam on the water quality of the Ebrié lagoon.

Avaliação dos testículos de ratos submetidos à torção testicular antes, durante e após a puberdade e o efeito do tratamento com resveratrol

A torção testicular (TT) é uma afecção de relativa frequência, alvo de muitos estudos clínicos e experimentais ao longo dos anos. Pode acometer qualquer idade, no entanto é mais incidente em pacientes com menos de 21 anos de idade. Sua distribuição ocorre em dois picos: um no período neonatal e outro ao redor dos 13 anos de idade. A taxa dessa morbidade em jovens com menos de 25 anos é na ordem de 1/4000. A TT resulta em rotação do cordão espermático, que gera um comprometimento do suprimento sanguíneo testicular, considerada uma urgência urológica. Depois da TT, a artéria testicular e o plexo pampiniforme sofrem oclusão, interrompem o suprimento arterial e a drenagem venosa do testículo, diminuindo o aporte de nutrientes e oxigênio aos tecidos e células, levando à isquemia testicular. Esta condição afeta a produção de espermatozóides do testículo torcido podendo comprometer a fertilidade do indivíduo. Este presente estudo avaliou a função reprodutiva, alguns parâmetros espermáticos e morfologia dos testículos de ratos adultos submetidos à torção testicular antes, durante e após a puberdade, e também o efeito do tratamento com resveratrol. Os testículos direitos dos ratos foram torcidos a 720 por quatro horas em todos os grupos, exceto no grupo controle. A TT foi realizada durante os períodos pré-púbere (4 semanas de idade), púbere (6 semanas de idade) e adulto jovem (9 semanas de idade). Para cada grupo, houve um outro grupo que os animais foram submetidos ao mesmo procedimento e foram tratados com resveratrol, 30 mg/kg resveratrol foi injetado por via intraperitonel, 30 minutos antes da destorção, seguido por gavage por 7 dias. Cada rato na idade adulta acasalou com três fêmeas adultas com 12 semanas de idade para avaliar parâmetros de fertilidade. Todos os animais foram mortos com 14 semanas de idade e os testículos foram removidos para análise de concentração, motilidade e viabilidade dos espermatozóides de amostras colhidas da cauda dos epidídimos. Os parâmetros morfológicos foram avaliados por métodos estereológicos macro e microscópicos. A função reprodutiva dos animais nas diferentes idades não foi afetada pela TT, no entanto, após o tratamento os ratos operados com 4 e 6 semanas de idades tiveram maior potência e os ratos operados com 9 semanas de idade apresentaram maior taxa de fecundidade na idade adulta.. Os parâmetros morfológicos foram afetados em todos os testículos torcidos em todas as idades. Alguns desses parâmetros melhoram após o tratamento com resveratrol, e o efeito adjuvante foi maior nos ratos submetidos à TT com 4 semanas de idade. Entretanto, o resveratrol recuperou o epitélio seminífero no grupo que sofreu TT com 9 semanas de idade, os quais não apresentaram nenhum epitélio após a TT. Os parâmetros espermáticos dos testículos torcidos decresceram em todas as idades, e o resveratrol não foi efetivo, embora tenha recuperado a produção de espermatozóides no grupo que foi submetido à TT com 9 semanas de idade, em que todos os animais foram aspermatogênicos após a TTNão houve nenhum dano nos testículos contralaterais. O resveratrol promoveu efeito protetor para TT, principalmente quando os animais foram submetidos à TT em idade prépúbere.

Monte Carlo methods for TMD analyses

4th International Workshop on Transverse Polisarization Phenomena in Hard Processes (TRANSVERSITY 2014)