Le développement des biotechnologies cubaines de la Révolution de 1959 jusqu'au milieu des années 2000

Depuis les années quatre-vingt-dix Cuba développe et commercialise des vaccins et méthodes en biotechnologies médicales dont certains sont des premières mondiales. L'île est alors encore considérée comme un pays en voie de développement et est la cible d’un embargo imposé par les États-Unis depuis plus de trente ans. Or les biotechnologies sont une science aussi coûteuse en matériel qu'en ressources humaines très spécialisées et elles sont de ce fait réservées aux pays de la sphère scientifique centrale. Ces réussites suggèrent la mise en place d'un potentiel scientifique et technique réel autant qu'elles peuvent constituer un artéfact dans un secteur moins développé ou moins pérenne qu'il n'y paraît. Quel est le vrai visage des biotechnologies cubaines au milieu des années deux-mille ? C'est à cette question que tente de répondre cette étude. Elle consiste dans un premier temps à retracer les paramètres du développement des institutions de recherche en biotechnologies dans un contexte qui connaît peu de répit depuis l'avènement de la Révolution : indicateurs socio-économiques bas, embargo, planification socialiste, isolement géopolitique, crises économiques mondiales, dissolution du bloc soviétique... Elle se poursuit avec une analyse bibliométrique permettant de donner un visage quantitatif des réalisations cubaines dans le domaine : au-delà des réalisations mises de l'avant, dans quelles revues et dans quels domaines les chercheurs cubains en biotechnologie publient-ils ? Avec quels pays collaborent-ils et par quels pays sont-ils cités ? Quelle est leur place dans le monde ? Nous exploiterons l'ensemble de ces indicateurs et de ces éléments historiques pour conclure, au tournant des années deux-mille, à l'existence d'un potentiel scientifique et technique développé mais d'une science aux ressources maigres constamment tenue de rapporter un certain capital économique aussi bien que politique. En cohérence avec la dialectique socialiste propre à l'île, les sciences cubaines, depuis 1959, ne constituent jamais une fin en soi mais restent un moyen politique et social. En 2006 elles le sont encore. Malgré leurs réalisations elles touchent aux limites de la planification et réclament leur indépendance face au politique afin d'exploiter pleinement leur potentiel, bien réel.

Family Characterization of Young Experimental Consumers of Psychoactive Substances Seen in the Toxicology Department at Colsubsidio

This investigation characterized families of adolescents experimenting with psychoactive substances (PAS) consumption. Materials and methods: For this purpose, a qualitative study with a hermeneutical emphasis was conducted among a population of adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 who have experimented with PAS. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients and their families employing a flexible protocol of 14 categories. Results: The findings showed low levels of family cohesion and sense of family identity, inconsistency between educational patterns followed by the parents, as well as deficient parental support. Similarly, the findings indicate significant peer influence during the first stages of consumption of illegal substances. In this regard, the findings suggest that more than providing physical satisfaction, consumption represents a form of acquiring prestige and social position while granting a sensation of psychological, emotional and social well-being. Conclusions: Parental influence was also found considerable in regarding the consumption of legal PAS, like alcohol and tobacco. The study identified as a high-priority need to promote and incorporate communication and conflict resolution skills within the family dynamics by means of prevention and monitoring programs. Those skills and programs would be aimed at providing parents of adolescents experimenting with PAS consumption with new educational tools to orientate new raising guidelines so as to respond appropriately to the problems identified in this study.

As atitudes dos professores face à inclusão de alunos com deficiência no Ensino Regular

As sociedades actuais caracterizam-se pela mudança, complexidade e diversidade cultural. De dia para dia assistimos cada vez mais à passagem das responsabilidades educativas da comunidade para a escola, assumindo esta, um papel preponderante na formação dos nossos jovens. O professor, é assim, considerado um elemento chave na construção de uma escola inclusiva e para que haja uma efectiva mudança da escola e das estratégias da sala de aula (Costa, 1999). O objectivo deste estudo é investigar as atitudes dos professores, determinando como estes percepcionam as suas Competências e de que forma essas atitudes são influenciadas, ou não, tendo em conta a experiência profissional, o grupo disciplinar a que pertencem, a experiência no ensino de alunos com deficiência e a formação inicial cujas áreas de estudo, estiveram directamente relacionados com a deficiência. A amostra deste estudo foi constituída por um total de 741 professores do ensino regular (534 afectos ao género feminino e 207 afectos ao género masculino). Foi aplicado o questionário APIAD – Atitudes dos Professores face à Inclusão de Alunos com Deficiência (Leitão, 2011), inferido através da resposta a 14 afirmações, em que cada uma delas deverá ser relacionado com 4 condições de deficiência (deficiência visual, deficiência auditiva, deficiência mental e deficiência motora). Concluiu-se então que, relativamente ao Grupo Disciplinar, as diferenças significativas se encontram entre os professores de Educação Física e os professores de Humanidades e de Ciências, sendo que os primeiros têm uma atitude mais positiva relativamente às suas competências. Quanto ao Contacto com a Deficiência, os resultados indicaram que os professores que têm experiência no ensino de alunos com deficiência têm uma atitude mais positiva relativamente às suas competências. No que se refere à Experiência Profissional, os nossos resultados encontram diferenças significativas entre os professores com menos anos de experiência e os professores com mais anos de experiência, sendo que os primeiros têm uma atitude mais positiva relativamente às suas competências Por último, em relação à Formação Inicial, os professores cujas áreas de estudo, na sua formação inicial, estiveram directamente relacionados com deficiência têm uma atitude mais positiva relativamente às suas competências. ABSTRACT: Today, societies are characterized by change, complexity and cultural diversity. Each day, we saw more and more responsibilities passing from the educational community to school, assuming that a major role in the formation of our youth. Teacher is considered a key element in the building of an inclusive school and for that there is a real change of school and classroom strategies (Costa, 1999). The purpose of this study is to investigate teacher´s attitudes, determining how they perceive their skills and how these attitudes are or aren´t influenced taking into account the professional experience, the subject group they belong to, the experience in students with those particular needs teaching and last, the initial training with chairs that had contact with people with needs. The study sample consisted in a total of 741 teachers of the regular education (534 allocated to the female and 207 assigned to the male gender). We used the questionnaire APIAD - Attitudes of teachers towards the Inclusion of Students with Disabilities (Leitão, 2011), inferred by the response to 14 statements, each one of them should be related to four conditions of disability (visual impairment, hearing impairment, mental retardation and physical disabilities). It was concluded then that for the Disciplinary Group, significant differences are found between the physical education teachers and teachers of Humanities and Sciences, and the former have a more positive attitude to their skills. How to contact the Disability, the results indicated that teachers who have experience teaching students with disabilities have a more positive attitude to their skills. With regard to professional experience, significant differences were found between teachers with fewer years of experience and teachers with more years of experience, and the former have a more positive attitude to their skills. Finally, regarding to initial training, teachers in their initial training formation who have contact with people with disabilities have a more positive attitude to their skills.

Actitudes hacia la lengua náhuatl : Un estudio sociolingüístico con jóvenes de la Ciudad deMéxico.

Nahuatl is one of the indigenous languages in Mexico that is at risk of falling out of use. The research in the last years have showed that this occurs due to the low amount of Nahuatl speakers and the social stigma and discrimination towards the indigenous peoples, among other factors.The studies of language attitudes are relevant when making attempts to revitalize a language. As Mexico City authorities have considered to implement a revitalization project, we wanted to approach the real situation of Nahuatl in that city. Our purpose was to measure the attitudes of young people towards this language. By using a direct method –a questionnaire- we asked two groups of students if they agreed or disagreed with some items about Nahuatl and its speakers. One group had contact with Nahuatl speakers and but not the other one. We compared the results and they showed that the students who have contact with Nahuatl have more positive attitudes than those who don’t have any contact with it. This study also revealed that the reason why the first group showed positive attitudes was solidarity with the Nahuatl speakers. However, the both groups considered that speaking or learning Nahuatl cannot contribute to raise their status in the Mexican society.

Uma análise crítica da efetividade das competências da ANATEL para execução da sua missão institucional

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as competências da ANATEL, para verificar até que ponto a efetividade das suas competências impactam o alcance da sua missão institucional. Procura analisar se a tão propalada "independência", atribuída a essa organização, é respaldada pela efetividade de suas competências e pela introdução de componentes de flexibilidade e pela autonomia ao seu modelo de gestão, de modo a permitir que ela alcance a sua missão. A metodologia de trabalho incluiu a pesquisa documental e a realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com agentes que interagem com a organização. A efetividade das competências foi analisada de acordo com critérios pré-definidos, utilizando como apoio uma Matriz Multicritério, construída especificamente para este fim, tendo, em seguida, sido verificada a relação dessa efetividade com o alcance da missão da agência. A relevância deste estudo prende-se à ênfase dada à atuação das agências reguladoras brasileiras, cuja implantação tem suscitado múltiplos debates, que vão desde as questões de natureza jurídica àquelas relacionadas com os impactos de sua atuação. Justifica-se, também, pela oportunidade de analisar até que ponto a realidade das agências reguladoras encontra-se em consonância com as bases conceituais que lhe deram origem Os resultados obtidos levaram a conclusões que alertam os administradores das agências reguladoras; os responsáveis pela formulação das políticas públicas; e os responsáveis pelo controle das organizações públicas a reverem os referenciais adotados na gestão e no controle daquelas organizações. Quer, além disso, estimular o debate e a continuidade de pesquisas sobre o tema.

Determinantes de rentabilidade de empresas apoiadas pelo Programa BNDES de Desenvolvimento da Indústria de Software - BNDES PROSOFT Empresa

Este estudo objetiva analisar fatores que impactam a lucratividade de companhias beneficiadas com o Programa para Desenvolvimento da Indústria Nacional de Software e Serviços de TI – BNDES PROSOFT. A análise da lucratividade permeia diversos estudos no país e no exterior e é de suma importância para a realização de políticas públicas de qualidade. Para a avaliação, foram elencados diferentes aspectos microeconômicos, incluindo informações contábeis, de emprego, localização da empresa, segmento de atuação, entre outros, utilizando a metodologia de dados em painel. Dentre os resultados obtidos, pode-se destacar o impacto positivo do nível da escolaridade da equipe, lucratividade observada no exercício anterior, maior retorno das empresas menores frente às de maior porte. Houve penalidade no lucro daquelas companhias voltadas para fabricação de hardware, com equipes maiores. Constatou-se, também, um decréscimo no lucro de empresas no ano em que contrataram financiamentos com o BNDES, estas que foram posteriormente beneficiadas, no momento da implantação do projeto.

The use of software Mapavox for teaching graphics and games to blind and low vision students: a development through practices

Current policies on education to visually impaired point for a growing trend of including students with special educational needs in regular schools. However, most often this inclusion is not accompanied by an appropriate professional trained or infrastructure, which has been presented as a big problem for regular school teachers who have students with visual impairments in their classroom. Based on this situation, the Group of Extension in Tactile Cartography from UNESP - University of the State of São Paulo - Campus de Rio Claro - SP - Brazil has been developing educational material of geography and cartography to blind students at a special school. Among the materials developed in this study highlight the development of graphics and board games provided with sound capabilities through MAPAVOX, software developed in partnership with UFRJ - Federal University from Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil. Through this software, sound capabilities can be inserted into built materials, giving them a multi-sensory character. In most cases the necessary conditions for building specific materials to students with visual impairments is expensive and beyond the reach of features from a regular school, so the survey sought to use easy access and low cost materials like Cork, leaf aluminum, material for fixing and others. The development of these materials was supported by preparation in laboratory and its subsequent test through practices involving blind students. The methodology used on the survey is based on qualitative research and non comparative analysis of the results. In other words, the material is built based on the special students perception and reality construction, not being mere adaptations of visual materials, but a construction focused on the reality of the visually impaired. The results proved were quite successful as the materials prepared were effective on mediating the learning process of students with disabilities. Geographical and cartographic concepts were seized by the students through the technology used, associated with the use of materials that took into account in its building process the perception of the students.

Educação inclusiva e formação continuada: contribuições dos casos de ensino para os processos de aprendizagem e desenvolvimento profissional de professores

This study focuses on processes of learning and professional development experienced by elementary school teachers who have students with special educational needs in their classrooms. Cases and case methods can be used as methodological resource to articulate the continued training of teachers in an inclusive perspective. This research-intervention adopted a constructive-collaborative model for continued teachers formation. The main objective was to investigate the possible contributions of teaching cases, while investigative and formative strategies, for the processes of learning and professional development of teachers who work in the regular school. The data were collected by means of analytical activities, drafting collective discussion and teaching cases, having eight teachers as participants in a regular public school, located in the municipality of Natal/RN, Brasil. The theoretical reference covers the inclusive education, teaching learning, teachers professional development, the knowledge base for teaching and teaching cases as a resource for continued teachers formation in an inclusive perspective. The results indicated that teaching cases allowed description and analysis of educational practices developed by regular education teachers and adoption of reflective processes about situations reported and on their own pedagogical actuation, achieving indications of changes. It also indicates the contribution of cases for the clarification, systematization and extension of professional knowledge about inclusive education process as well as for involvement by the teachers of the study in a pedagogical thinking process. The lessons learned are related mainly to own role as teachers of regular education, to the role of professional support and specialized institutions faced to school inclusion. The analyses showed the methodological option was suitable to develop a schoolcentric training process, allowing teachers to seek in their actual environment alternatives for construction of a new logic of teaching that encloses diversity. The conclusion is that the cases, while bringing educational situations closer to the reality experienced by teachers in their daily professional role, causes relevant improvement on teachers education, because it offers training in conjunction with the experience and knowledge that teachers already have

Educação inclusiva e formação continuada: contribuições dos casos de ensino para os processos de aprendizagem e desenvolvimento profissional de professores

This study focuses on processes of learning and professional development experienced by elementary school teachers who have students with special educational needs in their classrooms. Cases and case methods can be used as methodological resource to articulate the continued training of teachers in an inclusive perspective. This research-intervention adopted a constructive-collaborative model for continued teachers formation. The main objective was to investigate the possible contributions of teaching cases, while investigative and formative strategies, for the processes of learning and professional development of teachers who work in the regular school. The data were collected by means of analytical activities, drafting collective discussion and teaching cases, having eight teachers as participants in a regular public school, located in the municipality of Natal/RN, Brasil. The theoretical reference covers the inclusive education, teaching learning, teachers professional development, the knowledge base for teaching and teaching cases as a resource for continued teachers formation in an inclusive perspective. The results indicated that teaching cases allowed description and analysis of educational practices developed by regular education teachers and adoption of reflective processes about situations reported and on their own pedagogical actuation, achieving indications of changes. It also indicates the contribution of cases for the clarification, systematization and extension of professional knowledge about inclusive education process as well as for involvement by the teachers of the study in a pedagogical thinking process. The lessons learned are related mainly to own role as teachers of regular education, to the role of professional support and specialized institutions faced to school inclusion. The analyses showed the methodological option was suitable to develop a schoolcentric training process, allowing teachers to seek in their actual environment alternatives for construction of a new logic of teaching that encloses diversity. The conclusion is that the cases, while bringing educational situations closer to the reality experienced by teachers in their daily professional role, causes relevant improvement on teachers education, because it offers training in conjunction with the experience and knowledge that teachers already have

Caracterização física e sensorial do café produzido nas condições topoclimáticas de Jesuitas, Paraná

Climatic variations influence formation and maturation of coffee grains by altering their intrinsic characteristics, which call allow for several types of coffee qualities, including the potential for production of special coffee. This study was carried out to verify the effect of environmental conditions and crop cultivation on chemical composition and their consequences in cup quality of coffees from region of Jesuitas, Parana State. During the same crop season this study was accomplished (2002-2003), cup quality was evaluated among the producers in several coffee-growing municipalities in Parana State. It was observed that 86% of samples were classified simply as "soft" (smooth flavor) or "hard" (bolder flavor), and 14% were classified as rioysh/rio (strong unpleasant taste). The results concluded that the practices adopted by producers, who have collaborated with the study, reflected positively oil the final cup quality, when compared to the overall quality results in the State. The climatic conditions and practices of crop management and harvest ill the Jesuitas region made for bolder coffee with low acidity, comparable to high quality coffees produced in Brazil and abroad.

Inserção de alunos com deficiência no ensino regular: perfil da cidade de Marília

Objetivou-se com esse estudo identificar o perfil de professores de ensino regular da cidade de Marília que tinham alunos com deficiências matriculados em suas salas de aula, bem como o perfil da clientela atendida por estes professores. Participaram do estudo 68 professores da cidade de Marília - SP que tinham alunos com deficiência matriculados em suas salas. O instrumento de coleta de dados utilizado foi um questionário contendo 13 questões divididas em 2 partes: 1) identificação dos participantes e 2) identificação dos alunos com deficiência. Os dados colhidos nos questionários foram submetidos à análise da freqüência absoluta e relativa. Foram identificadas 10 categorias. de acordo com os resultados dessa pesquisa, concluiu-se que a inserção do aluno com deficiência no ensino regular ocorre com a modificação da formação que favorece ao profissional o conhecimento e a compreensão das distintas formas de aprendizagem do seu alunado, a fim de estruturar sua própria prática pedagógica para atender, com qualidade, a diversidade.

Inclusão escolar pela via da colaboração entre educação especial e educação regular

A preocupação sobre as práticas inclusivas nas escolas públicas no Brasil começou após a Declaração de Salamanca, com desafios e dúvidas. Ainda hoje, passados cerca de 15 anos, os professores do ensino regular se queixam dizendo que não têm conhecimento suficiente ou preparo formal para lidar com crianças com necessidades educacionais especiais, especialmente quando estas apresentam disfunções graves, como paralisia cerebral, deficiência intelectual e comportamentos desafiadores. A colaboração entre profissionais da Educação Especial e Regular pode ser uma alternativa para enfrentar tais desafios. O objetivo deste relato foi o de apresentar um breve histórico de um programa de pesquisa, ensino e extensão que busca aproximar a Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar) dos professores do ensino comum que têm alunos com necessidades especiais em suas salas de aula. Iniciado em 2004, este programa está na atualidade em seu sétimo ano de execução e envolve professores da universidade, estudantes de graduação e pós-graduação e professores do ensino comum. Os resultados parecem apontar essa via de colaboração entre Educação Especial e Regular como um caminho promissor para a construção de escolas mais inclusivas.

Concepção do professor de educação física sobre a inclusão do aluno com deficiência

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Habilidades funcionais de alunos com deficiência matriculados no ensino infantil: avaliação de professores

Pós-graduação em Educação - FFC

Entre elas: cartografias dos devires amorosos

Pós-graduação em Psicologia - FCLAS