Participação social e designação de espécie-bandeira: ações complementares à conservação de um parque estadual em área urbana

Facing environmental problems the planet appears several alternative preventive and control on behalf of the equation between development and environmental protection. One of the alternatives implemented in Brazil to conservation of biodiversity was the creation of protected natural areas regulated by the National System of Conservation Units (SNUC). This is an integrated study of the Comunication / Environmental Conservation, which prioritizes social participation as a complementary in the conservation process, the particular case of the Dunas do Natal State Park, the first conservation area in Rio Grande do Norte, for full protection. It takes into account the roles environmental, scientific and Park, which harbors a unique biodiversity, including endemic species and the fact being located in an urban area. It proposes the use of two complementary instruments, such as strategies for conservation. Considering the various individual experiences, it was analyzed the perception that the community is directly related to the Park. From this promoted the democratization of information about the park, its biodiversity and conservation. As another conservation tool, it was suggested the use of a flagship species for the park, or a body chosen symbol for environmental or social reasons, in order to protect and conserve certain natural environments, from the understanding and co -community participation. In this case, as proposed flag Coleodactylus natalensis species, the lizard-the-litter, to be endemic remnants of Atlantic Forest Park as having the type locality, be one of the smallest species of the world, South America's lowest-dependent shadow of the forest, sensitive to human action and therefore very vulnerable. This suggestion finds support in the degree of public acceptance that interacts directly with the Park, as a result of the evaluation of their perceptions. It was further observed in this study that this symbology to be used in order to promote the democratization of the Park and its biodiversity has an identification result, curiosity and probable involvement of the population with the issues of the Park

Insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção normal

A insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção normal (ICFEN) é uma síndrome complexa que vem sendo largamente estudada, desde a última década. É causada por disfunção ventricular diastólica evidenciada por métodos complementares, como estudo hemodinâmico ou ecocardiograma, na presença de fração de ejeção preservada. Acomete preferencialmente indivíduos mais idosos e com comorbidades, como hipertensão arterial sistêmica, insuficiência coronariana e obesidade. Os mecanismos fisiopatológicos são complexos e multifatoriais, envolvendo a rigidez passiva do miocárdio, a geometria ventricular, a força de contenção do pericárdio e a interação entre os ventrículos. Os objetivos principais do tratamento são reduzir a congestão venosa pulmonar, a frequência cardíaca e controlar as comorbidades. Ainda não há evidências fortes de que o uso de medicações específicas, como inibidores de enzima de conversão ou betabloqueadores, interfiram na mortalidade. Os fatores de pior prognóstico incluem a idade avançada, presença de disfunção renal, diabete, classe funcional III e IV (NYHA) e estágio avançado de disfunção diastólica, com padrão restritivo ao enchimento ventricular. Outro aspecto que vem ganhando espaço na literatura é o questionamento do papel da disfunção sistólica nos quadros de ICFEN. Todos esses aspectos são abordados detalhadamente na presente revisão.

Mecanismos de alojamento de magmas granitóides :exemplo do plúton de Japi(RN)

This dissertation describes the igneous suites of the Japi granitoid pluton, intrusive in the Paleoproterozoic gneiss-migmatite complex of the eastern domain of the Seridó Belt, northeastern Brazil. Field relations show that the pluton is affected by strong deformation associated to the Brasiliano orogeny (known as the D3 phase) , with a NW-trending extensionalleft-hand senestral shear zone (the Japi Shear Zone, JSZ) bordering the intrusive body to the west. Four plutonic suites are found in the main pluton and as satellyte intrusions, besides Iate pegmatite and pink leucogranites. An alkaline granitoid suite, dominated by syenogranites bearing sodic augite (and subordinate hornblende), define a main elliptical intrusion. In its northern part, this intrusion is made up by concentric sheets, contrasting with a smaller rounded stock to the south. These granites display a pervasive solid-state S>L fabric developed under high T conditions, characterized by plastic deformation of quartz and feldspar. It is especially, developed along the border of the pluton, with inward dips. A regular magmatic layering is present sometimes, parallel to the tectonic foliation. The syntectonic emplacement as regards to the Brasiliano (D3) event is indicated by the common occurrence of dykes and sheets along transtensional or extensional sites of the major structure. Field relations attest to the early emplacement of the alkaline granites as regards to the other suites. A basic-to-intermediate suite occurs as a western satellyte body and occupying the southern tail of the main alkaline pluton. It comprises a wide variety of compositional terms, including primitive gabbros and gabbro-norites, differentiated to monzonitic intermediate facies containing amphibole and biotite as their main mafic phases. These rocks display transitional high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic affinities. Porphyritic monzogranite suítes commonly occur as dykes and minor intrusives, isolated or associated with the basic-tointermediate rocks. In the latter case, magma mingling and mixing features attest that these are contemporaneous igneous suites. These granites show K-feldspar phenocrysts and a hornblende+biotite+titanite assemblage, displaying subalkaline/monzonitic geochemical affinities. Both suites exhibit SL magmatic fabrics overprinting or transitional to solid-state D3 deformation related to the JSI. Chemical data clearly show that they are related to different parental magmas. Finally, a microgranite suite occurs along a few topographic ridges paralell to the JSI. It comprises dominantly granodiorites with a mineralogy similar to the one of the porphyritic granitoids. However, discriminant diagrams show their distinct calc-alkaline affinity. The granodiorites display an essencially magmatic fabric, even though an incipient D3 solid-state structure may be developed along the JSI. Intrusion relationships with the previous suites, as well as regards to the D3 structures, point to their Iate emplacement. All these suites are intrusive in a Paleoproterozoic, high-grade gneiss-migmatite complex affected by two previous deformation phases (D1, D2). The fabrics associated with these earlier events are folded and overprinted by the younger D3 structures along the JSZ. The younger deformation is characterized by NE-dipping foliations and N/NE-plunging stretching lineations. In the JSZ northern termination the foliation acquires an ENE orientation, containing a stretching lineation plunging to the south. Symmetric kinematic cri teria developed at this site confirms the transpressional termination of the JSZ, as also shown by orthorrombic quartz c-axis patterns. E-W-trending d extra I shear zones developed in the central part of the JSZ are interpreted as antithetic structures associated to the transtensional deformation along the JSZ. This is consistent with its extensional-transcurrent kinematics and a flat-and-ramp geometry at depth, as shown by gravimetric data. The lateral displacement of the negative residual Bouguer anomalies, as regards to the main outcropping alkaline pluton, may be modelized by other deeper-seated granite bodies. Based on numerical modelling it was possible to infer two distinct intrusion styles for the alkaline pluton. The calculated model values are consistent with an emplacement by sheeting for the northern body, as already suggested by satellyte imagery and field mapping. On the other hand, the results point to a transition towards a diapir-related style associated to the smaller. southern stock. This difference in intrusion styles may relate to intensity variations and transtensional sites of the shear deformation along the JSZ. Trace element and Sr and Nd isotopes of the alkaline granites are compatible with their derivation trom a more basic crustal source, as compared to the presently outcropping highgrade gneisses, with participation (or alternatively dominated by) of an enriched lithospheric mantle component. Like other igneous suites in the Seridó Belt, the high LlL contents and fractionated REE patterns of the basic rocks also point to an enriched mantle as the source for this kind of magmatism. Geochemical and isotope data are compatible with a lower crustal origin for the porphyritic granites. On the basis of the strong control of the JSZ on the emplacement of lower crustal (porphyritic and alkaline granites) or lithospheric mantle (basic rocks, alkaline granites or a component of them) magmas, one may infer a deep root for this structure, bearing an important role in magma extraction, transport and emplacement in the Japi region, eastern domain of the Seridó Belt

Sarcopenia da caquexia reumatoide: conceituação, mecanismos, consequências clínicas e tratamentos possíveis

A caquexia relacionada à artrite reumatoide é conceituada como perda involuntária de massa magra, predominantemente de músculo esquelético, que também ocorre em vísceras e sistema imune, com massa gorda estável ou um pouco elevada e com pequena ou nenhuma perda de peso. A causa é multifatorial, incluindo a produção acentuada de citocinas, principalmente TNF± e IL-1², diminuição da ação periférica da insulina e pouca atividade física. A caquexia se faz presente em doentes com AR ativa ou mesmo inativa. Neste artigo discutem-se aspectos relacionados à patogenia, implicações clínicas e possíveis opções terapêuticas.

Mecanismos da intoxicação do fígado de rato causada pelo gossipol

O fígado desempenha uma função central no metabolismo devido à sua interposição entre o trato digestivo e a circulação geral do organismo. Ele é também o principal órgão envolvido na biotransformação de substâncias exógenas (xenobióticos), com capacidade de converter compostos hidrofóbicos em hidrossolúveis, mais facilmente eliminados pelo organismo. O gossipol é uma substância fenólica tóxica presente na semente de algodão (Gossypium sp). Com o objetivo de estudar os mecanismos envolvidos na hepatotoxicidade do gossipol avaliou-se os seus efeitos no sistema antioxidante do fígado de ratos no que diz respeito ao estresse oxidativo e aspectos histopatológicos. Foram utilizados ratos machos da linhagem Wistar, separados em dois grupos, sendo que um recebeu óleo de canola (veículo, grupo Controle) e o outro recebeu gossipol na dosagem de 40 mg/kg de peso vivo do animal por 15 dias (grupo Tratado). O tratamento com gossipol promoveu alterações na atividade sérica das enzimas marcadoras de dano hepático e um significativo estresse oxidativo caracterizado pela diminuição nos níveis da glutationa reduzida (GSH) e consequente aumento da glutationa oxidada (GSSG), incluindo, ainda, danos à membrana plasmática e de organelas demonstrados pela peroxidação lipídica. O resultado da avaliação histopatológica demonstrou degeneração dos hepatócitos.

Avaliação da celulase e pectinase como enzimas complementares, no processo de hidrólise-sacarificação do farelo de mandioca para produção de etanol

Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar o uso de enzimas complementares no processo enzimático de hidrólise e sacarificação para a produção de etanol a partir do resíduo fibroso das fecularias. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que 63,42% do amido foram hidrolisados no tratamento em que não se utilizaram enzimas complementares. No tratamento com as duas enzimas complementares foram hidrolisados 89,55%, no tratamento com celulase 65,42% e no tratamento com pectinase 88,73%. A prensagem do resíduo após o processo de hidrólise e sacarificação mostrou-se eficiente, ficando 10,43% do total de açúcares obtidos retidos no resíduo fibroso final. Portanto, o tratamento em que se utilizou a pectinase como enzima complementar na hidrólise foi o melhor. A celulase não apresentou efeito significativo no rendimento do processo.

Abordagens complementares para problemas de p-medianas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Atelectasia pulmonar em cães durante anestesia geral

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Mecanismos celulares e moleculares que controlam o desenvolvimento e o crescimento muscular

O músculo estriado esquelético é formado pela associação de fibras musculares com a matriz extracelular. Esse tecido possui alta plasticidade e o conhecimento das características morfológicas, da miogênese, e da dinâmica do crescimento é importante para o entendimento da morfofisiologia bem como para a seleção de animais visando a melhoria na produção de carne. A maioria dos músculos estriados originam-se de células precursoras do mesoderma a partir dos somitos do embrião e o controle da diferenciação ocorre pela ação de fatores indutores ou inibidores. Um grupo de fatores transcricionais, pertencentes à família MyoD tem um papel central na diferenciação muscular. Coletivamente chamados de Fatores de Regulação Miogênica (MRFs), são conhecidos quatro tipos: MyoD, myf-5, miogenina e MRF4. Esses fatores ligam-se à seqüências de DNA conhecidas como Ebox (CANNTG) na região promotora de vários genes músculo-específicos, levando à expressão dos mesmos. As células embrionárias com potencial para diferenciação em células musculares (células precursoras miogênicas) expressam MyoD e Myf-5 e são denominadas de mioblastos. Essas células proliferam, saem do ciclo celular, expressam miogenina e MRF4, que regulam a fusão e a diferenciação da fibra muscular. Uma população de mioblastos que se diferencia mais tardiamente, as células miossatélites, são responsáveis pelo crescimento muscular no período pós natal, que pode ocorrer por hiperplasia e hipertrofia das fibras. As células satélites quiescentes não expressam os MRFs, porém, sob a ação de estímulos como fatores de crescimento ou citocinas, ocorre a ativação desse tipo celular que prolifera e expressa os MRFs de maneira similar ao que ocorre com as células precursoras miogênicas durante a miogênese. Os mecanismos de crescimento muscular são regulados pela expressão temporal dos (MRFs), que controlam a expressão dos genes relacionados com o crescimento muscular.

Mecanismos de absorção de aminoácidos e oligopeptídios. Controle e implicações na dietoterapia humana

The mechanisms involved in the absorption of amino acids and oligopeptides are reviewed regarding their implications in human feedings. Brush border and basolateral membranes are crossed by amino acids and di-tripeptides by passive (facilitated or simple diffusion) or active (Na + or H + co-transporters) pathways. Active Na +-dependent system occurs mainly at brush border and simple diffusion at basolateral, both membranes have the passive facilitated transport. Free-amino acids use either passive or active transport systems whereas di-tripeptides do mainly active (H + co-transporter). Brush border have distinctive transport system for amino acids and di-tripeptides. The former occurs mainly by active Na + dependency whereas the later is active H +-dependent with little affinity for tetra or higher peptides. Free amino acids are transported at different speed by saturable, competitive carriers with specificity for basic, acidic or neutral amino acids. Di and tripeptides have at least two carriers both electrogenic and H +-dependent. The basolateral membrane transport of amino acids is mostly by facilitated diffusion while for di-tripeptides it is an active anion exchange associated process. The main regulation of amino acids and di-tripeptide transport is the presence o substrate at the mucosal membrane with higher the substrate higher the absorption. Di and tripeptides are more efficiently absorbed than free amino acids which in turns are better absorbed than oligopeptides. So di-tripeptides result in better N-retention and is particularly useful in cases of lower intestinal absorption capacity. The non-absorbed peptides are digested and fermented by colonic bacteria resulting short-chain fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids, phenolic compounds and ammonia. Short-chain fatty acid provides energy for colonocytes and bacteria and the ammonia not fixed by bacteria returns to the liver for ureagenesis.

Mecanismos de ação e controle da digestão de proteínas e peptídios em humanos

This review aims to report the major control mechanisms of protein and peptides digestion of special interest in human patients. Regarding protein assimilation its digestive process begins at the stomach with some not so indispensable actions comparatively to those of duodenal/jejunal lumen. However even the intestine processes are partially under gastric secretion control. Proteolytic enzyme activities are related to protein structure and amino acid constituents, tertiary and quartenary structures need HCl - denaturation prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. Thereafter the exopeptidases are guided by either NH 2 (aminopeptidases) or COOH (carboxypeptidases) terminals of the molecule while endopeptidases are oriented by the specific amino acids constituents of the peptide. Both dietary and luminal secreted proteins and polypeptides undergo to either limited or complete proteolysis resulting basic or neutral free-amino acids (40%) or dioctapeptides. The brush border peptidases continue to degrade oligopeptide to di-tripeptides and neutral free-amino acids. Some peptides are uptaked by the enterocytes whose cytosolic peptidases complete the hydrolysis. Hence the digestive products flowing in the portal vein are mainly free-amino acids from either luminal or cytosolic hydrolysis and some di-tripeptides intactly absorbed. Both mechanical and chemical processes of digestion are under neural (vagal), neuroendocrinal(acetilcholine),endocrinal(gastrin, secretin and cholecystokinin) or paracrinal (histamine) controls. The gastric phase (hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen secretions) is activated by gastrin, histamine and acetilcholine which respond to both dietary-amino acids (tryptophan and phenylalanine) and mechanic distention of stomach. The pancreatic secretion is stimulated by either cephalic or gastric phases and has influence on the intestinal phase of digestion. The intestinal types of cells S and I release secretin and cholecystokinin respectively in response of acid quimo (cells S) or amino acids and peptides (cells I) in the lumen. Secretin stimulates the releasing of water, bicarbonate and enteropeptidases whereas cholecystokinin acts on pancreatic enzymes.

Mecanismos de pago y contratación del régimen contributivo dentro del marco de seguridad social en Colombia

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Os mercados de trabalho, a proteção dos trabalhadores e a aprendizagem continuada em uma economia global: Experiências e perspectivas da América Latina e o Caribe

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Las políticas de promoción de la competitividad en la Argentina: principales instituciones e instrumentos de apoyo y mecanismos de articulación público-privada

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