Plantas nativas como fuente de biopesticidas: explorando distintas interacciones planta-organismo blanco dirigidas al control de plagas, malezas y microorganismos.

Continuando con nuestra búsqueda de biopesticidas de potencia relevante en plantas nativas, en este proyecto nos concentraremos en encontrar sustancias que controlen eficientemente hormigas cortadoras, moscas, cucarachas, mosquitos y malezas. En la primera parte del presente proyecto se determinará mediante aislamiento bioguiado, los principios activos de las plantas que en un trabajo anterior, mostraron mayor inhibición del forrajeo de la hormiga Acromyrmex lundi, Aristolochia argentina y Lantana grisebachii, como también de aquellas que inhibieron al hongo simbionte aislado del nido, A. argentina y Flourensia oolepis. Posteriromente se evaluará la efectividad de estos extractos y principios activos a campo contra A. lundi determinando dosis efectivas para inhibir el forrajeo y/o el desarrollo del hongo simbionte. Luego se extenderá los resultados a otras especies de hormigas cortadoras como A. crassispinus y A. striatus. En segundo lugar proponemos el desarrollo de una metodología para aumentar la efectividad de aceites esenciales (AE) y terpenos (T) contra distintas plagas domésticas aprovechando la interacción de componentes de aceites esenciales en la intoxicación del insecto. Hemos demostrado que Musca domestica al ser fumigada con T puros, por separado, oxida a la mayoría de ellos mediante citocromo P450. Sin embargo cuando es fumigada con AE (mezcla de T) detoxifica al T mayoritario preferentemente, mientras que los T minoritarios están en condiciones de intoxicar al insecto ya que no serían blanco del P450. En este proyecto determinaremos la DL50 de 10 T en moscas tratadas y sin tratar con un inhibidor de P450 (butóxido de piperonilo). Con estos datos podremos elegir mezclas de terpenos tales que uno de ellos sea blanco de P450 y otro/s intoxiquen al insecto. Nos proponemos verificar este mecanismo en M. domestica y luego extenderlo a otros insectos domésticos (cucarachas, mosquitos). Este estudio facilitará el desarrollo de bioinsecticidas mas eficientes para cada insecto disminuyendo sus costos y favoreciendo su aplicación futura. En la tercera parte de este proyecto proponemos aislar los principios activos fitotóxicos de Cortadeira rudiuscula y Ophryosporus charua, cuyos extractos inhibieron selectivamente la germinación de mono- y dicotiledóneas, respectivamente. También se determinará el tiempo de vida media en suelo, y la dosis efectiva a campo con el fin de evaluar a dichas especies como futuros herbicidas naturales selectivos.

Flutuação de Diptera em granja avícola, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

In order to investigate the population fluctuation of Diptera in a poultry house in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, six collection methods were utilized: 1 (0 to 7 day-old feces from chickens), 2 (7 to 14 day-old feces), 3 (14 to 21 day-old feces), 4 (0 to 21 day-old feces), 5 (accumulated feces) and 6 (tube trap). Analyses of polynomial regression were accomplished independent of the collection method. The survey was conducted from August 1998 to July 1999 in chicken houses at the Conjunto Agrotécnico Visconde da Graça. A total of 28,720 Diptera were collected, including the following species: Coproica sp. and Telomerina flavipes (Meigen, 1830) (15,640); Drosophila repleta Wollaston, 1858 (9,229); Dohrniphora cornuta (Bigot, 1857) (2,539); Ischiolepta scabricula (Haliday, 1833) (544); Lestodiplosis sp. (320); Muscina stabulans (Fallen, 1817) (159); Musca domestica L., 1758 (143); Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 (95); Telmatoscopus albipunctatus Williston, 1893 (21); Rhegmoclema sp. (14); Fannia canicularis (L., 1761) (7); Stomoxys calcitrans (L., 1758) (2); and unidentified species of Psychodidae (6) and Muscidae (1). The greatest number of species occurred in October, November and December and the fewest in August, September and April. The greatest abundance of Diptera was recorded in October (9,092), while the lowest index of capture was noted in April (658). The population fluctuation was estimated for Coproica sp. and T. flavipes, D. repleta, D. cornuta, I. scabricula and Lestodiplosis sp.

Contribuição ao conhecimento das larvas dos Sarcophagidae com especial referência ao esqueleto cefálico (Diptera)

The author publishes a comparative study of eleven species of Sarcophagid flies and gives a redescription of the larval stages of Musca domestica L. as a model. The work was made upon material obtained from Sarcophagidae reared in the Laboratory. Some of them were parasitic flies from Insects and other invertebrates. Protodexia was reared using the domestic cockroach (Periplaneta americana) instead of the Orthroptera or Mantodea its true hosts. The larvae obtained by dissection of female abdomen was reared in flesh or agarhorse serum. The last proceeding is very good since the skins of all larval stages can be conserved for study and it is possible to observe the ecdyses. Some of the larvae prefer dead snails (Bulimulus and Fruticicola) and is able to destroy larvae of other species found in the same molluscs. The first stage maggot can be obtained by dissections of dried female specimens and furnishes very good characters to determine the species and establish the philogenetical relationship of the genera in the family. Th pseudocephalon presents very curious ornaments or grooves in some species (Oxysarcodexia). Sometimes there is a pigmented capsule covering a great part of the pseudocephalon (Titanogrypa). The cephaloskeletal sclerietes have a peculiar shape and constitution for every species, mainly in the first stage maggot.

The life cycle of Dendritobilharzia anatinarum cheatum, 1941 (Trematoda, Schistosomatidae)

The life cycle of Dendritobilharzia anatinarum was completed experimentally in the laboratory. Cairina moschata domestica (domestic duck) and Biomphalaria straminea served respectively as definitive and intermediate hosts. Eggs passed in duck faeces hatch miracidia in 10 minutes when placed in water. Eight days after the snail infection, the mother sporocyst contains daughter sporocysts ready to migrate. Cercariae are present within the daughter sporocysts 23 days after infection and emerge from the snail on the 25th day. They actively penetrate the skin of the duck and after a prepatent of 39 days, sexually mature trematodes are present in the blood vessels of the bird. The adult parasite is predominantly in the renal-portal system and to a lesser degree in the lungs and mesentery. A detailed morphological description of the egg. miracidium, sporocyst and cercaria is presented.

Substratos utilizados para a criação de dípteros caliptratos em uma área urbana do Município do Rio de Janeiro

Em uma área urbana do município do Rio de Janeiro, foram criados 10.988 dípteros caliptratos, pertencentes a quatro famílias e 22 espécies. As criações foram efetuadas em quatro etapas durante os anos de 1986 a 1987. Foram utilizados como substratos: peixe, fígado, carcaça de camundongo, fezes humanas e caninas, camarão, siri, banana, manga mamaão e tomate. As espécies criadas com maior freqüência foram: Fania sp (subgrupo pusio), Atherigona orientalis, Phaenicia eximia, Paraphrissopoda chrisostoma, Chrisomyia megacephala, Ophyra solitaria, Musca domestica, Synthesiomyia nudiseta, Phaenicia cuprina, Ophyra aenescens, Sarcophagula occidua, Morellia flavicornis, e Sarcodexia innota.

Levantamento de microhimenópteros parasitóides de dípteros de importância, médico-veterinária no Brasil

De larvas e pupas de Musca domestica, Chrysomya albiceps, Cochliomyia homivorax, Stomoxys calcitrans e Syntesiomyia nudiseta coletadas em diversos ambiente, em São Paulo, Paraná, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul e Minas Gerais, foram obtidas dez espécies de microhimenópteros parasitóides da supermamília Chalcidoidea, algumas assinaladas pela primeira vez no Brasil.

Calyptrate diptera (Muscidae and Anthomyidae) of the state of Rio de Janeiro: I. Synanthropy

The synanthropy of Muscidae and Anthomyidae was studied in three ecologically distinct areas of the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. Using baits such row fish, decomposing bovine liver, fresh human faeces and mashed banana it was found that Synthesiomyia nudiseta, Atherigona orientalis, and Musca domestica are highly synanthropic in contrast with Neomuscina pictipenis, Phaonantho devia and Morellia maculipenis found exclusively in the forest.

Capture of Caliptrate flies with different breeding substrates on beaches in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Muscidae flies belonging to four Familia and 13 species in a total number of 3.652 specimens were collected from beaches at Ilha do Governador, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil using different breeding substrates, and subsequently bred in the laboratory. Captures were done from April to November 1989, using in a first phase different substrates: fruits (banana and papaya), vegtable (tomato), animal viscera (bovine liver), marine animals (fish, crab, shrimp, squid), mouse carcass and feaces (human and canine). The species collected more often were: Fannia sp. (subgroup pusio), Chrysomya megacephala, Phaenicia eximia, Synthesiomyia nudiseta, Peckya chrysostoma, Musca domestica and Atherigona orientalis. In a later phase, only fish was used, as bait and placed directly on the beach sand. From a total of 189 pupae, the following adult specimen were obtained: Peckia chrysostoma (58.06%), Chrysomya megacephala (30.64%) and in lesser numbers Synthesiomyia nudiseta and Phaenicia eximia.

Age structure and abundance in populations of muscoid flies from a poultry facility in Southeast Brazil

Muscina stabulans, M. domestica, Chrysomya putoria, C. megacephala and Stomoxys calcitrans were the most abundant muscoid flies captured in a poultry facility in southeastern Brazil. We examined the gonadotrophic profiles of the females caught at different sites and different times and found that Mu. stabulans and M. domestica, the predominant species, presented similar gonadotrophic profiles only when captured on the manure under the cages, but very different and sometimes opposite gonadotrophic profiles when sampled from wooden posts, vegetation or electric cords. We also determined sex ratios and relative abundance for these two species and found significant differences between them. More than 50% of the females of both species of Chrysomya captured on manure carried eggs or exhibited signs of recent oviposition. The vast majority of S. calcitrans presented ovaries with eggs or signs of recent oviposition. A small proportion of them had ovaries in the recent emerged condition. Our data on ovarian stages, sex ratio and relative abundance allowed us to associate different gonadotrophic profiles with each site and characterize each site as a resting, ovipositing or mating site.

Flies (Calliphoridae, Muscidae) and Beetles (Silphidae) from Human Cadavers in Cali, Colombia

Adult specimens of Cochliomyia macellaria, Chrysomya megacephala, Ch. rufifacies, Lucilia sp. (Calliphoridae), Musca domestica (Muscidae), Oxelytrum discicolle (Silphidae) and Sarcophagidae were recovered from 12 human cadavers in Cali, Valle, Colombia. Information regarding these findings is presented.

Quantifying the potential pathogens transmission of the blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

To quantify the potential capability of transporting and passing infective pathogens of some blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Mihályi's danger-index was calculated for seven species. The original equation was modified to include synanthropic information to discriminate between asynanthropic, hemisynanthropic, and eusynanthropic status. Three groups were recognized, of which Phaenicia cluvia and Musca domestica proved the flies with lowest index value (D = 2.93 and 3.00 respectively); Cochliomyia macellaria, Chrysomya albiceps and Sarconesia chlorogaster presented a significantly higher index value (p < 0.10; D = 4.28, 4.44 and 5.66 respectively) and C. megacephala, C. vicina and P. sericata appear to represent the heaviest potential sanitary risk with the highest index value (p < 0.10; D = 15.54, 16.88 and 12.49 respectively).

Domestic, peridomestic and wild hosts in the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Caatinga area colonised by Triatoma brasiliensis

The role played by different mammal species in the maintenance of Trypanosoma cruzi is not constant and varies in time and place. This study aimed to characterise the importance of domestic, wild and peridomestic hosts in the transmission of T. cruzi in Tauá, state of Ceará, Caatinga area, Brazil, with an emphasis on those environments colonised by Triatoma brasiliensis. Direct parasitological examinations were performed on insects and mammals, serologic tests were performed on household and outdoor mammals and multiplex polymerase chain reaction was used on wild mammals. Cytochrome b was used as a food source for wild insects. The serum prevalence in dogs was 38% (20/53), while in pigs it was 6% (2/34). The percentages of the most abundantly infected wild animals were as follows: Thrichomys laurentius 74% (83/112) and Kerodon rupestris 10% (11/112). Of the 749 triatomines collected in the household research, 49.3% (369/749) were positive for T. brasiliensis, while 6.8% were infected with T. cruzi (25/369). In captured animals, T. brasiliensis shares a natural environment with T. laurentius, K. rupestris, Didelphis albiventris, Monodelphis domestica, Galea spixii, Wiedomys pyrrhorhinos, Conepatus semistriatus and Mus musculus. In animals identified via their food source, T. brasiliensis shares a natural environment with G. spixii, K. rupestris, Capra hircus, Gallus gallus, Tropidurus oreadicus and Tupinambis merianae. The high prevalence of T. cruzi in household and peridomiciliar animals reinforces the narrow relationship between the enzootic cycle and humans in environments with T. brasiliensis and characterises it as ubiquitous.

Desenvolvimento de Ophyra albuquerquei Lopes (Diptera, Muscidae) em condições de laboratório

Ophyra albuquerquei may often be a potential predator of Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 in poultry and pig houses in southern Brazil. Here we address the developmental period of immatures stages and their viability. To obtain eggs, larvae and pupae, a colony was established in the laboratory. Adult flies were fed on a diet comprising two parts dry milk, two parts sugar and one part fish flour. Larval diet comprised one part fish flour and one part sawdust and water. The eggs, larvae and pupae were incubated at 26º ± 1ºC, 75% ± 10% R.H. and 12 h photoperiod. The egg to adult cycle took 573 h with a total viability of 64%. The shortest of the stages was the egg stage, which lasted about 20 h. The larval stage had the lowest viability (about 82%) and longest time interval (279 h). Overall, the results of this study show that O. albuquerquei can be readily maintained in the laboratory.

Estratégia Nacional para Energias Domesticas em Cabo Verde

Garantir a sustentabilidade do aprovisionamento de energia para a cocção de alimentos constitui um importante desafio, para Países em Desenvolvimento, particularmente os da Africa Sub-Shaeriana, onde uma faixa significativa das famílias depende de recursos naturais escassos e formas de converter energia para a cocção de alimentos, extremamente poluentes, com impactos negativos para a saúde, qualidade de vida e equilíbrio ecológico e ambiental. A exposição aos subprodutos da combustão da biomassa, particularmente as micropartículas e o monóxido de carbono, figura entre as principais causas de infecções respiratórias crónicas e agudas, que afecta principalmente as mulheres e crianças nas zonas rurais. O relatório da Organização Mundial da Saúde de 2002, classifica o problema da poluição doméstica causada pela queima de combustíveis sólidos como o quarto maior factor de risco para a saúde nos países em desenvolvimento, sendo a maioria das vítimas mulheres, que normalmente são as responsáveis pela preparação das refeições, e recém nascidos e crianças de até cinco anos de idade, que passam parte do tempo perto das cozinhas A utilização destes combustíveis também diminui as oportunidades de desenvolvimento de actividades geradoras de rendimento devido ao facto de as mulheres despenderem uma parte considerável do tempo disponível na procura de lenha e na preparação dos alimentos em fogões pouco eficientes. Por outro lado a crescente procura de lenha para satisfação das necessidades energéticas das famílias, vem exercendo uma grande pressão sobre a frágil cobertura vegetal dos Países destas regiões, com consequências gravosas para o ambiente como a desertificação, degradação dos solos, redução da capacidade de retenção de aguas pluviais etc. Nos últimos tempos, Instituições como a ONU (Millenium Development Goals) e o Banco Mundial (PRSPs) têm realçado a inter relação existente entre o aumento do acesso das populações a fontes de energias modernas e a redução da pobreza, defendendo por isso a implementação de medidas para impulsionar a transição dos agregados pobres do uso de combustíveis tradicionais (biomassa) para energias modernas. Ao nível da região Saheliana foi instituído no âmbito do CILSS o Programa PREDAS - Programa Regional de Promoção das Energias Domesticas e Alternativas no Sahel -, que estabeleceu como objectivos específicos: (i) ajudar os estados membros do CILSS a conceber, adoptar e implementar um plano estratégico para as energias domesticas; (ii) constituir uma rede de profissionais e especialistas Sahelianos na área de energias domestica e iniciar um sistema de informação tecnológica sobre energias; e (iii) ajudar os Estados membros do CILSS a conceber e promover o seguimento ecológico dos recursos lenhosos disponíveis. Em termos de utilização de energias domésticas, a situação de Cabo Verde é muito diferente do contexto dos restantes Países da sub-região, apresentando actualmente níveis de consumo percapita de GPL muito superiores. No entanto, nas zonas rurais e periferias dos centros urbanos a lenha e os resíduos são ainda os principais recursos energéticos utilizados na preparação dos alimentos. Estas preocupações estão identificadas em documentos de carácter estratégicos já elaborados nomeadamente: O IV Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento, O Plano Energético Nacional (PEN), O Plano de Acção Florestal Nacional (PAFN), O Plano Estratégico de Desenvolvimento da Agricultura, o Documento de Estratégia de Crescimento e Redução da Pobreza (DERCP) e o Plano de Acção Nacional para o Ambiente (PANA II). É neste contexto que se enquadra a elaboração do presente documento “ Estratégia Nacional para Energias Domesticas em Cabo Verde”, visto como um instrumento integrador das políticas concernentes ao sector de energias domésticas definidos nos planos nacionais.

Synanthropy and ecological aspects of Muscidae (Diptera) in a tropical dry forest ecosystem in Colombia

The synanthropic index and other ecological aspects of the Muscidae family were evaluated through simultaneous monthly sampling in three different environments (urban, rural and forest) using van Someren-Rydon traps baited with human faeces, chicken viscera and decomposing fish and onion. Four traps were set up in each environment (one per bait item) for 48 hours per month, with samples taken every 12 hours. A total of 5726 specimens were collected, belonging to 19 species and 13 genera. Brontaea normata (+99,9), Brontaea quadristigma (+96,9), Synthesiomyia nudiseta (+96,5), Ophyra aenescens (+96,2), Musca domestica (+95,7) and Atherigona orientalis (+93,8) had the highest synanthropic indices, showing a marked preference for human environments. The most abundant species were B. normata (24,31%), Biopyrellia bipuncta (20,60%) and Pseudoptilolepis nigripoda (15,82%), the latter two showed a preference for uninhabited areas. A total of 11 new records for Colombia were found: Ophyra aenescens, Cyrtoneuropsis pararescita, Morellia basalis, Neomuscina dorsipuncta, Biopyrellia bipuncta, Pseudoptilolepis nigripoda, Neomuscina instabilis, Neomuscina currani, Polietina orbitalis, Neomuscina pictipennis and Cyrtoneuropsis maculipennis. Except for the first four species, the remainder presented negative synantrophy indexes (from minor to major), which would allow to use them as ecological indicators of the disturbance degree of dry forests in Colombia.