Risposta delle comunità meio e macro bentoniche alla presenza di differenti tipologie di strutture di difesa costiera

Lo studio è stato effettuato nell’ambito del progetto Theseus; il mio lavoro mirava a valutare la risposta dei popolamenti meio e macrobentonici alla presenza di diverse tipologie di strutture di difesa costiera. Sono stati presi in esame a tal fine oltre al sito di campionamento di Cesenatico sud, con presenza di barriere emerse anche il sito di Cesenatico nord, con presenza di barriere semisommerse, per poter effettuare un confronto. Il campionamento è stato fatto nella zona intertidale dove sono stati prese oltre alle variabili biotiche di macro e meiofauna anche quelle abiotiche (granulometria e sostanza organica). Sono stati scelti sei transetti in maniera random, 3 livelli di marea fissi l’alta, la media e la bassa (H, M, L) e due repliche (A e B) per un totale di 36 campioni per ogni variabile presa in esame. Dopo la fase di trattamento dei campioni in laboratorio state fatte in seguito analisi univariate effettuando l’ANOVA sia sui dati biotici di abbondanza numero di taxa e indice di diversità di Shannon di macro e meiobenthos sia sulle singole variabili ambientali di TOM, mediana, classazione, shell mean (capulerio). Sono state fatte anche analisi multivariate; per quanto riguarda i dati biotici sono state effettuate analisi di MDS e PERMANOVA e per quanto riguarda le variabili dei dati abiotici è stata fatta l’analisi della PCA. Infine per effettuare un confronto tra le variabili ambientali e quelle biotiche è stata fatta anche l’analisi BIOENV. Dai risultati sono emerse delle differenze sostanziali tra i due siti con maggiore abbondanza e diversità nel sito di Cesenatico nord rispetto a quello sud. Sono state evidenziate anche differenze nei livelli di marea con una maggiore abbondanza nel livello di bassa marea rispetto alla media e all’alta soprattutto per quanto riguarda il sito di Cesenatico sud. Dal confronto tra i dati ambientali e quelli biotici ne è risultato che la variabile più strettamente correlata è quella del capulerio sia per quanto riguarda il pattern di distribuzione della macrofauna che della meio. Tale lavoro ha messo in evidenza come i popolamenti rispondano in maniera differente alla presenza di differenti barriere di difesa costiera che anche se simili nella loro struttura presentano dei differenti effetti che hanno sull’azione del moto ondoso, circolazione dell’acqua e trasporto di sedimenti portando così a differenti risposte nei patterns di distribuzione dei popolamenti.

Effects of artificial defences and flooding on coastal habitats and assemblages

Since large stretches of European coasts are already retreating and projected scenarios are worsening, many artificial structures, such as breakwaters and seawalls, are built as tool against coastal erosion. However artificial structures produce widespread changes that alter the coastal zones and affect the biological communities. My doctoral thesis analyses the consequences of different options for coastal protection, namely hard engineering ‘artificial defences’ (i.e. impact of human-made structures) and ‘no-defence’ (i.e. impact of seawater inundation). I investigated two new aspects of the potential impact of coastal defences. The first was the effect of artificial hard substrates on the fish communities structure. In particular I was interested to test if the differences among breakwaters and natural rocky reef would change depending on the nature of the surrounding habitat of the artificial structure (prevalent sandy rather than rocky). The second was the effect on the native natural sandy habitats of the organic detritus derived from hard-bottom species (green algae and mussels) detached from breakwaters. Furthermore, I investigated the ecological implication of the “no-defend” option, which allow the inundation of coastal habitats. The focus of this study was the potential effect of seawater intrusion on the degradation process of marine, salt-marsh and terrestrial detritus, including changes on the breakdown rates and the associated macrofauna. The PhD research was conducted in three areas along European coasts: North Adriatic sea, Sicilian coast and South-West England where different habitats (coastal, estuarine), biological communities (soft-bottom macro-benthos; rocky-coastal fishes; estuarine macro-invertebrates) and processes (organic enrichment; assemblage structure; leaf-litter breakdown) were analyzed. The research was carried out through manipulative and descriptive field-experiments in which specific hypothesis were tested by univariate and multivariate analyses.

Confronto fra metodi di analisi di comunità bentoniche in differenti spiagge del Nord Adriatico

Il presente studio si colloca nell’ambito del progetto europeo (FP7) THESEUS, fra i cui scopi c’è quello di fornire informazioni su vulnerabilità e resilienza degli habitat costieri in seguito all’aumento di frequenza delle inondazioni dovuto al sea level rise. E’ stata indagata la zona intertidale di spiagge sabbiose, come recettore di cambiamenti climatici. All’interno dell’habitat intertidale le comunità macrobentoniche sono di solito individuate come indicatori delle variazioni dei parametri fisico-chimici e morfodinamici. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è consistito nell’analisi delle comunità macrobentoniche e della loro interazioni con le variabili ambientali lungo tre spiagge del Nord Adriatico sottoposte a fenomeni di erosione e differenti fra di loro per caratteristiche morfodinamiche: Lido di Spina, Bellocchio e la zona della Bassona di Lido di Dante. La risposta delle comunità bentoniche è stata indagata utilizzando i dati tassonomici delle specie e raggruppando le stesse nei rispettivi gruppi trofici. Le variabili ambientali considerate sono state quelle relative alla tipologia del sedimento e quelle relative alla morfodinamica Le comunità macrobentoniche delle spiagge di Lido di Spina e di Lido di Dante sono risultate relativamente più simili tra loro, nonostante i due siti fossero i più distanti. A Lido di Spina e Lido di Dante sono state rinvenute associazioni di specie, come Scolelepis squamata ed Eurydice spinigera, tipiche delle spiagge sabbiose europee esposte al moto ondoso. In questi due siti, è risultato dominante il bivalve Lentidium mediterraneum, la cui ecologia e modalità di distribuzione aggregata permette di evidenziare il maggiore idrodinamismo che caratterizza i due siti. A Bellocchio, invece, è stato riscontrato un maggior numero di specie. Questo sito è caratterizzato dalla presenza di patch di giovanili del bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis che sembrerebbe determinare il pattern del resto della comunità fungendo da ecosystem engineer. In termini di gruppi trofici, a Lido di Spina e a Lido di Dante prevalgono Filtratori, Carnivori e Detritivori di Superficie mentre Bellocchio è dominato da Filtratori e Misti discostandosi dagli altri siti per le sue condizioni del tutto particolari. Per quanto riguarda i descrittori abiotici, Lido di Spina e Lido di Dante, rispetto a Bellocchio, presentano una fascia intertidale più corta, pendenze maggiori, granulometrie più grossolane e risultando quindi, in generale, meno dissipative.

Risposta delle comunità bentoniche della zona intertidale di coste sabbiose a un evento estremo di mareggiata: il caso di Cesenatico

L’aumento della frequenza di accadimento e dell’intensità di eventi di tempesta rappresenta una seria minaccia per gli ambienti costieri, in particolare per quelli dominati da spiagge sabbiose. Nel seguente lavoro di tesi si è voluto approfittare di un evento di flooding che ha interessato la spiaggia di Cesenatico (Febbraio 2015), provocando un lieve arretramento della linea di riva, per valutare la risposta del comparto macrobentonico a uno shift da zona intertidale a quella di primo subtidale. I dati relativi al periodo post-disturbo (after), mostrano variazioni sia dal punto di vista dell’ambiente fisico che delle comunità bentoniche ad esso associate; per quanto riguarda i campioni del 2015, si è osservata una diminuzione della media granulometrica e un aumento della materia organica rispetto al 2011 (before). Si evidenziano differenze anche tra le comunità bentoniche before e after l’evento, con valori di abbondanza, numero di taxa e diversità maggiori in after, nonché dell’intera struttura di comunità in cui si osservano variazioni di dominanza di particolari specie e l’insediamento di specie non presenti prima dell’evento. In before c’è una dominanza di S. squamata, un polichete fossatorio tipico dell’intertidale. In after è risultato che molte più specie concorrono nel determinare i pattern osservati, ed emerge una netta dominanza di L. mediterraneum e dei tanaidacei del genere Apseudes. I valori delle variabili ambientali e biotiche sono stati utilizzati per costruire un modello previsionale FNB (fuzzy naive Bayes) che è stato utilizzato con i dati abiotici relativi all’after per prevedere i pattern di comunità. Dalle simulazioni si osserva che i pattern spaziali del macrobenthos seguono l’evoluzione dell’intero sistema, confermando uno shift da intertidale a primo subtidale e può essere usato come base per comprendere gli effetti di un flooding costiero su sistemi vulnerabili qual è la spiaggia di Cesenatico.

Characterization of legacy organic carbon in a culturally eutrophic lake : the role of the historic carbon deposition in the time course and extent of lake recovery

The time course of lake recovery after a reduction in external loading of nutrients is often controlled by conditions in the sediment. Remediation of eutrophication is hindered by the presence of legacy organic carbon deposits, that exert a demand on the terminal electron acceptors of the lake and contribute to problems such as internal nutrient recycling, absence of sediment macrofauna, and flux of toxic metal species into the water column. Being able to quantify the timing of a lake’s response requires determination of the magnitude and lability, i.e., the susceptibility to biodegradation, of the organic carbon within the legacy deposit. This characterization is problematic for organic carbon in sediments because of the presence of different fractions of carbon, which vary from highly labile to refractory. The lability of carbon under varied conditions was tested with a bioassay approach. It was found that the majority of the organic material found in the sediments is conditionally-labile, where mineralization potential is dependent on prevailing conditions. High labilities were noted under oxygenated conditions and a favorable temperature of 30 °C. Lability decreased when oxygen was removed, and was further reduced when the temperature was dropped to the hypolimnetic average of 8° C . These results indicate that reversible preservation mechanisms exist in the sediment, and are able to protect otherwise labile material from being mineralized under in situ conditions. The concept of an active sediment layer, a region in the sediments in which diagenetic reactions occur (with nothing occurring below it), was examined through three lines of evidence. Initially, porewater profiles of oxygen, nitrate, sulfate/total sulfide, ETSA (Electron Transport System Activity- the activity of oxygen, nitrate, iron/manganese, and sulfate), and methane were considered. It was found through examination of the porewater profiles that the edge of diagenesis occurred around 15-20 cm. Secondly, historical and contemporary TOC profiles were compared to find the point at which the profiles were coincident, indicating the depth at which no change has occurred over the (13 year) interval between core collections. This analysis suggested that no diagenesis has occurred in Onondaga Lake sediment below a depth of 15 cm. Finally, the time to 99% mineralization, the t99, was viewed by using a literature estimate of the kinetic rate constant for diagenesis. A t99 of 34 years, or approximately 30 cm of sediment depth, resulted for the slowly decaying carbon fraction. Based on these three lines of evidence , an active sediment layer of 15-20 cm is proposed for Onondaga Lake, corresponding to a time since deposition of 15-20 years. While a large legacy deposit of conditionally-labile organic material remains in the sediments of Onondaga Lake, it becomes clear that preservation, mechanisms that act to shield labile organic carbon from being degraded, protects this material from being mineralized and exerting a demand on the terminal electron acceptors of the lake. This has major implications for management of the lake, as it defines the time course of lake recovery following a reduction in nutrient loading.

Seasonal Variability in the Bacteriolytic Capacity of the Deposit Feeder Arenicola Marina: Environmental Correlates

Although deposit-feeding macrofauna consume and digest sedimentary bacteria, it is unclear whether feeding rates and digestion efficiencies are high enough to significantly impact the composition and abundance of bacteria in marine sediments. It is likely that both feeding rates and efficiency of digestion vary markedly through space and time. We used a turbidimetric assay to compare the rate of bacteriolysis by digestive fluids collected seasonally from the deposit-feeding polychaete Arenicola marina. Under standardized, experimental conditions, bacteriolytic rates represent concentrations of lytic agents. This concentration was found to vary significantly throughout the year (p = 0.001), showing greater than a 2x range. Lytic agent concentration was positively correlated with bioavailable amino acid concentrations in the surface sediment (r = 0.85, p = 0.03) but showed no apparent relationship to other proxies for food resources (e.g, chl a), sediment temperature, or gut throughput time. In vitro, temperature has been shown to have a strong positive influence on bacteriolytic rate. Temperature has no influence, however, on the in situ concentration of lytic agent in gut fluids, thus it appears that compensation for this temperature dependence is unimportant. These findings, combined with previous kinetics studies with A. marina gut fluids, predict that the quantitative influence of deposit feeding on the microbial ecology of sediments will exhibit clear seasonal variation.

(Table 3) Stable isotope composition of sof t tissues of specimens from the Sea of Okhotsk

We discovered and investigated several cold-seep sites in four depth zones of the Sea of Okhotsk off Northeast Sakhalin: outer shelf (160-250 m), upper slope (250-450 m), intermediate slope (450-800 m), and Derugin Basin (1450-1600 m). Active seepage of free methane or methane-rich fluids was detected in each zone. However, seabed photography and sampling revealed that the number of chemoautotrophic species decreases dramatically with decreasing water depth. At greatest depths in the Derugin Basin, the seeps were inhabited by bacterial mats and bivalves of the families Vesicomyidae (Calyptogena aff. pacifica, C. rectimargo, Archivesica sp.), Solemyidae (Acharax sp.) and Thyasiridae (Conchocele bisecta). In addition, pogonophoran tubeworms of the family Sclerolinidae were found in barite edifices. At the shallowest sites, on the shelf at 160 m, the seeps lack chemoautotrophic macrofauna; their locations were indicated only by the patchy occurrence of bacterial mats. Typical seep-endemic metazoans with chemosynthetic symbionts were confined to seep sites at depths below 370 m. A comparative analysis of the structure of seep and background communities suggests that differences in predation pressure may be an important determinant of this pattern. The abundance of predators such as carnivorous brachyurans and asteroids, which can invade seeps from adjacent habitats and efficiently prey on sessile seep bivalves, decreased very pronouncedly with depth. We conclude from the obvious correlation with the conspicuous pattern in the distribution of seep assemblages that, on the shelf and at the upper slope, predator pressure may be high enough to effectively impede any successful settlement of viable populations of seep-endemic metazoans. However, there was also evidence that other depth-related factors, such as bottom-water current, sedimentary regimes, oxygen concentrations and the supply of suitable settling substrates, may additionally regulate the distribution of seep fauna in the area. As a consequence of the pronounced pattern in the distribution of seep communities, their ecological significance as food sources of surrounding background fauna increased with water depth. Isotopic analyses suggest that in the Derugin Basin seep colonists feed on chemoautotrophic seep organisms, either directly or by preying on metazoans with chemosynthetic symbionts. In contrast, seep organisms apparently do not contribute to the nutrition of the adjacent background fauna on the shelf and at the slope. In this area, elevated epifaunal abundances at seep sites were caused primarily by the availability of suitable settling substrates rather than by an enrichment of food supply.

Late Campanian and Maastrichtian benthic foraminifera of El Kef, Tunesia

Late Campanian through Maastrichtian sea-level changes are examined based on lithology, macrofossils and benthic foraminifera at the Elles and El Kef sections in Tunisia. Six major sea-level regressions are identified during the late Campanian (74.4-74.2 Ma, 74.0-72.5 Ma), the Campanian-Maastrichtian transition (72.2-70.3 Ma), early Maastrichtian (69.6-69.3 Ma, 68.9-68.3 Ma), and late Maastrichtian (~65.5 Ma). Correlation of the Maastrichtian sea-level regressions with the oxygen isotope record of DSDP Site 525 in the middle latitude South Atlantic reveals that they coincide with episodes of high latitude cooling and appear to be of eustatic origin.

Benthic respiration and physical oceanography on two contrasting continental margins in the western Indian Ocean: the Yemen-Somali upwelling region and the margin off Kenya

During the Netherlands Indian Ocean Project (NIOP, 1992-1993) sediment community oxygen consumption (SCOC) was measured on two continental margins in the Indian Ocean with different productivity: the productive upwelling region off Yemen-Somalia and the supposedly less productive Kenyan margin, which lacks upwelling. The two margins also differ in terms of river input (Kenya) and the more severe oxygen minimum in the Arabian Sea. Simultaneously with SCOC, distributions of benthic biomass and phytodetritus were studied. Our expectation was that benthic processes in the upwelling margin of the Arabian Sea would be relatively enhanced as a result of the higher productivity. On the Kenyan margin, SCOC (range 1-36 mmol/m**2/d) showed a clear decrease with increasing water depth, and little temporal variation was detected between June and December. Highest SCOC values of this study were recorded at 50 m depth off Kenya, with a maximum of 36 mmol/m**2/d in the northernmost part. On the margin off Yemen-Somalia, SCOC was on average lower and showed little downslope variation, 1.8-5.7 mmol/m**2/d, notably during upwelling, when the zone between 70 and 1700 m was covered with low O2 water (10-50 µM). After cessation of upwelling, SCOC at 60 m depth off Yemen increased from 5.7 to 17.6 mmol/m**2/d concurrently with an increase of the near-bottom O2 concentration (from 11 to 153 µM), suggesting a close coupling between SCOC and O2 concentration. This was demonstrated in shipboard cores in which the O2 concentration in the overlying water was raised after the cores were first incubated under in situ conditions (17 µM O2). This induced an immediate and pronounced increase of SCOC. Conversely, at deeper stations permanently within the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), SCOC showed little variation between monsoon periods. Hence, organic carbon degradation in sediments on a large part of the Yemen slope appears hampered by the oxygen deficiency of the overlying water. Macrofauna biomass and the pooled biomass of smaller organisms, estimated by the nucleic acid content of the sediment, had comparable ranges in the two areas in spite of more severe suboxic conditions in the Arabian Sea. At the Kenyan shelf, benthic fauna (macro- and meiofauna) largely followed the spatial pattern of SCOC, i.e. high values on the northern shelf-upper slope and a downslope decrease. On the Yemen-Somali margin the macrofauna distribution was more erratic. Nucleic acids displayed no clear downslope trend on either margin owing to depressed values in the OMZ, perhaps because of adverse effects of low O2 on small organisms (meiofauna and microbes). Phytodetritus distributions were different on the two margins. Whereas pigment levels decreased downslope along the Kenya margin, the upper slope off Yemen (800 m) had a distinct accumulation of mainly refractory carotenoid pigments, suggesting preservation under low 02. Because the accumulations of Corg and pigments on the Yemen slope overlap only partly, we infer a selective deposition and preservation of labile particles on the upper slope, whereas refractory material undergoes further transport downslope.

Results of biological and geological bottom investigations carried out during Cruise 43 of R/V Akademik Kurchatov in the South Atlantic

The book is devoted to investigations of benthic fauna and geology of the Southern Atlantic Ocean. These works have been carried out in terms of exploring biological structure of the ocean and are of great importance for development of this fundamental problem. They are based on material collected during Cruise 43 of R/V Akademik Kurchatov in 1985-1986 and Cruise 43 of R/V Dmitry Mendeleev in 1989. Problems of quantitative distribution, group composition and trophic structure of benthos in the Southern Scotia Sea, along the east-west Transatlantic section along 31°30'S, and offshore Namibia in the area of the Benguela upwelling are under consideration in the book. Authors present new data on fauna of several groups of deep-sea bottom animals and their zoogeography. Much attention is paid to analysis of morphological structure of the Scotia Sea floor considered in terms of plate tectonics. Bottom sediments along the Transatlantic section and facial variation of sediments in the area of South Shetland Islands and of the continental margin of Namibia are under consideration.

Benthic oxygen and nitrogen fluxes at different time series sites in the southern North Sea, 2012 to 2014

Benthic oxygen and nitrogen fluxes were quantified within the years 2012 to 2014 at different time series sites in the southern North Sea with the benthic lander NuSObs (Nutrient and Suspension Observatory). In situ incubations of sediments, in situ bromide tracer studies, sampling of macrofauna and pore water investigations revealed considerable seasonal and spatial variations of oxygen and nitrogen fluxes. Seasonal and spatial variations of oxygen fluxes were observed between two different time series sites, covering different sediment types and/or different benthic macrofaunal communities. On a sediment type with a high content of fine grained particles (<63 µm) oxygen fluxes of -15.5 to -25.1 mmol/m**2/d (June 2012), -2.0 to -8.2 mmol/m**2/d (March 2013), -16.8 to -21.5 mmol/m**2/d (November 2013) and -6.1 mmol/m**2/d (March 2014) were measured. At the same site a highly diverse community of small species of benthic macrofauna was observed. On a sediment type with a low content of fine grained particles (<63 µm) high oxygen fluxes (-33.2 mmol/m**2/d August 2012; -47.2 to -55.1 mmol/m**2/d November 2013; -16.6 mmol/m**2/d March 2014) were observed. On this sediment type a less diverse benthic macrofaunal community, which was dominated by the large bodied suspension feeder Ensis directus, was observed. Average annual rain rates of organic carbon and organic nitrogen to the seafloor of 7.44 mol C/m**2/y and 1.34 mol N/m**2/y were estimated. On average 79% of the organic bound carbon and 95% of the organic bound nitrogen reaching the seafloor are recycled at the sediment-water interface.

Geochemistry of pockmark sediments from the inner Oslofjord

Pockmarks are geological features that are found on the bottom of lakes and oceans all over the globe. Some are active, seeping oil or methane, while others are inactive. Active pockmarks are well studied since they harbor specialized microbial communities that proliferate on the seeping compounds. Such communities are not found in inactive pockmarks. Interestingly, inactive pockmarks are known to have different macrofaunal communities compared to the surrounding sediments. It is undetermined what the microbial composition of inactive pockmarks is and if it shows a similar pattern as the macrofauna. The Norwegian Oslo Fjord contains many inactive pockmarks and they are well suited to study the influence of these geological features on the microbial community in the sediment. Here we present a detailed analysis of the microbial communities found in three inactive pockmarks and two control samples at two core depth intervals. The communities were analyzed using high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA V3 region. Microbial communities of surface pockmark sediments were indistinguishable from communities found in the surrounding seabed. In contrast, pockmark communities at 40 cm sediment depth had a significantly different community structure from normal sediments at the same depth. Statistical analysis of chemical variables indicated significant differences in the concentrations of total carbon and non-particulate organic carbon between 40 cm pockmark and reference sample sediments. We discuss these results in comparison with the taxonomic classification of the OTUs identified in our samples. Our results indicate that microbial surface sediment communities are affect by the water column, while the 40 cm communities are affect by local conditions within the sediment.