985 resultados para MINERALIZATION


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地球动力学与成矿关系的研究是地球科学研究的前沿领域,而陆内岩石圈伸展与成矿的关系的研究则是该领域相对比较薄弱的环节。 华南地区于白垩—古近纪发生了岩石圈强烈的伸展减薄事件,且岩石圈伸展减薄与该区同时期形成的众多金属和非金属矿床有密切的成因联系,尤其是华南地区的花岗岩型热液铀矿床,显示了与该区岩石圈伸展作用可能有多方面的成因联系。粤北下庄铀矿田位于位于南岭铀-多金属成矿带的南部,是华南地区典型的花岗岩型热液铀矿区,本次研究在深入细致的野外地质工作的基础上,运用流体包裹体地球化学、元素地球化学、同位素地球化学等方法手段,开展了对下庄铀矿田成矿流体性质、成矿过程中元素的活动规律、成矿流体来源及演化等方面的系统研究,初步探讨了岩石圈伸展对该区铀成矿的制约机制,并建立了可能的矿床成因模式。通过研究,本次工作获得了以下几点主要认识: (1)通过对下庄铀矿田部分铀矿床流体包裹体显微测温、激光拉曼光谱及液相成分分析研究,查明了下庄矿田铀矿床矿前期热液属中高温(200℃~350℃)、低盐度(0.72%~5.95%NaCl)、密度中等(0.703~0.830g/cm3)、活动深度较深(2.29km~5.74km)、富∑CO2、相对还原性质的流体;成矿期热液属中低温(主要为154℃ ~250℃)、低盐度(0~1.83%NaCl)、密度中等(0.628~0.867g/cm3)、活动深度较浅(0.19km~1.62km)、富F-、相对氧化性质的流体。 (2)矿石矿矿物电子探针测试分析及岩、矿石的微量元素地球化学分析研研究表明,本区铀矿床主要的原生铀矿物为沥青铀矿、铀石、钛铀矿,铀矿物的形成与Si、Ca、W等元素有密切的关系,而其它金属元素未显示明显地富集。矿石、脉石矿物部分继承了原岩的稀土元素组成,且在原岩基础上又有高度的演化。 (3)进行了矿区内碳酸盐的C、O同位素和黄铁矿的He、Ar稀有气体同位素的分析研究。研究表明,矿化剂∑CO2主要为幔源,大量的He、Ar等稀有气体也来自于地幔。矿区发育的深大断裂构造可能控制了幔源挥发份的加入。 (4)脉石矿物碳酸盐和萤石的Sr、Nd同位素地球化学研究显示,成矿流体中的这些元素主要源于地壳,南区矿床(338、339)的Sr、Nd组成则为富含壳源Sr、Nd的流体与幔源基性脉岩不同程度的水—岩反应所致。另外,碳酸盐铅同位素研究显示,下庄矿区成矿物质铀可能来自帽峰式后期流体交代的花岗岩体。 (5)岩石圈伸展与下庄矿田铀成矿有关系密切:下庄矿田铀矿床明显受伸展构造控制,伸展构造既为导矿构造,又为储矿构造;岩石圈伸展导致的地温梯度升高,大地热流平均值加大,驱动热液流体的流动,为铀成矿提供了主要的热驱动力;岩石圈伸展产生的深大断裂导通了壳幔间的联系,使幔源脱气成因挥发份(主要为∑CO2)沿断裂上升,加入壳源热水循环系统,从而参与了铀成矿。 (6)初步建立了下庄矿田“岩石圈伸展体系下大陆热水系统铀矿床成因模式”。模式认为,华南地区白垩—古近纪岩石圈伸展作用引发区内热水流体的大规模循环,且伸展引起的幔源脱气作用产生的挥发份(主要为ΣCO2)加入了贫铀、贫矿化剂的循环的地下热水中,形成了富矿化剂热水。富矿化剂热水从富铀花岗岩中浸出铀(氧化作用),变为富矿化剂、富铀热液流体,这种热液流体在伸展引起的热驱动下沿构造上升,热液流体上升到浅部时,由于地球化学障、流体压力释放等因素的影响,U被还原沉淀,并在有利部位富集成矿。

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以往研究表明锡成矿与S型花岗岩具有密切的成因联系。近年来随着大量与A型花岗岩有关的锡矿床的发现,有关锡成矿与A型花岗岩关系的研究成为地学界关注的热点。 芙蓉超大型锡多金属矿床位于我国著名的南岭钨锡多金属成矿带上,锡矿体位于骑田岭A型花岗岩体的内部或者岩体与围岩的内外接触带。成岩成矿年代学研究表明,成岩与成矿为前后相继的地质事件,具有密切的时空关系。本论文以与芙蓉超大型锡多金属矿床有密切时空关系的骑田岭A型花岗岩为研究对象,在详细野外地质调查的基础上,运用岩石学、矿物学、矿物化学、同位素地球化学、流体地球化学等学科的理论和方法,对骑田岭花岗岩的岩石学特征、岩石成因、成岩物理化学条件、岩浆分异的流体特征、挥发性组分特征以及成岩与成矿的关系等方面进行详细的分析,探讨骑田岭花岗岩成岩过程中流体聚集的机制及其对锡成矿的制约,初步揭示A型花岗岩与锡成矿之间的本质联系。本论文主要取得以下成果和认识: (1)通过对与锡矿有关的骑田岭花岗岩体的主量、微量、稀土元素、同位素和花岗岩中黑云母的微量、稀土元素分析研究发现:骑田岭角闪石黑云母花岗岩和黑云母花岗岩为高度分异演化的花岗岩,具有高硅、富铝、富碱、高钾的特征。随着岩体分异演化程度的增加,花岗岩总体向富硅、富碱的方向演化。岩体轻重稀土分异明显,表现为右倾型模式,Eu负异常明显,表现为中等-强烈的负Eu异常。岩体明显富集Rb、Th等大离子亲石元素及Zr、Hf等高场强元素,而亏损Ba、Nb、Sr、P、Ti。骑田岭花岗岩两个阶段岩石有着相似的Sr、Nd同位素特征,揭示其具有相同的物质来源,是同源岩浆演化的产物,为具壳幔混合特征的A2型花岗岩。 (2)对骑田岭花岗岩体矿物学和矿物化学特征、全岩Sn含量分析研究发现:角闪石黑云母花岗岩的结晶温度为774~796℃,氧逸度(logfO2)为-15.30~-15.0。黑云母花岗岩的结晶温度为714~784℃,氧逸度(logfO2)为-17.5~-20.0。随着岩浆的演化,从角闪石黑云母花岗岩到黑云母花岗岩随着结晶温度的降低,氧逸度也随之减小。随着岩浆的演化,岩体中Cl含量不断的减少,而F含量有所增加,Cl趋向分配进入流体相。随着岩浆分异演化程度的增加,岩体成岩温度降低,氧逸度减小,岩体中Sn含量不断的减少,Sn趋向分配进入富Cl流体,表明岩浆演化过程中分异出富Cl、富Sn的流体。 (3)骑田岭花岗岩石英斑晶中的包裹体研究表明:骑田岭角闪石黑云母花岗岩和黑云母花岗岩在岩浆演化过程中经历了两个阶段,即岩浆阶段和岩浆-热液阶段,分别以出现熔融包裹体、流体-熔融包裹体为特征,其中流体-熔融包裹体的出现是岩浆分异流体的直接证据。结合矿物的结构、构造特征,研究发现骑田岭花岗岩浆演化过程分异出流体。骑田岭花岗岩原生流体包裹体地球化学研究表明,岩浆分异出的流体为H2O-CO2-NaCl-KCl-CaCl2不混溶体系,具有盐度高(32.98~52.04Wt%NaCleq.),密度低(0.27~0.95g/cm3),均一温度较高(190~ 494℃)的特征,压力为600~800bar,成岩过程中发生了沸腾现象。 (4)对芙蓉超大型锡矿床和骑田岭花岗岩研究表明,锡矿与花岗岩有着密切的时间、空间和成因联系。矿体产在花岗岩体内部或者岩体与围岩的接触带,成岩与成矿时限一致,随着岩浆分异演化程度的增加,岩体成岩温度降低,氧逸度降低,岩体中的挥发性组分Cl含量减小,而F含量增加,Cl趋向分配进入流体相,这种流体萃取熔体中的成矿元素Sn,并以氯络合物形式迁移。可以认为,随着岩浆的演化,骑田岭花岗岩岩浆结晶期后分异出的热液流体具有富Cl和Sn的特征。芙蓉超大型锡多金属矿床的成矿流体应主要来源于黑云母花岗岩岩浆结晶期后分异出的岩浆热液。

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在峨眉山大火成岩省(ELIP)产出许多岩浆Cu-Ni-PGE岩浆硫化物矿床,如金宝山、杨柳坪、力马河、白马寨,以及大槽-阿布郎当矿化岩体。根据成矿元素组成特征,这些矿床可以区分为多种不同矿化类型,有以铂族元素为主贫铜镍的矿床,如金宝山Pt-Pd矿床;有含较高铂族元素和铜镍的矿床,如杨柳坪Ni-Cu-PGE矿床;也有贫铂族元素富铜镍的矿床,以力马河和白马寨Ni-Cu矿床最为典型。造成峨眉山大火成岩省中Ni-Cu-PGE岩浆硫化物矿床矿化类型变异的原因是什么?它们的母质岩浆性质如何,产生于怎样的熔融程度?既然能形成岩浆硫化物矿床,造成硫化物熔离的原因有哪些,什么因素起到了关键作用?这些矿化类型多样的Ni-Cu-PGE矿床的成矿岩浆有何差异?产生差异的原因是什么?带着这些疑问,通过借鉴国内外Ni-Cu-PGE岩浆硫化物矿床研究的经验,本文以金宝山铂钯矿、力马河镍矿及大槽-阿布郎当岩体的地球化学研究为基础,结合近几年来前人对杨柳坪,白马寨等矿床的系统研究,本文试图解决上述疑问。现在取得的主要认识有: 1) 根据成矿元素组成特征,可以把峨眉山大火成岩省中(ELIP)存在的Ni-Cu-PGE岩浆硫化物矿床分成多种不同的矿化类型,包括PGE矿床(例如金宝山Pt-Pd矿),Ni-Cu-PGE矿床(例如杨柳坪矿床),Ni-Cu矿床(例如力马河和白马寨矿床),以及弱矿化或不含矿的超镁铁质堆晶岩体(例如大槽-阿布郎当岩体)。通过对ELIP中几种类型Cu-Ni-PGE矿床成矿母岩浆的研究发现,它们均具有类似峨眉山苦橄岩的成分特征,表明母岩浆形成于较高程度的地幔部分熔融,并富集Ni和PGE。 2)硫化物熔离的多阶段性是导致矿床类型变异的一个重要因素。早期结晶矿物的分离结晶导致了金宝山母岩浆出现S的饱和,少量的浸染状硫化物被携带进入岩浆通道中发生了沉淀,继续富集PGE,形成了金宝山矿体。杨柳坪的母岩浆先发生了少量早期硫化物熔离丢失,PGE弱亏损的岩浆在后期上升过程中由于强烈的地壳混染,发生了大量硫化物熔离并发生堆积,形成杨柳坪矿体。力马河和白马寨的母岩浆在早期发生了较多的硫化物丢失,PGE强烈亏损的岩浆发生了二次以上的硫化物熔离,形成了力马河和白马寨矿体。 3) R因子(岩浆与熔离硫化物的比例)是决定ELIP中Cu-Ni-PGE矿床矿化类型变异的重要因素。金宝山矿床具有极高的R值(>10000),杨柳坪和朱布矿床具有中等的R值(2000~5000),而力马河矿床近似为在经过R=2000的硫化物熔离之后,残余岩浆再经过R=200的硫化物熔离。 4) 地壳混染程度的差异可能是造成ELIP中Ni-Cu-PGE矿床矿化类型发生变异的关键因素。金宝山矿床的地壳混染程度较低,可能主要是早期橄榄石和铬铁矿的分异结晶导致了岩浆中硫化物出现了饱和。对于大槽-阿布郎当矿化岩体,只是在岩体边缘的局部出现了硫化物熔离,可能是围岩混染造成的。对于杨柳坪Ni-Cu-PGE矿床、力马河和白马寨Ni-Cu矿床,从微量元素蛛网中明显的Nb-Ta负异常,高放射成因187Os丰度的初始Os同位素组成(γOs(t)=100~120),S同位素等反映出显著的地壳混染,因而出现大量硫化物熔离。

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滇东南地区北西以弥勒-师宗断裂与扬子地块分界,南西以红河断裂为界与哀牢山断块毗邻,南连越北古陆,东部文麻断裂与南岭褶皱系连为一体,是我国重要的锡、银、铅、锌等矿产基地,自西向东分布着个旧、白牛厂和都龙三个超大型银锡多金属矿床,在这三个大型矿床附近各分布着一个大花岗岩体,个旧和老君山岩体已有相当多的研究,而对于薄竹山岩体、薄竹山岩体接触带周边矿床和与临近白牛厂矿床的研究则相对薄弱。本文主要对薄竹山岩体进行岩石学、地球化学研究,并且借助铅同位素,对薄竹山岩体接触带矿床和白牛厂矿床的成矿物质来源作了分析,阐明这些矿床的形成与薄竹山花岗岩体的关系。 薄竹山花岗岩体分两期侵入,第一期岩石类型主要为中粒黑云母二长花岗岩,属于过铝质花岗岩,主要形成于同碰撞阶段;第二期主要为细粒二长花岗岩,形成于板内的伸展环境。与第一期相比,第二期花岗岩更加富硅富碱、贫钙贫镁,稀土配分曲线显示Eu亏损更加强烈,更加富集Rb、Ta、Tb、Y,而亏损Ba、Sr、La、Ce等元素。Sr-Nd同位素显示,两期花岗岩可能分别来源于中元古界地壳和太古宙古老基底。 薄竹山岩体长石铅同位素组成均一,其接触带矿床矿石铅与岩体长石铅分布趋势一致,所以接触带矿石铅可能主要由薄竹山岩体提供。对于白牛厂矿床,除个别样品外,矿区内西北白羊矿段和东南部其他矿段矿石铅组成一致,说明整个白牛厂矿区的矿石铅来源比较单一,并且与薄竹山附近矿化点矿石具有相似的铅同位素分布范围,说明两种矿石铅来源可能相同,都来源于薄竹山花岗岩浆。白牛厂矿区内赋矿地层铅与矿石铅同位素演化趋势完全不同,所以赋矿地层不可能为矿石铅的重要来源。 综合薄竹山岩体及矿石的铅同位素组成特征,我们发现白牛厂矿区内矿石铅主要来自薄竹山岩体,主要为矿区内隐伏岩体提供。白牛厂矿床早期可能发生过喷流沉积作用,但没有带来大量银、铅、锌等成矿物质,后来燕山期花岗岩浆侵入,带来大量银、铅、锌等成矿物质,形成了现在的白牛厂矿床。

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地幔柱概念在19世纪60至70年代就被提出,但是由于板块构造理论在解释地球上岩浆活动的分布规律时取得了空前的成功,在当时这一理论是被排斥的。板块边界概念可以解释地球上绝大部分的岩浆产出,但在解释板内岩浆的成因时往往显得力不从心,尽管这些岩浆的体积只占地球岩浆总量的2%。地幔柱理论模型发展到现在得到不同学科的支持。地质学、地球化学、地球物理学、古生物学、比较行星学、实验岩石学等等都提供了直接或间接的证据,证明地幔柱几乎存在整个地:质历史时期。当前地幔柱理论中在地球化学领域有两大研究热点:高钦低钦玄武岩的起源以及地幔柱中是否存在循环俯冲洋壳物质。完全解决这些问题才可能深入系统地建立地慢柱成矿作用模型。现在已经建立了一些矿床类型与地慢柱作用的联系:如现在认为赋存在金伯利岩中的金刚石矿床的形成与地慢柱作用密不可分,一些岩浆硫化物矿床和岩浆氧化物矿床很显然是地慢柱岩浆作用形成的,如西伯利亚火成岩省的Noril'sk-Talnakh铜镍铂族元素矿床以及KeweenawaJI大陆裂谷体系的Dultlth杂岩体的Cu-Ni矿床。另外还有赋存在大型基性一超基性层状岩体中的PGE、Ni和cu矿床,如Great Dyke和布什维尔德杂岩体。一些超大型热液矿床也与地慢柱有可能的联系(Pirajno,2000):如270oMa形成的超大型Kidd Creek火山成因块状硫化物矿床(Bleeker et al.,1 999;Wynan et al.,1999)和南澳大利亚1600Ma形成的超大型olymPicD翻矿床。本文的研究工作包含两方面内容:通过热力学计算峨眉山玄武岩在深部的结晶分异,对峨眉山大火成岩省的岩浆量分布和岩浆氧化物矿床(华Ti磁铁矿矿床)的分布以及下地壳高波速层的物相进行理论解释;对峨眉山大火成岩省金宝山PGE典型矿床进行成岩成矿的地球化学研究,预测整个大火成岩省的岩浆硫化物矿床产出位置。大多数峨眉山玄武岩的 MgO<7%,Ni为4-232ppm,它们是原始岩浆结晶分异后的产物。峨眉山玄武岩省下地壳和上地幔之间存在厚度为:8-25km1,P彼速为7.1-7.8km/s的附加层(高地震波速层)。滇西地区出露的洲套第三纪富碱斑岩,地球化学和同位素研究表明斑岩的岩浆源是来自“壳一慢混合层”,源区的形成时代为220-25Ma,与峨眉山玄武岩的形成时代一致。所以有理由认为该附加层是由峨眉山玄武岩在此结晶分异形成的。与地慢柱有关的洋岛Hawaii、Marquesas Islands;海底高原Oniong Java、大陆火山岩省ColumbiaRiver Plateaus地震彼研究都表明在上地慢顶部有一高速附加层,Farnetani etal.(1996)的研歼表明高速附加层是由来自地幔柱的岩浆在此结晶分异形成的。玄武岩是一种混合的部分熔融产物,是不同成分的地幔橄榄岩在不同的压力下熔出的。这种降压熔融高温高压实验是做不到的。熔出的熔体成分是温度、压力及橄榄岩成分(源区)的函数,形成的岩浆是一个多压熔融的集合体。热力学计算能够较为精确地计算出生成的岩浆成分和约束岩浆产生的过程。岩浆的结晶分异也是同样的情形,尤其是分离结晶过程,实验岩石学是很精确难模拟其过程的。热力学计算使用的MELTS程序,MELTS适用范围很广,适用于模拟岩石熔融生成岩浆和岩浆的冷却结晶。现今峨眉山大火成岩省的地壳厚度为40恤,这被认为是后期褶皱加厚的缘故。根据峨眉山玄武岩中辉石斑晶成分和玄武岩本身成分计算出分异结晶的压力为6kb,那么当时的地壳厚度约为20km:选择氧逸度为QFM,这一氧逸度范围认为是大多数大陆溢流玄武岩结晶分异时的氧化还原环境。热力学计算结果通过峨眉山玄武岩成分进行约束和验证。Al2O3、NaZO+K 20、CaO与MgO计算的演化趋势线与实际观察的演化符合较好,橄榄石和斜方辉石的结晶使得CaO随着MgO的降低而增高;当单斜辉石成为液相线矿物时,cao也随着Mgo的降低而降低了。单斜辉石在岩浆演化到MgO=10.3%时成为液相线矿物。整个计算过程中斜长石未成为液相线矿物,这与大多数玄武岩不具有Eu异常是一致的,并月_Al2O3随着MgO的减小单调增加也说明了这点。不过大多数峨眉山玄武岩常含有斜长石斑晶,这是低压下结晶分异的结果。由于斜长石密度小,所有很难与高铁玄武岩分离。整个计算的难点也是创新点是波速计算。通过分离的堆晶矿物组合中各种矿物的成分和质量分数计算的附加层波速比观察值高,不过堆积岩体常常会有残留岩浆存在矿物晶粒间,这样会降低岩石的压缩波速。大型基性一超基性岩体常常会残留有或者捕获5-30%的岩浆。假定两个高波速附加层分别捕获7叭,和巧%的残留岩浆,计算的结果就大体等于观察值。热力学和质量平衡计算研究表明:高地震波速层为橄榄辉石岩一辉石岩的巨型侵入岩体;峨眉山中岩区的岩浆量最大也符合含V-Ti磁铁矿矿床只产在中岩区,如太和、白马、攀枝花、红格等岩体;西岩区的岩浆量最小表明几乎没有可能在西岩区形成有规模的V-Ti磁铁矿矿床,实际观察仅仅只见到数量少而小的岩体;东岩区下地壳厚达20灿1的高波速层暗示东岩区上地壳的侵入岩体积也应该具有相当规模,应该是V-Ti磁铁矿矿床成矿区。目前在东岩区很少发现与峨眉山玄武岩有关的岩浆矿床的主要原因是:东岩区的剥蚀深度不够,没有可观的侵入岩体出露,而中岩区侵入岩都侵入在元古代地层中。按照质量平衡的计算方法,最保守的估算整个峨眉地慢柱岩浆事件产生的岩浆量为8.9*106km3,上地壳峨眉山玄武岩和侵入岩体积为3.9*106km3。如果按照初始覆盖面积5x106km2计算(与西伯利亚暗色岩初始覆盖面积相当),喷发高峰期为2Ma,计算的喷发速率为3.9km3/year。这并不亚于西伯利亚暗色岩的喷发速率4km3/year。这对于研究峨眉山大火成岩浆事件与二叠·三叠交界或end-QuadaluPian生物灭绝之间的可能联系具有重要意义。本文另一方面的研究工作是:首先系统地介绍了岩浆硫化物矿床的基本原理,然后通过金宝山PGE矿床实例研究,提出金宝山岩体成岩模式,并且对整个峨眉山大火成岩省的岩浆硫化物矿床产出位置进行理论预测。详细地球化学研究表明金宝山镁铁一超镁铁岩是峨眉山大火成岩省古老火山岩浆房的残留物。岩体主要由底部超镁铁岩和上部镁铁岩组成,两种岩石的质量大致相同。根据超镁铁岩的矿物组合计算的成岩时的氧逸度较高,热力学方法计算的成岩压力为2kb左右。超镁铁岩的包嵌结构和铁铁岩的微晶一细晶结构说明超镁铁岩为镁铁岩结晶的矿物堆积形成的。镁铁一超镁铁岩的蚀变程度不同以及Sc、Sr、Eu等元素在两类岩石中的不同特征指示了整个成岩过程。金宝山岩体的原始岩浆 MgO=8%说明高镁玄武岩并不是形成PGE矿床的必要条件。金宝山的成岩模式是:在火山喷发前,岩浆侵位时橄榄石和少量铬尖晶石先结晶,沉淀在岩浆房底部;随后结晶的是斜方辉石和斜长石,斜方辉石也沉淀在岩浆房底部,斜长石由于密度较小集中中岩浆房上部,岩浆房的中部是:少量的斜长石小斑晶。由于斜方辉石和斜长石的结晶,这样岩浆中的Sc、Sr和Eu就会亏损,也是岩浆房底部堆积岩的原始捕获岩浆。火山喷发后,由于压力的突然降低,岩浆房底部的堆晶会发生再熔融,几乎消耗掉所有的斜方辉石,橄榄石也呈熔蚀状浑圆形态,重新熔融的斜方辉石导致超镁铁岩中残留岩浆比原始捕获岩浆更加富Sc,这种岩浆由于富MgO和在快速冷却的环境下同时结晶,最终形成光性方位一致的单刹辉石。喷发后岩浆房空间的剩余导致围岩-灰岩进入,造成岩浆房中剩余岩浆强烈的碳酸盐化。峨眉山玄武岩Cr-Mg#的相关关系定义一条正常玄武岩演化线。大多数这些玄武岩的Ni也保持了这种演化关系,其中低钦玄武岩和过渡型高钦玄武岩Ni-Mg#相关关系远离了正常演化线,这些玄武岩的Cu-Mg#相关关系也有类似的情形。峨眉山低钦和过渡类型高钦玄武岩Ni和 Cu的非正常亏损,表明它们在地表下经历了硫饱和事件。金宝山岩浆硫化物矿床成岩模型的建立,为在整个大火成岩省寻找岩浆硫化物矿床提供了一种新认识。低钦和过渡型高钦玄武岩的古老火山口下部是岩浆硫化物矿床的所在地。

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矿化剂在热液矿床成矿过程中的重要作用一直为人们所关注,矿化剂地球化学行为直接影响成矿元素的富集成矿,不同的矿化剂元素可能对金属成矿具有一定的专属性。本文以著名的江西德兴铜厂超大型斑岩铜矿床和大吉山钨矿床作为研究对象,研究F、Cl与W、Cu成矿的关系。主要的认识如下:(1)F在花岗质岩浆中,可以降低岩浆的粘度、密度、固液相线温度、改变熔体结构,而Cl对熔体结构没有多大的影响。F在流体一花岗质熔体相间,绝大多数配分系数小于1.0,趋向于熔体相中配分,DF随体系中F浓度的升高而增加。Cl在流体一花岗质熔体相间的配分系数均大于1.0,且Dc1 随体系中Cl浓度的升高而增大·Cl强烈地趋向富集于流体相中。(2)Cu在流体一花岗质熔体作用过程中,铜总趋向于流体相中分布(DCu都大于1)。特别是在富Cl流体中Cu浓度较高,说明在富含Cl的热液流体能够从共存的熔体中活化迁移出大量的 Cu,S的加入DCu有降低的趋势。钨趋向于熔体相中富集,其配分系数大多小于1.0。(3)德兴铜厂花岗闪长斑岩属钙碱性系列岩石属I型花岗岩类,具有埃达克岩的特征。岩浆来源于深部,在结晶演化过程中发生了围岩物质的混染,这种高铜含量围岩的混染使成矿物质在岩浆中得到富集,有利于铜的活化、迁移。在铜厂岩体不同的蚀变带中,SiO2、K2O、Cu、Mo等从新鲜斑岩甚至弱蚀变带中带出,而在强蚀变带强烈富集,Cl同样有在强蚀变岩石中富集的趋势;而Na2O、Fe从斑岩体中带出,进入流体相中,流体中大量Fe的存在,有利于铜的沉淀、富集成矿。(4)德兴铜厂斑岩体微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征表明,该岩体发生了流体一熔体作用,分异出来的流体是一种相对富氯的流体,同时成矿流体的流向是从岩体中心向接触带方向流动。(5)大吉山花岗岩具有高SiO2、A/CNK值,显示过铝质特点。黑云母花岗岩是壳源花岗岩但又受到慢源岩浆或慢源流体的影响。随着花岗岩的演化(从I→II→III)SiO2、K2O+Na2O逐渐增加,ΣFe、Al2O3、CaO、F含量降低,为成矿提供了大量的矿化剂(F)和沉淀剂(Fe、Ca)。Eu负异常从I至III阶段花岗岩逐渐加强,表明该岩浆经历了高度的分异演化。(6)大吉山花岗岩类稀土元素具有“四重效应”配分的特点以及微量元素对玲Rb、Y/Ho、Zr/Hf以及Nb/Ta发生明显分异,暗示在花岗岩岩浆的演化过程中,经历了充分的流体一熔体作用,同时分异出大量富含F、W等矿化剂元素和成矿元素的热液流体,致使钨矿的形成。大吉山石英脉型钨矿的成矿年龄大约在155 Ma。(7)通过对成矿流体和花岗质岩石黑云母、白云母中卤素相对逸度的研究(log(H2O/fHCl)fluid、log(fHF/fHCl)fluid)发现,铜厂斑岩型铜矿床的成矿体系是相对富氯体系,而大吉山石英脉型钨矿床成矿体系相对富氟,同时氟可能主要迁移W、Sn、Nb、Ta等金属元素。(8)结合斑岩型铜矿床成矿流体特征,铜主要以C1的络合物形式存在和迁移,迁移形式主要是CuCl0、CuCl2等。石英脉型钨矿床中,钨主要以钨酸、钨酸盐及其离解形式存在和迁移,如WO42-、HWO4-、NaHWO4、Naw伍.等;在高度富氟的成矿流体中,钨的氟氧络合物(如WO3F-,WO2F42-等)对钨迁移也具有重要的作用。因此,不同矿化剂类型具有一定的成矿专属性,热液铜矿床主要与Cl、S有 关,而热液钨矿床大多与F有关。

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燕山期(205~65Ma)山东地区地壳活动强烈,构造体系已由古亚洲构造域完全转化为滨太平洋构造域,构造活动导源于太平洋板块对欧亚板块的俯冲。由于太平洋板块对欧亚板块的俯冲(NW向),鲁东地区岩石圈发生了快速拆沉减薄作用.同时鲁东地区也可能会出现地l漫柱的活动;另外,在太平洋板块俯冲作用影响下,炎区庐断裂(山东称沂沐断裂)带发生了大型左行走滑剪切和拉张活动。以上构造因素加上早白至世末一晚白至世期间燕山造山带的垮塌,都可能为山东地区中生代地壳拉张提供了动力条件。山东地区中生代(燕山期)基性脉岩特别发育,这些慢源基性岩脉充填张性裂隙,是大陆地壳拉张的标志;另外,山东地区也存在大量拉张背景下的燕山期火山岩和碱性岩。但关于它们的年代学和系统的地球化学研究还比较薄弱,且对其成因和形成的构造环境,仍存在着争议。本论文主要从同位素年代学、岩石化学、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素方面对山东地区燕山期基性脉岩、火山岩和碱性超基性脉岩进行了系统研究。同时,考虑到鲁东地区煌斑岩中金含量普遍较高,且燕山期又是山东金矿的主成矿期,论文中对煌斑岩与金成矿之间的关系也作了一定的研究。通过研究,得出以下主要认识:1、火山岩为一套以钙碱性安山岩为主,含少量拉斑玄武岩和英安岩。成因上为富集地慢部分熔融作用的结果,但在成岩过程中也可能存在单斜辉石、斜长石、橄榄石和Ti-Fe氧化物等矿物的分离结晶作用。碱性超基性脉岩岩性上为单一的橄榄辉石岩,为富集地慢源低度(3.4%)部分熔融作用的产物,岩浆演化过程经历了以橄榄石为主的分馏作用。基性脉岩主要包括辉长岩、辉绿岩(主要分布在鲁西地区)和煌斑岩(以斜闪煌斑岩为主,同时含部分拉辉煌斑岩和角闪煌斑岩)(主要分布在鲁东地区),都为富集岩石圈地慢部分熔融的产物。三类岩石在侵位结晶过程都不存在明显的地壳混染。2、火山岩、碱性超基性脉岩和基性脉岩(除少数外)都形成于大陆板内拉张环境。3、富集地慢源区(EMI)的产生是俯冲并熔融的扬子下地壳物质进入华北岩石圈地慢并与之相互交代作用形成的。4、研究区中生代基性脉岩K-Ar年龄分布范围为72.2±1.70Ma~204.2±5.4Ma,且基本上在90~140Ma之间变化。综合碱性超基性脉岩和已知的青山组的火山岩、基性脉岩年龄数据,认为山东地区中生代地壳拉张至少存在四次:即约80Ma、100Ma、120Ma和 140Ma。但鲁东地区在地壳拉张方面可能存在着与鲁西地区不同的制约因素:即鲁东地区存在拆沉作用和可能存在地慢柱的影响,而鲁西地区可能受到了郊庐断裂的左行走滑剪切和拉张活动的影响。5、胶北地区煌斑岩为钙碱性系列,且金含量普遍较高(平均28ppb),该研究对胶北地区的找矿勘探工作具有一定意义。

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Liquid segregation phenomena have been found and explained in the F(Li)-rich granites in south China by Wang Linakui et al. (1979; 1983). A number of experimental investigations into the liquid immiscibilities in the granites systems have been carried out (Anfilogov et al., 1983; Glyuk et al., 1971; Glyuk et al., 1973a; 1973b; kovalenko, 1978; Wang Liangkui et al., 1987). Nevertheless, the detailed scenarios of the liquid immiscibilities in the granitic magmas are much less understood. This experimental study is amide to get access to this problem. Starting materials are biotite granite +LiF(3-10%)+NaF(3-10%)+H_2O(30%). The experimental results have shown that the liquid immiscibilities of melts of different compositions occur at 1 kbar and 840 ℃ when 5wt% (LiF + NaF) are added to the granite samples. three kinds of glasses indicating of three types of coexisting immiscible melts have been observed: light blue matrix glass, melanocratic glass balls and leucocratic glass balls. It is interesting that we have observed various kinds of textures as follows: spherulitic texture, droplets, flow bands, swirls. All these textures can be comparable to those in the natural granitic bodies. Electron microprobe data suggest that these different kinds of glasses are of different chemical compositions respectively; matrix glasses are F-poor silicate melts; melanocratic balls correspond to F-rich silicate melts; and leucocratic balls are the melts consisting mainly of fluorides. Raman spectrometric data have indicated that different glasses have different melt structures. TFM Diagrams at 1000 * 10~5 Pa have been plotted, in which two miscible gaps are found. One of the two gaps corresponds to the immiscibility between F - poor silicate melt and F-rich silicate melt, another to that between the silicate melt and fluoride melt. The experiments at different pressures have suggested that the decreases in pressures are favorable to the liquid immiscibility. Several reversal experiments have indicated that the equilibria in different runs have been achieved. We have applied the experimental results to explain the field evidence of immiscibilities in some of granites associated with W-Sn-Nb-Ta mineralization. These field phenomena include flow structure, globular structures,mineralized globular patche and glass inclusions in topaz. We believe that the liquid immiscibility (liquid segregation) is a possible way of generation of F(Li)-rich granites. During the evolution of the granitic magmas, the contents of Li, F, H_2O and ore-forming elements in the magmas become higher and higher. The granites formed in the extensional tectonic settings commonly bear higher abundences of the above-mentioned elements. the pressures of the granitic magmas are relatively lower during the processes of their emplacements and cooling. The late-staged magmas will produce liquid immiscibilities, leading to the production of several coexisting immiscible melts with different chemical compositions. The flow of immiscible consisting magmas will produce F(Li)-rich granites. It is also considered that liquid immiscibilities are of great significance in the production of rare metal granites. The ore-forming processes and magmatic crystallization and metasomatic processes can be occur at the same time. The mineralisations of rare metals are related to both magmatic and hydrothermal processes.

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In spite of the great amount of emerald deposits throughout the world, the priorities in quality and volume of extracted rough material are the sites of Colombia (Muzo and Chivor emerald belts). This sites are know even before the Spanish conquistadores. Emeralds were extracted from Somondoco mine (today Chivor) since 1537 and from Muzo in 1567. Contrariwise to the majority of the emerald deposits of the world, which are associated with granitic rocks, the Colombian emerald deposits are associated with hydrofracturing (the main factor controlling emerald mineralization) and hydrothermal fluids, rich in beryl, chrome and vanadium, induced by a tectonic inversion of the deep Mesozoic backarc basin, which is also responsible of the majority of the petroleum systems of the foredeep and foldbelt areas (maturation of the source-rocks andcreation of structural traps). The host rocks of the emeralds are carbonaceous calsiltites (calcareous schists) rich in organic matter of Lower Cretaceous age, which are cut by calcite veins, which, often, contain emeralds, particularly when they are folded. Indeed, since long time (Cheilletz, A. and Giulliani, G., 1996) suggested a two-stage model for the formation of the Colombian emeralds : (i) Stage I is characterized by décollement planes (early compressional tectonic regime) within the carbonaceous calsiltites, hydrothermal fluid infiltration and wall-rock metasomatic alteration ; (ii) Stage II (late tectonic regime) deforms the previous veins by thrust-related folds (development of stratiform and hydraulic breccia), which are synchronous of the emerald mineralization. The resulting tectonic structures are complex fold patterns characterized by propagation anticlines with emerald veins and emerald hydraulic breccia in the apexes, as in Quipama, Tendenquema and Chivor mines. Otherwise stated, since all emerald exploitations are, presently underground, exhaustive geological and particularly structural studies are required to reduce the probability of disappointments. The color of emeralds is from light green to thick green with obvious pleochroism. They appears with different colors when observed at different angles, especially with polarized light. The emeralds from Coscuez deposits have a homogeneous intensive color and bluish tone. At Muzo deposit, the emeralds have middle or dark green color with yellowish tone. At the Chivor deposits, the emeralds have less intensive green color with slight bluish tone. The typical inclusions are albite and pyrite, as well as long bubbles with three phase-inclusions according the zones of growth and along the crystal shapes.

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CONTEXT: In 1997, Congress authorized the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to grant 6-month extensions of marketing rights through the Pediatric Exclusivity Program if industry sponsors complete FDA-requested pediatric trials. The program has been praised for creating incentives for studies in children and has been criticized as a "windfall" to the innovator drug industry. This critique has been a substantial part of congressional debate on the program, which is due to expire in 2007. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the economic return to industry for completing pediatric exclusivity trials. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cohort study of programs conducted for pediatric exclusivity. Nine drugs that were granted pediatric exclusivity were selected. From the final study reports submitted to the FDA (2002-2004), key elements of the clinical trial design and study operations were obtained, and the cost of performing each study was estimated and converted into estimates of after-tax cash outflows. Three-year market sales were obtained and converted into estimates of after-tax cash inflows based on 6 months of additional market protection. Net economic return (cash inflows minus outflows) and net return-to-costs ratio (net economic return divided by cash outflows) for each product were then calculated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Net economic return and net return-to-cost ratio. RESULTS: The indications studied reflect a broad representation of the program: asthma, tumors, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, hypertension, depression/generalized anxiety disorder, diabetes mellitus, gastroesophageal reflux, bacterial infection, and bone mineralization. The distribution of net economic return for 6 months of exclusivity varied substantially among products (net economic return ranged from -$8.9 million to $507.9 million and net return-to-cost ratio ranged from -0.68 to 73.63). CONCLUSIONS: The economic return for pediatric exclusivity is variable. As an incentive to complete much-needed clinical trials in children, pediatric exclusivity can generate lucrative returns or produce more modest returns on investment.

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Marine ecosystems are complex networks of organisms interacting either directly or indirectly while under the influence of the physical and chemical properties of the medium they inhabit. The interplay between these biological agents and their abiotic environment results in complex non-linear responses to individual and multiple stressors, influenced by feedbacks between these organisms and their environment. These ecosystems provide key services that benefit humanity such as food provisioning via the transfer of energy to exploited fish populations or climate regulation via the sinking, subsequent mineralization and ultimately storage of carbon in the ocean interior. These key characteristics or emergent features of marine ecosystems are subject to rapid change (e.g. regime shifts; Alheit et al., 2005 and Scheffer et al., 2009), with outcomes that are largely unpredictable in a deterministic sense. The North Atlantic Ocean is host to a number of such systems which are collectively being influenced by the unique physical and chemical features of this ocean basin, such as the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), the basin’s ventilation with the Arctic Ocean, the dynamics of heat transport via the Gulf Stream and the formation of deep water at high latitudes. These features drive the solubility and biological pumps and support the production and environments that results in large exploited fish stocks. Our knowledge of its functioning as a coupled system, and in particular how it will respond to change, is still limited despite the scientific effort exerted over more than 100 years. This is due in part to the difficulty of providing synoptic overviews of a vast area, and to the fact that most fieldwork provides only snapshots of the complex physical, chemical and biological processes and their interactions. These constraints have in the past limited the development of a mechanistic understanding of the basin as a whole, and thus of the services it provides.

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Climate change is occurring most rapidly in the Arctic where warming has been twice as fast as the rest of the globe over the last few decades. Arctic soils contain a vast store of carbon and warmer arctic soils may mediate current atmospheric CO2 concentrations and global warming trends. Warmer soils could increase nutrient availability to plants, leading to increased primary production and sequestration of CO2. Presumably because of these effects of warming on shrub ecosystems, shrubs have been expanding across the arctic over the last 50 years, Arctic shrub expansion may track or cause changes in nutrient cycling and availability that favour growth of larger, denser shrubs. This study aimed at measuring gross and net nitrogen cycling rates, major soil nitrogen and carbon pool sizes, and elucidating controls on nutrient cycling and availability between a mesic birch (Betula nana) hummock tundra ecosystem and an ecosystem of dense, tall, birch (B. nana) shrubs. Nitrogen cycling and availability was enhanced at the tall shrub ecosystem compared to the birch hummock ecosystem. Net nitrogen immobilization by microbes was approximately threefold greater at the tall shrub ecosystem. This was in part because of larger microbial biomass nitrogen and carbon (interpreted as a larger microbial community) at the tall shrub ecosystem. Nitrogen inputs via litter were significantly larger at the tall shrub ecosystem and were hypothesized to be the major contributor to the higher dissolved organic and inorganic nitrogen pools in the soil at the tall shrub ecosystem. The results from this study suggest a positive feedback mechanism between litter nitrogen inputs and the enhancement of nitrogen cycling and availability as a driver of shrub expansion across the Arctic.