The evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses published in orthodontic literature. Where do we stand?

AIM To analyse meta-analyses included in systematic reviews (SRs) published in leading orthodontic journals and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) focusing on orthodontic literature and to assess the quality of the existing evidence. MATERIALS AND METHODS Electronic searching was undertaken to identify SRs published in five major orthodontic journals and the CDSR between January 2000 and June 2014. Quality assessment of the overall body of evidence from meta-analyses was conducted using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation working group (GRADE) tool. RESULTS One hundred and fifty-seven SRs were identified; meta-analysis was present in 43 of these (27.4 per cent). The highest proportion of SRs that included a meta-analysis was found in Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research (6/13; 46.1 per cent), followed by the CDSR (12/33; 36.4 per cent) and the American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics (15/44; 34.1 per cent). Class II treatment was the most commonly addressed topic within SRs in orthodontics (n = 18/157; 11.5 per cent). The number of trials combined to produce a summary estimate was small for most meta-analyses with a median of 4 (range: 2-52). Only 21 per cent (n = 9) of included meta-analyses were considered to have a high/moderate quality of evidence according to GRADE, while the majority were of low or very low quality (n = 34; 79.0 per cent). CONCLUSIONS Overall, approximately one quarter of orthodontic SRs included quantitative synthesis, with a median of four trials per meta-analysis. The overall quality of evidence from the selected orthodontic SRs was predominantly low to very low indicating the relative lack of high quality of evidence from SRs to inform clinical practice guidelines.

The opioid antagonist naltrexone and its pharmacological role in treating alcohol dependence: A literature review

Naltrexone, an opioid antagonist, was the second drug approved for treatment of alcohol dependence in the U.S. Its approval followed two landmark studies published in the U.S. in 1992. [1, 2] These studies showed that a combined treatment of naltrexone and behavioral therapy reduced alcohol consumption in alcoholics. Opioid antagonists decrease craving for alcohol and help to reduce drinking by blocking opioid peptide receptors in the body that are active in a dopamine chemical reward system. ^ Despite their usefulness, opioid antagonists have been underutilized. Health providers not educated in the use of opioid antagonists hold the view that opioid antagonist therapy is ineffective. However, it is apparent from the relevant literature that this therapy, when properly understood and targeted, has the potential to make a positive contribution in treating alcohol dependent patients. ^ This thesis will review the scientific literature and the present body of knowledge regarding opioid antagonists (naltrexone) and their pharmacological role in treating alcohol dependence.^

Literature review of elasmobranch bycatch and retention rate

To address growing concern over the effects of fisheries non-target catch on elasmobranchs worldwide, the accurate reporting of elasmobranch catch is essential. This requires data on a combination of measures, including reported landings, retained and discarded non-target catch, and post-discard survival. Identification of the factors influencing discard vs. retention is needed to improve catch estimates and to determine wasteful fishing practices. To do this we compared retention rates of elasmobranch non-target catch in a broad subset of fisheries throughout the world by taxon, fishing country, and gear. A regression tree and random forest analysis indicated that taxon was the most important determinant of retention in this dataset, but all three factors together explained 59% of the variance. Estimates of total elasmobranch removals were calculated by dividing the FAO global elasmobranch landings by average retention rates and suggest that total elasmobranch removals may exceed FAO reported landings by as much as 400%. This analysis is the first effort to directly characterize global drivers of discards for elasmobranch non-target catch. Our results highlight the importance of accurate quantification of retention and discard rates to improve assessments of the potential impacts of fisheries on these species.

Intercultural Approaches to Cities and Spaces in Literature, Film, and New Media: a review of new work by Manzanas and Benito and Lopez-Varela and Net

Intercultural Approaches to Cities and Spaces in Literature, Film, and New Media: a review of new work by Manzanas and Benito and Lopez-Varela and Net

The modern study of literature; an introduction to literary theory and interpretation by Richard Green Moulton ...

Introduction: Dominant ideas of modern study: unity, induction, evolution.--book I. Literary morphology: varieties of literature and their underlying principles.--book II. The field and scope of literary study.--book III. Literary evolution as reflected in the history of world literature.--book IV. Literary criticism: the traditional confusion and the modern reconstruction.--book V. Literature as a mode of philosophy.--book VI. Literature as a mode of art. Conclusion: the traditional and the modern study of literature. Syllabus. Works of the author. General index. Seventh impression, June, 1928

World Beats : Beat Generation Writing and the Worlding of U.S. Literature /

A study of the Beat-era writers in a global context. This title was made Open Access by libraries from around the world through Knowledge Unlatched.

Biological effects of neutrons, gamma radiation, and neutron-gamma combinations : a selective bibliography of unclassified literature /

An annotated bibliography of 190 items is presented, covering AEC report literature and selected references from the open literature on biological effects of neutrons, gamma radiations, and combinations of both.

Popular literature with reference to infidelity and public morality : a paper /

Cover title.

The best books: a reader's guide to the choice of the best available books (about 100,000) in every department of science, art, and literature, with the dates of the first and last editions, and the prize, size and publisher's name (both English and American) of each book; a contribution towards systematic bibliography,

None of the American edition published after part 4. Parts 5 and 6 have imprinted: London, G, Routledge and sond, limited, 1931-35.

Museum of foreign literature, science and art.

Edited at first by Robert Walsh, Jr. and then by Eliakim and Squier Littell, the monthly Museum of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art was the leading American eclectic for twenty years. Much of its contents were selected from British magazines; included were reviews, poetry, literary and scientific news, biographical sketches of British authors, lists of new British publications, and articles on literature. The engraved portraits in each number were a popular feature. After 1830, plates were published regularly, and the magazine began to devote a large proportion of its space to serial fiction by Dickens, Reade, Bulwer, Thackeray and other popular English novelists.

Insurgent Testimonies : Witnessing Colonial Trauma in Modern and Anglophone Literature /

This book examines testimony in the works of Rebecca West, Joseph Conrad, E.M. Forster, H.G. de Lisser, V.S Reid, and Ngũgi wa Thiong’o, and argues that disruptions to imperial and national power and the legal and legal responses they inspired shape the formal practices of modernist and Anglophone literature. This title was made Open Access by libraries from around the world through Knowledge Unlatched.

Historical sketches of English and American literature, embracing an account of the principal productions of the most distinguished authors in Great Britain and the United States, from the earliest to the present period ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Orientations in Time: Music and the Construction of Historical Narrative in 20th and 21st Century African-American Literature

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Resource-efficient supply chains:a research framework, literature review and research agenda

Purpose: To define a research agenda for creating Resource-Efficient Supply Chains (RESC) by identifying and analysing their key characteristics as well as future research opportunities. Design/methodology/approach: We follow a systematic review method to analyse the literature and to understand RESC taking a substantive theory approach. Our approach is grounded in a specific domain, the agri-food sector, because it is an intensive user of an extensive range of resources. Findings: The review shows that literature has looked at the use of resources primarily from the environmental impact perspective. It shows a lack of understanding of the specific RESC characteristics, and concludes more research is needed on multi-disciplinary methods for resource use and impact analyses as well as assessment methods for resource sensitivity and responsiveness. There is a need to explore whether or not, and how, logistics/supply chain decisions will affect the overall configuration of future food supply chains in an era of resource scarcity and depletion and what the trade-offs will be. Research limitations/implications: The paper proposes an agenda for future research in the area of resource–efficient supply chain. The framework proposed along with the key characteristics identified for RESC can be applied to other sectors. Practical implications: Our research should facilitate further understanding of the implications and trade-offs of supply chain decisions taken on the use of resources by supply chain managers. Originality/value: The paper explores the interaction between supply chains and natural resources and also defines the key characteristics of RESC.

Teachers' experiences in and perceptions of their 12th-grade British literature classrooms

The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences and perceptions of 12th-grade literature teachers about curriculum, Post-Colonial literature, and students. Theories posed by Piaget (1995), Vygotsky (1995), and Rosenblatt (1995) formed the framework for this micro-ethnographic study. Seven teachers from public and private schools in South Florida participated in this two-phase study; three teachers in Phase I and four in Phase II. All participants completed individual semi-structured interviews and demographic surveys. In addition, four of the teachers were observed teaching. The analysis yielded three themes and two sub-themes: (a) knowledge concerned teachers' knowledge of British literature content and Post-Colonial authors and their literature; (b) freedom described teachers' freedom to choose how to teach their content. Included in this theme was dilemmas associated with 12th-grade classrooms which described issues that were pertinent to the 12th-grade teacher and classroom that were revealed by the study; and (c) thoughts about students described teachers' perceptions about students and how literature might affect the students. Two subthemes of knowledge were as follows:(1) text complexity described teacher responses to a Post-Colonial text's complexity and (2) student desirability/teachability described teachers' perception about how desirable Post-Colonial texts would be to students and whether teachers would be willing to teach these texts. The researcher offers recommendations for understanding factors associated with 12th-grade teachers perceptions and implications for enhancing the 12th-grade experience for teachers and curriculum, based on this study: (a) build teacher morale and capacity, (b) treat all students as integral components of the teaching and learning process; teachers in this study thought teaching disenfranchised learners was a form of punishment meted out by the administration, and (c) include more Post-Colonial authors in school curricula in colleges and schools as most teachers in this study did not study this type of literature nor knew how to teach it.