Présences du Cantique des Cantiques dans Le tombeau des rois d’Anne Hébert : incorporation et déplacements

S’il a déjà été établi que la Bible a enrichi et inspiré l’oeuvre d’Anne Hébert, la présente étude s’attardera plus précisément aux présences du poème de l’Ancien Testament, le Cantique des Cantiques, au sein du recueil Le tombeau des rois. Nous verrons que les incorporations ponctuelles de différents motifs du texte biblique ne se font pas sans certains déplacements sémantiques qui suggèrent un rapport critique au texte sacré et surtout, à ses récupérations dogmatiques et morales. Au cœur de ce grand poème d’amour se trouvent les germes d’une union profanatrice que la poète prend le parti de faire sourdre, dans un acte de recréation exégétique inusité et lucide.

Théâtre des disparues : Le Premier Jardin

Cette étude du Premier Jardin explore le legs historique et scénique au féminin que s’engage à mettre en lumière Flora, le personnage principal du roman. Flora, qui est comédienne, revendique une création au féminin sans pour autant échapper à un système patriarcal qui dépend de l’effacement du féminin. Cette revendication ambivalente et problématique se déploie par le palimpseste : les divers rôles qu’endosse Flora relèvent de l’Histoire et du récit théâtral.

Complex order biped rhythms

Animal locomotion is a complex process, involving the central pattern generators (neural networks, located in the spinal cord, that produce rhythmic patterns), the brainstem command systems, the steering and posture control systems and the top layer structures that decide which motor primitive is activated at a given time. Pinto and Golubitsky studied an integer CPG model for legs rhythms in bipeds. It is a four-coupled identical oscillators' network with dihedral symmetry. This paper considers a new complex order central pattern generator (CPG) model for locomotion in bipeds. A complex derivative Dα±jβ, with α, β ∈ ℜ+, j = √-1, is a generalization of the concept of an integer derivative, where α = 1, β = 0. Parameter regions where periodic solutions, identified with legs' rhythms in bipeds, occur, are analyzed. Also observed is the variation of the amplitude and period of periodic solutions with the complex order derivative.

Fractional central pattern generators for bipedal locomotion

Locomotion has been a major research issue in the last few years. Many models for the locomotion rhythms of quadrupeds, hexapods, bipeds and other animals have been proposed. This study has also been extended to the control of rhythmic movements of adaptive legged robots. In this paper, we consider a fractional version of a central pattern generator (CPG) model for locomotion in bipeds. A fractional derivative D α f(x), with α non-integer, is a generalization of the concept of an integer derivative, where α=1. The integer CPG model has been proposed by Golubitsky, Stewart, Buono and Collins, and studied later by Pinto and Golubitsky. It is a network of four coupled identical oscillators which has dihedral symmetry. We study parameter regions where periodic solutions, identified with legs’ rhythms in bipeds, occur, for 0<α≤1. We find that the amplitude and the period of the periodic solutions, identified with biped rhythms, increase as α varies from near 0 to values close to unity.

Bipedal Locomotion: A Fractional CPG for Generating Patterns

Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Dynamical Systems Theory and Applications

Auto-referência de sintomas de lesões músculo-esqueléticas ligadas ao trabalho LMELT numa grande empresa em Portugal

RESUMO - A dor, incómodo ou desconforto ao nível músculo-esquelético, sobretudo devido a situações e/ou postos de trabalho com elevadas exigências ao nível postural, de aplicação de força, de repetitividade ou por incorrecta distribuição das pausas, é aceite como um indicador de situações de risco passíveis de se encontrarem na génese de lesões músculo- -esqueléticas ligadas ao trabalho (LMELT) (Stuart-Buttle, 1994). No sentido de avaliar a prevalência de sintomas de LME, efectuou-se um estudo numa grande empresa da indústria de componentes para automóveis na região de Lisboa durante o ano de 2001. Utilizou-se um instrumento de recolha de informação construído a partir de uma adaptação do questionário nórdico músculo-esquelético (QNM) (Kuorinka et al., 1987). Com o apoio do serviço de saúde ocupacional da referida empresa, o questionário foi entregue a todos os trabalhadores, obtendo-se uma taxa de respondentes de 63,2% (n = 574). A população em estudo é maioritariamente do sexo feminino (83,9%), tem idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 65 anos e a classe modal situa-se entre os 26 e os 33 anos (23,3%). Os resultados evidenciam uma alta prevalência de sintomatologia de LME e diferenças significativas de sintomas entre as categorias profissionais (1) operadores de máquina de costura, (2) trabalhadores dos armazéns e de transporte de mercadorias e (3) trabalhadores da logística, qualidade e escritórios. Os operadores apresentam índices superiores e diferentes (p < 0,05) de sintomatologia nos últimos doze meses ao nível da região cervical, ombros, cotovelos, ancas/coxas, pernas/joelhos e tornozelos/pés e nos punhos nos últimos sete dias. No presente estudo, a análise dos dados obtidos parece indicar que a natureza e as características da actividade de trabalho do grupo profissional operadores de máquina de costura (flexão cervical > 20°, trabalho muscular predominantemente estático ao nível da articulação dos ombros, elevação dos membros superiores > 45°, ortostatismo e exigências elevadas ao nível dos punhos/mãos) estão implicadas no desencadear da sintomatologia auto- -referida.

The role of crowdfunding in promoting entrepreneurship

Crowdfunding is a collaborative initiative, usually via internet, where people network to collectively raise funds in order to invest in and support projects delivered by other people or organizations. Tools such as crowdfunding are born and thrive in a grassroots environment, with a strong potential to positively disrupt the entrepreneurial generation setting and grow to a position of significant relevance in society, namely at a time when alternatives to traditional forms of finance are welcome and the technology to deliver them is abundant. Entrepreneurship is the act of transforming ideas and projects into economic products or services. Entrepreneurship related to starting new businesses is better known as start‐up ventures. Entrepreneurs face a series of challenges, from idea conception and business plan design, to obtaining finance, promoting new products and services, generating revenues and profits and generally growing and sustaining a business for the long‐run. These challenges can be overwhelming, namely in the start‐up phase of a new venture, leaving several ideas on paper without them having a chance to “grow legs and walk”. This paper and its analysis offer important insights about the contribution of crowdfunding to facilitate the attainment of critical factors for successful entrepreneurship. With extensive use of real practical examples, leveraging previous analytical studies of other crowdfunding implications and reviewing expert literature, by interviewing entrepreneurs, crowdfunding platform owners and by benefitting from hands on experience of working in such an organization, we intend to clarify the impact of crowdfunding in what we considered to be 7 key entrepreneurial requirements detailed further in the introduction section and later in the body of the paper. The findings have implications for entrepreneurs, naturally, and for business generation theory, extending current entrepreneurial guidelines with innovative tools and methodologies capable of sustaining successful ventures in a newly highlighted cooperative world. We live in innovative times where the channels for the transfer of funds and resources suffer disruptive changes with the potential to significantly improve the ability to generate new initiatives for the well‐being of entrepreneurs and all related communities.

Safe dissection of the distally based anterolateral thigh flap.

Background The distally based anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap is an interesting reconstructive solution for complex soft tissue defects of the knee. In spite of a low donor site morbidity and wide covering surface as well as arch of rotation, it has never gained popularity among reconstructive surgeons. Venous congestion and difficult flap dissection in the presence of a variable anatomy of the vascular pedicle are the possible reasons.Methods An anatomical study of 15 cadaver legs was performed to further clarify the blood supply of the distally based ALT. Our early experience with the use of preoperative angiography and a safe flap design modification that avoids distal intramuscular skeletonization of the vascular pedicle and includes a subcutaneous strip ranging from the distal end of the flap to the pivot point is presented.Results The distally based ALT presents a constant and reliable retrograde vascular contribution from the superior genicular artery. Preoperative angiography reliably identified and avoided critical Shieh Type II pedicled flaps. The preservation of a subcutaneous strip ranging from the distal flap end to the upper knee was associated with the absence of venous congestion in a short case series.Conclusions Preoperative angiography and a flap design modification are proposed to allow the safe transfer of the distally based ALT to reconstruct soft tissue defects of the knee.

Podoconiosis in the Ethiopian Rift Valley - Role of beryllium and zirconium

A geogenic origin has been proposed in the aetiology of non-filarial elephantiasis of the feet and legs, recently renamed podoconiosis. Soil collected in an area of the Ethiopian Rift Valley, the borough of Ocholo, known for its high prevalence of podoconiosis (5.06%), has been submitted to mineral analysis. High values of sulphur (S), cerium (Ce), lanthanum (La) and neodymium (Nd), typical for basaltic bedrocks, were found. Of special interest were the values for zirconium (Zr) and beryllium (Be), 618 +/- 87 ppm and 4.6 +/- 0.5 ppm respectively, twice as high as those recorded for soils sampled in neighbouring areas where the prevalence of podoconiosis is low. To be noted also, a high content in vanadium, above 250 ppm, in half of the soil samples collected in this region. Year-long exposure of unprotected feet to Zr and Be, known for their ability to induce granuloma formation in the lymphoid tissue of man, and present in a clay rich in colloidal silica particle, highly abrasive to skin, is doubtlessly a factor involved in the development of lymph node sclerosis leading to elephantiasis.

Health correlates of overweight and obesity in adults aged 50 years and over: results from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE)

QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY: To examine the association between overweight/obesity and several self-reported chronic diseases, symptoms and disability measures. METHODS: Data from eleven European countries participating in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe were used. 18,584 non-institutionalised individuals aged 50 years and over with BMI > or = 18.5 (kg/m2) were included. BMI was categorized into normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9), overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9) and obesity (BMI > or = 30). Dependent variables were 13 diagnosed chronic conditions, 11 health complaints, subjective health and physical disability measures. For both genders, multiple logistic regressions were performed adjusting for age, socioeconomic status and behaviour risks. RESULTS: The odds ratios for high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, arthritis, joint pain and swollen legs were significantly increased for overweight and obese adults. Compared to normal-weight individuals, the odds ratio (OR) for reporting > or = 2 chronic diseases was 2.4 (95% CI 1.9-2.9) for obese men and 2.7 (95% CI 2.2-3.1) for obese women. Overweight and obese women were more likely to report health symptoms. Obesity in men (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.4-0.6), and overweight (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.4-0.6) and obesity (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.3-0.5) in women, were associated with poorer subjective health (i.e. a decreased risk of reporting excellent, very good or good subjective health). Disability outcomes were those showing the greatest differences in strength of association across BMI categories, and between genders. For example, the OR for any difficulty in walking 100 metres was non-significant at 0.8 for overweight men, at 1.9 (95% CI 1.3-2.7) for obese men, at 1.4 (95% CI 1.1-1.8) for overweight women, and at 3.5 (95% CI 2.6-4.7) for obese women. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the impact of increased BMI on morbidity and disability. Healthcare stakeholders of the participating countries should be aware of the substantial burden that obesity places on the general health and autonomy of adults aged over 50.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity and Overnight Body Fluid Shift before and after Hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with significantly increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Fluid overload may promote obstructive sleep apnea in patients with ESRD through an overnight fluid shift from the legs to the neck soft tissues. Body fluid shift and severity of obstructive sleep apnea before and after hemodialysis were compared in patients with ESRD. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: Seventeen patients with hemodialysis and moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea were included. Polysomnographies were performed the night before and after hemodialysis to assess obstructive sleep apnea, and bioimpedance was used to measure fluid overload and leg fluid volume. RESULTS: The mean overnight rostral fluid shift was 1.27±0.41 L prehemodialysis; it correlated positively with fluid overload volume (r=0.39; P=0.02) and was significantly lower posthemodialysis (0.78±0.38 L; P<0.001). There was no significant difference in the mean obstructive apnea-hypopnea index before and after hemodialysis (46.8±22.0 versus 42.1±18.6 per hour; P=0.21), but obstructive apnea-hypopnea index was significantly lower posthemodialysis (-10.1±10.8 per hour) in the group of 12 patients, with a concomitant reduction of fluid overload compared with participants without change in fluid overload (obstructive apnea-hypopnea index +8.2±16.1 per hour; P<0.01). A lower fluid overload after hemodialysis was significantly correlated (r=0.49; P=0.04) with a lower obstructive apnea-hypopnea index. Fluid overload-assessed by bioimpedance-was the best predictor of the change in obstructive apnea-hypopnea index observed after hemodialysis (standardized r=-0.68; P=0.01) in multivariate regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Fluid overload influences overnight rostral fluid shift and obstructive sleep apnea severity in patients with ESRD undergoing intermittent hemodialysis. Although no benefit of hemodialysis on obstructive sleep apnea severity was observed in the whole group, the change in obstructive apnea-hypopnea index was significantly correlated with the change in fluid overload after hemodialysis. Moreover, the subgroup with lower fluid overload posthemodialysis showed a significantly lower obstructive sleep apnea severity, which provides a strong incentive to further study whether optimizing fluid status in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and ESRD will improve the obstructive apnea-hypopnea index.

Recueil de lettres et de pièces originales, et de copies de pièces indiquées comme telles dans le dépouillement qui suit.

Contient : 1 Clef d'un chiffre. En italien ; 2 Lettre de RENEE DE FRANCE, duchesse douairière DE FERRARE, « à monseigneur le duc [Alphonse II d'Este]... De Montargis, ce XXIIIe aoust 1570 ». Minute ; 3 Lettre de RENEE DE FRANCE,... à madame ma fille... la duchesse de Ferrare,... De Montargis, ce XXIIIe aoust 1570 ». Minute ; 4 Lettre de RENEE DE FRANCE « à madame la princesse d'Urbin [sa fille]... De Montargis, ce XXIIIe aoust 1570 » ; 5 Lettre de RENEE DE FRANCE « à madame Lienor [d'Est]... De Montargis, ce XXIIIe aoust 1570 ». Minute ; 6 Lettre de RENEE DE FRANCE « au Sr Don Loys [d'Est]... De Montargis, ce XXIIIe aoust 1570 ». Minute ; 7 Promesse de payement faite par « JAQUES DE SAVOYE,... duca di Genevoys e di Nemours », à « Gio. Antonio Scalla, mercante gioliero de Milano... A Moncallieri, il VIII novembre 1581 » ; suivie de la quittance du joaillier, « 27 zuegno 1583 ». En italien ; 8 Lettre de « JEHAN BATISTE DE GONDI,... à madame [la duchesse de Ferrare]... De Paris, ce XXVIIe decembre 1567 » ; 9 Lettre d'« ANNE D'EST [duchesse DE NEMOURS]... à monseigneur Guyon, receveur du domaine de Montargis... Escript à Paris, ce XVIIe jour de juin 1600 » ; 10 Lettre d'« ANNE D'EST,... à monsieur de Selincourt,... bailly et gouverneur de Montargis... De Lyon, ce Xme d'avril 1596 » ; 11 Lettre d'« ANNE D'EST,... à monsieur de Selincourt,... De Lagneux, ce 19me mars 1596 » ; 12 Lettre d'« ANNE D'EST » à « monsieur de Selincourt,... De St Maur des Fossez, ce XXIXe aoust 1596 » ; 13 Lettre d'« ANNE D'EST,... à monsieur de Selincourt,... De St Maur des Fossez, ce XXIXe aoust 1596 » ; 14 Lettre, en italien, de « FRANCESCO DI ESTE,... alla... duchessa de Nemors,... Di Ferrara, alli 28 de ottobre 1566 » ; 15 Lettre de madame D'« ANTREMONT,... à madame... la duchesse de Nemours et de Genevois,... De Sçaint André, se 25 de fevrier 1582 » ; 16 Mandement d'« ANNE D'EST,... duchesse de Genevoys et de Nemours,... à noz... feaulx conseilliers les president et maistres de nostre chambre des comptes de Genevoys... Donné à Verneuil, le unziesme jour de juing, l'an mil cinq cens quatre vingtz et deux » ; 17 Lettres patentes du roi « HENRY » III pour conclure l'« accord... entre monseigneur de Montpensier et monseigneur de Nevers,... Donné à Bloys, le XVIIIe jour d'avril, l'an de grace mil cinq cens quatre vingtz ung ». Copie ; 18 Minute d'une lettre du roi de France au pape, en faveur de Louis, « cardinal d'Est » ; 19 « Minute de contract » de vente passé entre « Stephano Capris, cittadino di Turino », et « Giacomo di Savoya, duca di Nemors et dil Genevoys,... fatto nella citta di Turino... all' ottavo giorno dil mese di febraro... l'anno doppo la... Nativita mille cinque cento octanta duoi ». En italien ; 20 Lettre de « HENRY DE SAVOYE [duc DE NEMOURS]... à monsieur... Dormy » ; 21 Lettre de « HENRY DE SAVOYE,... à monseigneur Dormy, conseiller et secretaire du roy et de ses finances... A Turin... ce 3me janvier 1613 » ; 22 Lettre de « HENRY DE SAVOYE,... à monsieur Dormy,... De Nicy, ce 2e Xbre 1616 ». Cette lettre est accompagnée d'une note signée : « J. DE MONGOUMERY » ; 23 Requête adressée par « HENRY DE SAVOYE,... à nosseigneurs de parlement », relativement à la terre de « Dhueul-sur-Oize » ; 24 Lettre de « HENRY DE SAVOYE,... à monsieur Dormy,... De Lagneux, le XXVe aoust 1616 » ; 25 Lettre d'« ANNE DE LORRAINE,... à monsieur... Dormy,... De Beaumont, ce XVII 7bre 1603 » ; 26 « Articles par lesquelx le cappitaine JAQUES DEMOZZY entant soy justiffier envers monseigneur et madame de Genevois et de Nemours ». Copie ; 27 État de la taille en certaines villes et provinces de France ; 28 Fragment relatif à l'engagement, avec faculté de rachat, du comté de Valognes à « Claude de Tende ». Copie ; 29 Lettre de « HENRY DE SAVOYE,... à monseigneur de Moiron, recepveur general de mes finances de Genevois et Foucigny,... A Paris, ce XXIIIIe apvril 1599 » ; 30 « Brevet » d'assignation faite par « le duc de Genevois, de Nemours et de Chartres », aux religieuses Ursulines du faubourg St Jacques sur la pension dont il jouissait au trésor royal, d'une somme qui leur était due par suite de legs successifs. « A Paris... vingt quatriesme du mois de juillet mil six cens dix sept ». Copie ; 31 « Memoire de ce qui se presente necessaire pour le service de monseigneur... le duc de Nemours,... pendant qu'il est en court... 1615 » ; 32 Lettre, en italien, avec chiffre, de « VALERIO CATULE,... Di Milano, alli 11 febrajo 1613 » ; 33 « Roolle des personnes ordinaires qui sont à la suitte de monseigneur [le duc de Nemours]... A Paris, le premier jour du moys de mars mil six cent cinq » ; 34 « Coppie de transaction passée entre madame... Anne d'Est, duchesse [douairière] de Nemours,... et monseigneur... Henry de Savoye, duc de Nemours,... Faict et passé... en l'hostel de Nemours à Paris, le samedy... tiers jour d'avril, l'an mil six cens et quatre » ; 35 Promesse faite par « Me Loys Le Court, conseiller du roy et secretaire de ses finances... et Nicolas Picart, son gendre, escuier, sieur de Sainct Germain,... à... madame Anne d'Est, duchesse de Genevois, de Nemoux et de Chartres, à messire Guillaume Le Cirier, sieur de Neufchelles, et Guillaume Perdrier, sieur de Bobigny,... à cause du rachapt et payement d'arreraiges... faict... audict sieur Le Court,... de soixante treize escuz trente six solz huict deniers tournois de rente... affin que lesdicts dame et sieurs de Neufchelles et Bobigny n'ayent peine à cause dudict rachapt... Faict et passé multiple en l'hostel de Nemoux... le dimanche apres midy, vingtiesme jour de fevrier, l'an mil six cens » ; 36 Lettre de « MARIE DE LOMENIE,... à monsieur... le duc de Nemours,... A Mirebeau, ce XXVIme juing 1627 » ; 37 « Coppye de memoire et propos concernant les offres deliberées d'estre faictes par aulcuns des offyciers de finance qui desirent la revocquacion de la chambre de justice... Decembre M.VI.C.XXIIII » ; 38 « Roolle des personnes ordinaires qui sont à la suitte de monseigneur, de madame [le duc et la duchesse de Nemours] et de monsieur le prince de Genevois, durant le mois de juillet 1621 » ; 39 Procuration » donnée par « Henry de Savoye », duc de Nemours, et « Anne de Loraine », sa femme, « pour raison de la vente de la terre et seigneurie de la comté de Sainct Vallier... L'an mil six cens vingt, le dix septiesme jour de juillet ». Minute ; 40 Lettre de « CIZE,... à monseigneur [le duc de Nemours]... De Nissy, ce 29 juin 1620 » ; 41 « Roolle et distribution des estrennes ordonnées par monseigneur [le duc de Nemours] aux officiers du roy et autres, payées par Robert Guillin, le premier jour de janvier 1619 » ; 42 « Rolle et distribution des estrennes pour l'année 1620 » ; 43 « Roolle des personnes ordinayres qui sont à la suitte de monseigneur [le duc de Nemours] durant le mois de may 1618 » ; 44 Fragment d'un état des recettes et dépenses de la maison du duc de Nemours ; 45 Lettre de « LUCAS TASCHEREAU,... à monseigneur le duc de Nemours » ; 46 « Nombre des compagnies du regiment de Forestz » ; 47 « Estat des deniers paiez, non paiez et advancez pour l'extraordinaire de la guerre suivant les commandements et ordonnances de monseigneur le duc de Nemours, année M.V.C.IIII.XX.XIII » ; 48 « Inventaire des pieces que Me René Baudart, advocat et conseil de... messire Jaques de Savoye, duc de Genevoys et de Nemours,... veult et entend comunicquer à Me Pierre de La Lanne, advocat et conseil de damoiselle Françoise de Rohan, deffenderesse ». 11 avril 1573 ; 49 « Estat de ce qui est deu à monsieur le duc de Nemours, dont il demande à messieurs des comptes bailler advis au roy » ; 50 Requête adressée « à messieurs du conseil de monseigneur le duc de Ferrare et de Chartres », par « GIRARD GALIGRE, receveur du dommaine de Chartres ». Avec réponses en marge ; 51 « Brief Memoire du faict du proces pendant au conseil entre monseigneur [le duc de Nemours] et les bourgeois de Lyon » ; 52 Requête adressée « au roy et à nosseigneurs de son conseil » par « ANNE D'EST, procuratrisse du sieur duc de Nemours, son filz », relativement au même procès. Suivie de notes se rapportant à la même affaire. Copie ; 53 « Memoire de la conduitte du corps de monseigneur le duc de Nemours,... Du XV juillet 1632 » ; 54 Lettre d'« ANNE DE LORRAINE [duchesse DE NEMOURS]... à monsieur Dormy,... D'Annisi, ce 27 febvrier 1634 » ; 55 Lettre d'« ANNE DE LORRAINE,... à monsieur Dormy,... A Turin, ce 22 octobre 1633 » ; 56 Mandement de HENRI DE SAVOIE, « duc de Genevois et de Nemours, comte de Gisors,... à... Me Gilles Delaporte, fermier du domaine et peages des vicontez d'Andely et Vernon », de payer « à Mrs Claude Leprince et Pierre le Moyne,... la somme de trois cens livres... Faict à Paris, le XIIIIe jour de novembre M.VI.C.XXVI ». Copie ; 57 Lettre de « HENRY DE SAVOYE,... à monsieur Dormy,... A Fontainebleau, ce 11e may 1626 » ; 58 Lettre de « HENRY DE SAVOYE,... à monsieur Dormy,... A Fonteinebleau, ce 24e apvril 1626 » ; 59 Lettre de « HENRY DE SAVOYE,... à monsieur... Dormy,... A Fonteinebleau, ce 12e septembre 1625 » ; 60 Lettre de « HENRY DE SAVOYE,... à monsieur Dormy,... De Fontainebleau, ce 18 septembre 1625 » ; 61 Lettre, en italien, avec chiffre, de « GASPARO FOGLIANI,... De Parigi, li XX d'ottobre 1568 » ; 62 Lettre de « JEHAN BATISTE DE GONDI,... à madame [la duchesse de Ferrare]... De Paris, ce XXe d'aoust 1569 » ; 63 Requête adressée par « PHILIBERTE MINGON,... PHILIPPE NYCOLLIN, Me GUILLIAUME MECLARD, les vesves de Mes ORSET et GARIN, et... PIERRE DETHOYRE,... à monseigneur » le duc de Nemours ; 64 « Teneur d'arrest... du souverain senat de Savoye entre... Philippe Nycollin,... Pierre Dethoire, Me Guilliaume Meclard et consortz, demandeurs... d'une part, et les seigneurs... Descharmettes et le procureur fiscal de Genevois, deffendeurs, d'aultre, etc... A Chambery... le neufviesme jour du mois de mars mil six cens vingt septz ». Copie ; 65 Contrat en vertu duquel Henri de Savoye, duc de Nemours, afin de faciliter l'acquit de la dette contractée envers Louis Grippaz, joaillier, renonce en faveur des ayant cause, prêteurs et cautions de François Paquellet, seigneur de Moyron, à poursuivre ce que celui-ci lui pouvait devoir en qualité de receveur général de ses finances, 27 août 1614. Copie ; 66 Entérinement du précédent contrat à la chambre des comptes de Genevois, 30 août 1614. Copie

"I might be a duck, but I'm human" : an analysis of clothing in Disney cartoons

Mickey Mouse, one of the world's most recognizable cartoon characters, did not wear a shirt in his earliest incarnation in theatrical shorts and, for many years, Donald Duck did not wear pants and still rarely does so. Especially when one considers the era in which these figures were first created by the Walt Disney Studio, in the 1920s and 1930s, why are they portrayed without full clothing? The obvious answer, of course, is that they are animals, and animals do not wear clothes. But these are no ordinary animals: in most cases, they do wear clothing - some clothing, at least - and they walk on two legs, talk in a more or less intelligible fashion, and display a number of other anthropomorphic traits. If they are essentially animals, why do they wear clothing at all? On the other hand, if these characters are more human than animal, as suggested by other behavioral traits - they walk, talk, work, read, and so on - why are they not more often fully clothed? To answer these questions I undertook three major research strategies used to gather evidence: interpretive textual analysis of 321 cartoons; secondary analysis of interviews conducted with the animators who created the Disney characters; and historical and archival research on the Disney Company and on the times and context in which it functioned. I was able to identify five themes that played a large part in what kind of clothing a character wore; first, the character's gender and/or sexuality; second, what species or "race" the character was; third, the character's socio-economic status; fourth, the degree to which the character was anthropomorphized; and, fifth, the context in which the character and its clothing appeared in a particular scene or narrative. I concluded that all of these factors played a part in determining, to some extent, the clothing worn by particular characters at particular times. However, certain patterns emerged from the analysis that could not be explained by these factors alone or in combination. Therefore, my analysis also investigates the individual and collective attitudes and desires of the men in the Disney studio who were responsible for creating these characters and the cultural conditions under which they were created. Drawing on literature from the psychoanalytic approach to film studies, I argue that the clothing choices spoke to an idealized fantasy world to which the animators (most importantly, Walt Disney himself), and possibly wider society, wanted to return.

The electromyographic threshold in children: Differences in neuromuscular activation during progressive exercise between boys and men

The electromyographic threshold (EMGTh), defined as an upward inflexion in the rising EMG signal during progressive exercise, is thought to reflect the onset of increased type-II MU recruitment. The study’s objective was to compare the relative exercise intensity at which the EMGTh occurs in boys vs. men. Participants included 21 men (23.4±4.1 yrs) and 23 boys (11.1±1.1 yrs). Ramped cycle-ergometry was conducted to volitional exhaustion with surface EMG recorded from the vastus lateralis muscles. The EMGTh was mathematically determined using a composite of both legs. EMGTh was detected in 95.2% of the men and in 78.3% of the boys (χ2(1, n=44) =2.69, p =.10). The boys’ EMGTh was significantly higher than the men’s (86.4±9.6 vs. 79.7±10.0% of peak power-output at exhaustion; p <.05). These findings suggest that boys activate their type-II MUs to a lesser extent than men during progressive exercise and support the hypothesis of differential child–adult MU activation.

Photograph - Group Photo at the Lake

A group photo of five individuals, including Percy Band. There are three women and two men. Both men are hiking up their pant legs for the picture.