Factores a considerar en la regeneración natural del bosque tropical seco en Nicaragua

En el presente estudio se analizó el banco de semillas del suelo en un ecosistema de bosque seco secundario en Nandarola, Nandaime, departamento de Granada. La investigación tuvo por objetivos estimar composición florística y densidad de semillas presentes en el banco de semillas de suelo. Se recolectaron muestras de suelo que incluían la capa litter y tres capas de suelo mineral sucesivas (de 0-3, 3-6 y 6-9 cms). El número total de especies presente en el banco de semillas del suelo fue de 33 especies, distribuidas en 23 familias. El número total de semillas presente fue 240 semillas por metro cuadrado. Tambien se hizo otro estudio sobre la regeneración natural de tres especies: Lysiloma divaricatum (Jacq.), Tabebuia ochracea (Cham.) and Lonchocarpus minimiflorus (Donn. Sm.) en un periodo de tres años en la Reserva Natural de Chacocente. Los resultados obtenidos señalan que la densidad de las especies varía significativamente durante el periodo de estudio. La regeneración natural por si sola no es suficiente para mantener el número adecuado de plántulas, por lo tanto se deben de tomar medidas para incrementar la regeneración de las especies.

Ontologies for representation of folk song metadata

The digital management of collections in museums, archives, libraries and galleries is an increasingly important part of cultural heritage studies. This paper describes a representation for folk song metadata, based on the Web Ontology Language (OWL) implementation of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model. The OWL representation facilitates encoding and reasoning over a genre ontology, while the CIDOC model enables a representation of complex spatial containment and proximity relations among geographic regions. It is shown how complex queries of folk song metadata, relying on inference and not only retrieval, can be expressed in OWL and solved using a description logic reasoner.

Seed Longevity of Melaleuca quinquenervia: A Burial Experiment in South Florida

Burial and removal techniques with seed bags were used to examine the viability and longevity of Melaleuca quinquenervia seeds at four field sites representing different soil types and hydrological conditions in South Florida. Seed viability was determined over different burial durations in the soil through a combination of germination tests and 2,3,5-triphenyl- tetrazolium chloride (TTC) treatments. Control seeds kept dry at 25 C in the laboratory maintained same viability of ca. 15% over the 3-year study. In the field, seed viability decreased with increased burial duration.(PDF has 4 pages.)

Water quality impacts of mechanical shredding of aquatic macrophytes

We examined the impacts of mechanical shredding (i.e.. shredding plants and leaving biomass in the system) of the water chestnut (Trapa natans) on water quality and nutrient mobilization in a control and experimental site in Lake Champlain (Vermont-New York). A 1-ha plot was mechanically shredded within 1 h on 26 July, 1999. Broken plant material was initially concentrated on the lake surface of the experimental station after shredding, and was noticeable on the lake surface for 19 d. Over a two week period after shredding. concentrations of total nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and soluble reactive P increased in the lower water column of the experimental station, coinciding with decomposition of water chestnut. Sediments in the control and experimental stations exhibited vet-v low rates of N and P release and could not account for increases in nutrient concentrations in the water column after mechanical shredding. Shredded plant material deployed in mesh bags at the experimental station lost similar to 70% of their total mass, and 42%, N and 70% P within 14 d. indicating Substantial nutrient mobilization via autolysis and decomposition. Chlorophyll a concentrations increased to 35 g/L at the experimental station on day 7 after shredding, compared to a concentration of 4 g/L at the control station. suggesting uptake of mobilized nutrients by phytoplankton. Disruption Of the Surface canopy of water chestnut by shredding was associated with marked increases in turbidity and dissolved oxygen, suggesting increased mixing at the experimental site.

Proximate and fatty acid composition of 40 southeastern U.S. finfish species

This report describes the proximate compositions (protein, moisture, fat, and ash) and major fatty acid profiles for raw and cooked samples of 40 southeastern finfish species. All samples (fillets) were cooked by a standard procedure in laminated plastic bags to an internal temperature of 70'C (lS8'F). Both summarized compositional data, with means and ranges for each species, and individual sample data including harvest dates and average lengths and weights are presented. When compared with raw samples, cooked samples exhibited an increase in protein content with an accompanying decrease in moisture content. Fat content either remained approximately the same or increased due to moisture loss during cooking. Our results are discussed in reference to compositional data previously published by others on some of the same species. Although additional data are needed to adequately describe the seasonal and geographic variations in the chemical compositions of many of these fish species, the results presented here should be useful to nutritionists, seafood marketers, and consumers.(PDF file contains 28 pages.)

Biotic vs. Abiotic Control of Decomposition: A Comparison of the Effects of Simulated Extinctions and Changes in Temperature

The loss of species is known to have significant effects on ecosystem functioning, but only recently has it been recognized that species loss might rival the effects of other forms of environmental change on ecosystem processes. There is a need for experimental studies that explicitly manipulate species richness and environmental factors concurrently to determine their relative impacts on key ecosystem processes such as plant litter decomposition. It is crucial to understand what factors affect the rate of plant litter decomposition and the relative magnitude of such effects because the rate at which plant litter is lost and transformed to other forms of organic and inorganic carbon determines the capacity for carbon storage in ecosystems and the rate at which greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide are outgassed. Here we compared how an increase in water temperature of 5 degrees C and loss of detritivorous invertebrate and plant litter species affect decomposition rates in a laboratory experiment simulating stream conditions. Like some prior studies, we found that species identity, rather than species richness per se, is a key driver of decomposition, but additionally we showed that the loss of particular species can equal or exceed temperature change in its impact on decomposition. Our results indicate that the loss of particular species can be as important a driver of decomposition as substantial temperature change, but also that predicting the relative consequences of species loss and other forms of environmental change on decomposition requires knowledge of assemblages and their constituent species' ecology and ecophysiology.

Preliminary study on the construction and management of integrated rice-cum-fish culture system at Karabande, New Bussa

Details are given of a study carried out in Nigeria, to introduce the practice of fish-cum-rice culture, using Sarotherodon galilaeus. Two plots each measuring 360m super(2) were used for this study and were compared with the farmer's two plots measuring 300m super(2) and 350m super(2). The plots were modified and had two central canals. Rice seedlings were transplanted into the plots after 19 days using a planting distance of 20 x 20cm. Three rice seedlings were planted per hole, using rice variety FARO 40, and grown for 90 days. About 240 and 180 S. galilaeus fingerlings of mean weight of 30g and 26g were stocked in the two experimental plots, respectively. They were fed with pelleted feed of 25% C.P. and monitored for 100 days. A yield of 22.8kg was obtained in plot A while 15.66kg was obtained in plot B. A rice yield of 250kg (i.e 5 bags) was obtained in each of the plots. The results obtained were compared with plots with no fish

Sustainable management of water bodies for small-scale fisheries resorces research and development

Abstract The rapid growth of both formal and informal high density urban settlements around major water resources has led to increased pollution of streams, rivers, lakes and estuaries, due to contaminated runoff from these developments. The paper identified major contaminants to be : organic waste (sewage), industrial effluent, pesticides and litter. Pollutant loads vary depending on the hydrology of the urban area, local topography and soil conditions. In some instances, severe pollution of neighbouring and downstream water courses has been observed. The management of catchment land uses, riparian zones, in stream habitat, as well as in stream water flow patterns and quality are necessary in order to sustain the integrity and "health" of water resources, for fisheries and other developments. As such, attempts to ensure a certain level of water quality without attention to other aspects will not automatically ensure a "healthy" ecosystem even as fish habitat. Proper management leads to better water quality and conducive environment for increased fish production

Wind-driven desertification: process modeling, remote monitoring, and forecasting

Arid and semiarid landscapes comprise nearly a third of the Earth's total land surface. These areas are coming under increasing land use pressures. Despite their low productivity these lands are not barren. Rather, they consist of fragile ecosystems vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbance.

The purpose of this thesis is threefold: (I) to develop and test a process model of wind-driven desertification, (II) to evaluate next-generation process-relevant remote monitoring strategies for use in arid and semiarid regions, and (III) to identify elements for effective management of the world's drylands.

In developing the process model of wind-driven desertification in arid and semiarid lands, field, remote sensing, and modeling observations from a degraded Mojave Desert shrubland are used. This model focuses on aeolian removal and transport of dust, sand, and litter as the primary mechanisms of degradation: killing plants by burial and abrasion, interrupting natural processes of nutrient accumulation, and allowing the loss of soil resources by abiotic transport. This model is tested in field sampling experiments at two sites and is extended by Fourier Transform and geostatistical analysis of high-resolution imagery from one site.

Next, the use of hyperspectral remote sensing data is evaluated as a substantive input to dryland remote monitoring strategies. In particular, the efficacy of spectral mixture analysis (SMA) in discriminating vegetation and soil types and detennining vegetation cover is investigated. The results indicate that hyperspectral data may be less useful than often thought in determining vegetation parameters. Its usefulness in determining soil parameters, however, may be leveraged by developing simple multispectral classification tools that can be used to monitor desertification.

Finally, the elements required for effective monitoring and management of arid and semiarid lands are discussed. Several large-scale multi-site field experiments are proposed to clarify the role of wind as a landscape and degradation process in dry lands. The role of remote sensing in monitoring the world's drylands is discussed in terms of optimal remote sensing platform characteristics and surface phenomena which may be monitored in order to identify areas at risk of desertification. A desertification indicator is proposed that unifies consideration of environmental and human variables.

Comunidades de anfíbios anuros em duas fitofisionomias do Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro, estado de Santa Catarina

O estado de Santa Catarina possuía sua área inteiramente coberta por Mata Atlântica, um dos biomas mais ameaçados mundialmente. Mesmo com o crescente aumento de informações sobre os anfíbios no estado, ainda existe muitas lacunas de informações para este grupo e o desconhecimento é alto mesmo no interior das Unidades de Conservação. O Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro é a maior unidade de conservação de proteção integral de Santa Catarina e ainda assim possui inúmeras ameaças e pressões antrópicas. Os objetivos deste estudo foram estudar os anfíbios anuros em duas fitofisionomias, restinga e floresta ombrófila densa submontana, do Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro, verificar as diferenças dos parâmetros da comunidade entre três mesohábitats na restinga, compreender em que extensão algumas variáveis estruturais do hábitat afetam a riqueza e abundância dos anuros na restinga e na floresta ombrófila densa submontana, conhecer os anuros de folhiço na área de floresta e, adicionalmente, verificar o atual conhecimento sobre os anuros de folhiço no mundo. Os anuros no parque foram amostrados por meio dos métodos de procura ativa em transecções, armadilhas de queda com cerca guia e parcelas no chão da floresta durante três anos consecutivos com amostragens trimestrais, de julho de 2007 a abril de 2010. As variáves estruturais foram medidas nos locais amostrados enquanto que os dados climáticos foram obtidos da estação meteorológica mais próxima da área de estudo. A revisão sobre os anuros de folhiço no mundo foi realizada por uma busca na base de dados ISI Web if Science entre os anos de 1945 e 2008. Foram registradas 39 espécies de anuros no Parque, sendo 15 espécies para a restinga, 31 espécies na floresta. No folhiço do chão da floresta, a comunidade foi composta por 13 espécies de anuros. No total, 66% dos anuros registrados aqui, foram endêmicos da Mata Atlântica, 17% possuíram distribuição restrita à Santa Catarina e quatro espécies foram consideradas como vulneráveis na lista de espécies ameaçadas de extinção de Santa Catarina. Na restinga, a área aberta e a mata de restinga foram as mais dissimilares com relação à composição e abundância de anuros e também para as variáveis estruturais do hábitat. Na floresta ombrófila densa, a cobertura de dossel e o número de corpos dágua foram as variáveis mais importantes para a riqueza e abundância das espécies de anuros. Também para os anuros de folhiço do parque, a cobertura de dossel foi importante, conjuntamente com a umidade do ar e a profundidade de folhiço. O atual conhecimento sobre os anuros de folhiço no mundo se concentra nas regiões tropicais, sendo que o Brasil possui o maior número de estudos. Algumas tendências para as comunidades de anuros de folhiço puderam ser identificadas, mas estudos adicionais são necessários para que mais inferências possam ser feitas. O presente estudo contribuiu para preencher parte das lacunas de conhecimento existentes para a biodiversidade dos anuros do estado de Santa Catarina e em especial para o Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro.

Effects of a flash-flood on channel morphology and some insects of a small stony stream in the Peak District, Derbyshire

In this paper, some observations are made following a flash-flood that occurred in Stake Clough, a small tributary of the River Goyt, during the evening of 6 August 1996. The site was visited eight times between 8 August - 30 October 1996 to take samples and make observations on the stream. The flood scoured the bed of Stake Clough but more significantly, caused it to change course along the middle part of the floodplain. Initially after the flood, the numbers of insects in all stretches of the stream channel were low (100-200 m super(2)), but then gradually rose to population densities approaching ten times this figure. The benthos was dominated by the Chironomidae and also leuctrid stoneflies (Leuctra nigra, L. hippopus and L. inermis). On 8th August 1996, 12 mesh bags, each containing oak leaves, were placed in the stream and collected after 24 hours. These were also dominated by chironomids, and contained relatively high numbers of the caddis, Potamophylax cingulatus.

The importance of organic detritus in lotic ecosystems: Aspects of trophic interactions

Very little research has been carried out on detrital energetics and pathways in lotic ecosystems. Most investigations have concentrated on the degradation of allochthonous plant litter by fungi, with a glance at heterotrophic bacteria associated with decaying litter. In this short review, the author describes what is known of the detrition of plant litter in lotic waters, which results from the degradative activities of colonising saprophytic fungi and bacteria, and goes on to relate this process to those invertebrates that consume coarse and/or fine particulate detritus, or dissolved organic matter that aggregates into colloidal exopolymer particles. It is clear that many of the key processes involved in the relationships between the physical, chemical, biotic and biochemical elements present in running waters are very complex and poorly understood. Those few aspects for which there are reliable models with predictive power have resulted from data collections made over periods of 20 years or more. Comprehensive research of single catchments would provide a fine opportunity to collect data over a long period.

A comunidade de anuros do folhiço da Serra das Torres, sul do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil: A sazonalidade afeta os parâmetros da comunidade?

O presente estudo trás informações acerca da comunidade de anfíbios anuros do folhiço nas florestas que compõem a região da Serra das Torres, sul do Espírito Santo, sudeste do Brasil. Foram utilizados métodos de parcelas 4 x 4 m para obter os primeiros dados de sazonalidade na composição, massa e densidade no estado do Espírito Santo. Amostragens de campo foram realizadas durante as estações seca e de chuvas, no período de junho de 2009 a dezembro de 2010. Foram registrados 348 indivíduos com média de 1,0 0,1 ind/parcela, em 14 espécies associadas ao folhiço do chão da floresta. As curvas de rarefação e do coletor apresentaram assíntotas tendendo a estabilizarem. A densidade de anuros na área estudada foi de 6,59 ind/100 m e a biomassa total 413,9 g. Brachycephalus didactylus foi a espécie com maior densidade (3,8 ind/100 m) e a maior abundância (100 indivíduos ou 40,6% da comunidade geral), entretanto, apresentou biomassa relativamente baixa (16,8 g) quando comparada às demais espécies como Haddadus binotatus (239,6 g ou 57,2% da biomassa total da comunidade). Não foi registrada nenhuma variação sazonal em relação à densidade ou biomassa na comunidade. A umidade relativa do ar e a profundidade do folhiço foram fatores ambientais significativos para a abundância de indivíduos, enquanto a temperatura e a presença de rochas ou árvores no interior das parcelas não foram importantes na estruturação da comunidade daquela área. Este estudo aumenta a distribuição geográfica de Brachycephalus didactylus, Zachaenus parvulus, Physalaemus crombiei, Ischnocnema cf. bolbodactyla, Ischnocnema gr. lactea e Leptodactylus cf. bokermanni.

Stress, shredders and streams: using gammarus energetics to assess water quality

This paper reviews the effectiveness of Gammarus scope for growth (SfG) as an indicator of water quality. In addition, the link between physiological changes and effects at higher levels of biological organisation is addressed. Exposure to a range of toxicants resulted in decreases in Gammarus SfG which were qualitatively and quantitatively correlated with subsequent reductions in growth and reproduction. Reductions in SfG were due principally to a decrease in energy intake (i.e. feeding rate) rather than an increase in energy expenditure. Gammarus pulex is an important shredder in many stream communities and stressed-induced reductions in its feeding activity were correlated with reductions in the processing of leaf litter by a semi-natural stream community. Hence, changes in the physiological energetics of Gammarus provide a general and sensitive indicator of stress which can be linked to effects at higher levels of biological organisation. Under long-term stress and hence prolonged reductions in SfG, animals may adapt by modifying their life-history strategies and producing fewer, larger offspring.

Optimización de la metodología para la producción de hongos comestibles

El cultivo de hongos comestibles saprófitos constituye un sistema de producción-consumo, que ha adquirido gran relevancia social, económica y ecológica. Con el fin de abaratar costes a la vez que aprovechar y reciclar residuos forestales, el objetivo de este trabajo se ha centrado en evaluar la viabilidad del aserrín de Eucalyptus globulus como soporte del cultivo en bolsa de Lentinula edodes (hongo comercializado conocido como Shiitake) y Agrocybe aegerita (hongo no comercializado comúnmente llamado Seta de Chopo). Se han evaluado 6 formulaciones, todas ellas con el aserrín como componente principal y con adición de diferentes suplementos: cereales (salvado y mijo), un controlador del pH (CaCO3) y un estimulador de crecimiento (CaSO4). Se ha determinado el crecimiento miceliar sobre cada uno de los sustratos, así como la producción de carpoforos (tanto en cantidad como en calidad) y la duración del periodo de fructificación. La mezcla más efectiva para la producción de L. edodes fue aquella que contenía yeso y azúcar mientras que para A. aegerita el salvado resultó ser el mejor suplemento.