Expert consensus document: the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic.

An expert panel was convened in October 2013 by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) to discuss the field of probiotics. It is now 13 years since the definition of probiotics and 12 years after guidelines were published for regulators, scientists and industry by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the WHO (FAO/WHO). The FAO/WHO definition of a probiotic������live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host������was reinforced as relevant and sufficiently accommodating for current and anticipated applications. However, inconsistencies between the FAO/WHO Expert Consultation Report and the FAO/WHO Guidelines were clarified to take into account advances in science and applications. A more precise use of the term 'probiotic' will be useful to guide clinicians and consumers in differentiating the diverse products on the market. This document represents the conclusions of the ISAPP consensus meeting on the appropriate use and scope of the term probiotic.

Choosing international linkage strategies in the electronics industry: the role of multinational experience

This paper examines how different aspects of multinational experience affect the choice of international linkage strategy. Integrating transaction cost and dynamic efficiency considerations, we empirically test the determinants of the choice between acquisitions, joint ventures (JV), and strategic alliances (SA) for the world���s largest electronics corporations in 1993���1997. We show that ���country specific experience��� increases the probability of commitment intensive linkage modes (such as acquisitions and joint ventures), while a positive effect on strategic alliances is caused by ���variety experience���, deriving from the heterogeneity of international contexts, and by ���internationalisation experience��� reflecting overall involvement in international markets.

Em busca de um novo paradigma organizacional com base na learning organization - o caso do Instituto Internacional de Projeciologia e Consci��nciologia

Esta disserta����o apresente o conceito Organiza����o de Aprendizagem e propostas paradigm��ticas inovadoras para administra����o. Dentre eles, o Paradigma Paraecon��mico idealizado por guerreiro Ramos, o Paradigma Consciencial de Waldo Vieira e os Paradigmas sociais de Burrel e Morgan. O objetivo �� por meio do estudo de caso de uma organiza����o sem fins lucrativos, dedicada �� Pesquisa do Fen��meno da Consci��ncia, o IIPC, entender o pr��-sistema, Organiza����o de aprendizagem e estudar novos paradigmas para gest��o com pessoas, no contexto atual. Al��m disso, se busca tamb��m, classificar o Instituto Internacional de Projeciologia e Conscienciologia como ajustado ou n��o ao pr��-sistema de Peter Senge, dentro da realidade de empresas de Terceiro Setor. Por fim, se conclui que o modelo Consciencioc��ntrico, origin��rio do Paradigma Consciencial, se aproxima bastante do modelo de Senge, baseado nas cinco disciplinas, indo al��m no que diz respeito ao autoconhecimento e cultura organizacional fomentadora da reciclagem e aprendizagem.

Essays on industrial organization

Esta tese comp��e-se de tr��s ensaios que versam sobre o formato, em termos de estrutura de governan��a, das ind��strias e como a estrutura interna das mesmas in fluenciam esses formatos e seus produtos. O primeiro cap��tulo apresenta um modelo de como a qualidade institucional, confian��a e incompleteza contratual afetam as decisi��es das firmas sobre a melhor forma de se organizarem internacionalmente. O segundo cap��tulo vai na mesma direc��o de explicar a organiza����o das ind��strias, mas com foco no efeito da transmiss��o de informa����o entre as unidades constituintes das organiza����es sobre o formato ��timo das mesmas. Ambos trabalhos usam modelos din��micos. O terceiro cap��tulo se utiliza da modelagem de organiza����o industrial para mostrar como a estrutura interna de uma ind��stria in fluencia no risco de cr��dito consignado.

R&D investment, international trade, and home market and competitiveness efects

We analyze the effects of R&D investment on international trade. The importance of studying this comes from the fact that one of the most important characteristics of modern industrial organization is that firms try to influence market behavior through strategic variables as R&D. Moreover international competition between firms is, more and more, also centered in R&D competition (besides output and price competition). With this in mind, we develop an oligopolist reciprocal-markets model where firms engage in R&D investment to achieve future reductions in marginal costs. We find ���home market effects��� at the level of R&D investment, i.e.: firms located in countries that host a higher share of skilled-labor perform higher levels of R&D investment. As consequence, firms in these countries are more competitive than firms in other countries, and as such they can penetrate more easily foreign markets. As result of this ���competitiveness effect���, countries where these firms are located run trade surplus, while countries where firms perform lower levels of R&D investment incur in trade deficits.

Exchange rate misalignments and international trade policy: impacts on tariffs

The debate on ���exchange wars and trade wars��� is raising the attention of experts on international trade and economics. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the impacts of exchange rate misalignments on one of the most traditional trade policy instruments ��� tariffs, as defined by the WTO ��� World Trade Organization. It is divided into three sections: the first one examines the effects of exchange rate variations on tariffs and its consequences for the multilateral trade system; the second explains the methodology used to determine exchange rate misalignments and also presents its results for Brazil, US and China; and the third summarizes the methodology applied to calculate the impacts of exchange rate misalignments on the level of tariff protection through an exercise of ���misalignment tariffication���

O parto dos caminhos: Forma����o dos Sindicatos Rurais no Rio Grande do Norte (1960 - 1964)

The present work treats the movements dedicated to reinvidication per land and social rights for the field works, among 1960 and 1964. Trying to understand this question in the Rio Grande do Norte it is necessary to consider the connection between the catholic church and the rural syndicates besides the influence of the Brazilian communist party, and still other social movements and the state. The structures politics local, national and international, had considerable importance to the organization rural potiguares workers. The rural potiguares syndicate appear in 1961 - after a hard organization work starting of the Service of Rural Assistance - and expand itself through state until the middle of 1962. Soon the first big conflicts an important manifestation are perceive, indirectly referring to a increasing movement's performance. The Favoring Progresses chains co quested a biggest influence in the politics destiny of the Rio Grande do Norte, in front of integration among syndicates, educational projects, and favoring progress's politics. But the military coup hired that the hope overflow the field

Brazilian coffee genome project: an EST-based genomic resource

O caf�� �� um dos principais produtos agr��colas, sendo considerado o segundo item em import��ncia do com��rcio internacional de commodities. O g��nero Coffea pertence �� fam��lia Rubiaceae que tamb��m inclui outras plantas importantes. Este g��nero cont��m aproximadamente 100 esp��cies, mas a produ����o comercial �� baseada somente em duas esp��cies, Coffea arabica e Coffea canephora, que representam aproximadamente 70 % e 30 % do mercado total de caf��, respectivamente. O Projeto Genoma Caf�� Brasileiro foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de disponibilizar os modernos recursos da gen��mica �� comunidade cient��fica e aos diferentes segmentos da cadeia produtiva do caf��. Para isso, foram seq��enciados 214.964 clones escolhidos aleatoriamente de 37 bibliotecas de cDNA de C. arabica, C. canephora e C. racemosa representando est��dios espec��ficos do desenvolvimento de c��lulas e de tecidos do cafeeiro, resultando em 130.792, 12.381 e 10.566 seq����ncias de cada esp��cie, respectivamente, ap��s processo de trimagem. Os ESTs foram agrupados em 17.982 contigs e em 32.155 singletons. A compara����o destas seq����ncias pelo programa BLAST revelou que 22 % n��o tiveram nenhuma similaridade significativa ��s seq����ncias no banco de dados do National Center for Biotechnology Information (de fun����o conhecida ou desconhecida). A base de dados de ESTs do cafeeiro resultou na identifica����o de cerca de 33.000 unigenes diferentes. Os resultados de anota����o das seq����ncias foram armazenados em base de dados online em <A HREF=http://www.lge.ibi.unicamp.br/cafe>http://www.lge.ibi.unicamp.br/cafe</A>. Os recursos desenvolvidos por este projeto disponibilizam ferramentas gen��ticas e gen��micas que podem ser decisivas para a sustentabilidade, a competitividade e a futura viabilidade da agroind��stria cafeeira nos mercados interno e externo.

Cytogenetic characterization reveals differences in nuclear organization of cystic cells among Brazilian species of Triatoma (Heteroptera, Reduviidae)

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

Temperature and water content influence on thermophysical properties of coffee extract

Specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and density of coffee extract were experimentally determined in the range of 0.49 to 0.90 (wet basis) water content and at temperatures varying from 30 to 82 degreesC. Thermal conductivity and specific heat were measured by means of the same apparatus- a cell constituted of two concentric cylinders - operating at steady and unsteady state, respectively. The thermal diffusivity was measured by the well-known Dickerson's method and density was determined by picnometry. The results obtained were used to derive mathematical models for predicting these properties as a function of concentration and temperature.

Latin America and the Caribbean in the World Economy 2011-2012: Continuing crisis in the centre and new opportunities for developing economies

Includes bibliography

Anaerobic treatment of wastewater from coffee pulping in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) in two stages

In this work, the efficiency of two-stage upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors was evaluated in bench scale, for treating a liquid effluent from coffee pulping. Hydraulic detention times (HDT) were 4.0; 5.2 and 6.2 days, resulting in organic loading rates (OLR) of 5.8; 3.6 and 3.0g total COD per (L-d) in the first reactor (Rl) and HDT of 2.0; 2.6 and 3.1 days with OLR of 5.8; 0.5 and 0.4 g total COD per (L-d) in the second reactor (R2). The medium values of total COD affluent varied from 15.440 to 23.040 mg O 2/L, and in the effluent to the reactors 1 and 2 were from l.lOO to 11.500 mg 0 2/L and 420 to 9.000 mg O 2/L, respectively. The medium values of removal efficiencies of total COD and TSS varied from 66 to 98% and 93 to 97%, respectively, in the system of treatment with the UASB reactors, in two stages. The content of methane in the biogas varied from 69 to 89% in the Rl and from 52 to 73% in the R2. The maximum volumetric methane production of 0.483 m 3 CH 4per (m 3 reactor d) was obtained with OLR of 3.6 g total COD per (L reactor d) and HDT of 6.2 days in the Rl. The volatile fatty acids concentration was kept below 100mg/L with HDT of 5.2 and 6.2 days in the Rl and HDT of 2.6 and 3.1 days in the R2.

Growth with stability: financing for development in the new international context

Includes bibliography

Trade and the environment in the context of the World Trade Organization

Includes bibliography

Tax performance and reform in the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)

Includes bibliography