Validation of real time dispersion of Tritium clouds over the Western Mediterranean Basin in different assesments

Real time Tritium concentrations in air coming from an ITER-like reactor as source were coupled the European Centre Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) numerical model with the lagrangian atmospheric dispersion model FLEXPART. This tool ECMWF/FLEXPART was analyzed in normal operating conditions in the Western Mediterranean Basin during 45 days at summer 2010. From comparison with NORMTRI plumes over Western Mediterranean Basin the real time results have demonstrated an overestimation of the corresponding climatologically sequence Tritium concentrations in air outputs, at several distances from the reactor. For these purpose two clouds development patterns were established. The first one was following a cyclonic circulation over the Mediterranean Sea and the second one was based in the cloud delivered over the Interior of the Iberian Peninsula by another stabilized circulation corresponding to a High. One of the important remaining activities defined then, was the tool qualification. The aim of this paper is to present the ECMWF/FLEXPART products confronted with Tritium concentration in air data. For this purpose a database to develop and validate ECMWF/FLEXPART tritium in both assessments has been selected from a NORMTRI run. Similarities and differences, underestimation and overestimation with NORMTRI will allowfor refinement in some features of ECMWF/FLEXPART

Metodología de diseño, observación y cálculo de redes geodésicas exteriores para túneles de gran longitud = Methedology for designing, observing and computing external geodetic networks of long lengths tunnels

RESUMEN: La realización de túneles de gran longitud para ferrocarriles ha adquirido un gran auge en los últimos años. En España se han abordado proyectos de estas características, no existiendo para su ejecución una metodología completa y contrastada de actuación. Las características geométricas, de observación y de trabajo en túneles hace que las metodologías que se aplican en otros proyectos de ingeniería no sean aplicables por las siguientes causas: separación de las redes exteriores e interiores de los túneles debido a la diferente naturaleza de los observables, geometría en el interior siempre desfavorable a los requerimientos de observación clásica, mala visibilidad dentro del túnel, aumento de errores conforme avanza la perforación, y movimientos propios del túnel durante su ejecución por la propia geodinámica activa. Los patrones de observación geodésica usados deben revisarse cuando se ejecutan túneles de gran longitud. Este trabajo establece una metodología para el diseño de redes exteriores. ABSTRACT: The realization of long railway tunnels has acquired a great interest in recent years. In Spain it is necessary to address projects of this nature, but ther is no corresponding methodological framework supporting them. The tunnel observational and working geometrical properties, make that former methodologies used may be unuseful in this case: the observation of the exterior and interior geodetical networks of the tunnel is different in nature. Conditions of visibility in the interior of the tunnels, regardless of the geometry, are not the most advantageous for observation due to the production system and the natural conditions of the tunnels. Errors increase as the drilling of the tunnel progresses, as it becomes problematical to perform continuous verifications along the itinerary itself. Moreover, inherent tunnel movements due to active geodynamics must also be considered. Therefore patterns for geodetic and topographic observations have to be reviewed when very long tunnels are constructed.

Distribution of the coal flow in the mill-duct system of the As Pontes Power Plant using CFD modeling

The efficiency of a Power Plant is affected by the distribution of the pulverized coal within the furnace. The coal, which is pulverized in the mills, is transported and distributed by the primary gas through the mill-ducts to the interior of the furnace. This is done with a double function: dry and enter the coal by different levels for optimizing the combustion in the sense that a complete combustion occurs with homogeneous heat fluxes to the walls. The mill-duct systems of a real Power Plant are very complex and they are not yet well understood. In particular, experimental data concerning the mass flows of coal to the different levels are very difficult to measure. CFD modeling can help to determine them. An Eulerian/Lagrangian approach is used due to the low solid–gas volume ratio.

Calle e Interior de manzana. Mecanismos de transición en la ciudad consolidada: Manzana 13, Rue des Suisses, Londres-Villarroel

Frente a la colmatación indiscriminada de los territorios colindantes, emerge la posibilidad de realizar acciones concretas sobre el tejido urbano consolidado, recuperando espacios olvidados para dotarlos de nuevas cualidades. El objetivo del trabajo es estudiar el potencial de transformación de los interiores de manzana en lugares de relación entre los ciudadanos a través del estudio de tres casos de vivienda colectiva y descubrir los mecanismos proyectivos que impulsan las nuevas relaciones entre el ámbito público de la ciudad y el colectivo de la vivienda, cambiando así la percepción de que nada interesante ocurre en áreas de transición entre la calle, la vivienda y el interior de la manzana. ABSTRACT. Facing the indiscriminate fouling adjacent territories, it rises the possibility of acting on the consolidated urban fabric, recovering forgotten spaces to give them new qualities. The aim of this work is to study the potential of transforming the block interiors in places of relationship between citizens through the study of three cases of collective housing and find projective mechanisms that drive the new relationship between the public realm of the city and the collective sphere of housing, thus changing the perception that nothing interesting happens in areas of transition between the street, the housing and the interior of the block.

Methedology for designing, observing and computing external geodetic networks of long lengths tunnels

RESUMEN La realización de túneles de gran longitud para ferrocarriles ha adquirido un gran auge en los últimos años. En España se han abordado proyectos de estas características, no existiendo para su ejecución una metodología completa y contrastada de actuación. Las características geométricas, de observación y de trabajo en túneles hace que las metodologías que se aplican en otros proyectos de ingeniería no sean aplicables por las siguientes causas: separación de las redes exteriores e interiores de los túneles debido a la diferente naturaleza de los observables, geometría en el interior siempre desfavorable a los requerimientos de observación clásica, mala visibilidad dentro del túnel, aumento de errores conforme avanza la perforación, y movimientos propios del túnel durante su ejecución por la propia geodinámica activa. Los patrones de observación geodésica usados deben revisarse cuando se ejecutan túneles de gran longitud. Este trabajo establece una metodología para el diseño de redes exteriores. ABSTRACT: The realization of long railway tunnels has acquired a great interest in recent years. In Spain it is necessary to address projects of this nature, but ther is no corresponding methodological framework supporting them. The tunnel observational and working geometrical properties, make that former methodologies used may be unuseful in this case: the observation of the exterior and interior geodetical networks of the tunnel is different in nature. Conditions of visibility in the interior of the tunnels, regardless of the geometry, are not the most advantageous for observation due to the production system and the natural conditions of the tunnels. Errors increase as the drilling of the tunnel progresses, as it becomes problematical to perform continuous verifications along the itinerary itself. Moreover, inherent tunnel movements due to active geodynamics must also be considered. Therefore patterns for geodetic and topographic observations have to be reviewed when very long tunnels are constructed.

Datos de precisión en la evaluación del ruido transmitido al interior de una habitación según el Real Decreto 1367/2007

El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar una evaluación realista de la incertidumbre en los ensayos de ruido transmitido al interior de una sala según el Anexo IV del Real Decreto 1367/2007, contemplando todas las posibles causas que intervienen en la incertidumbre de forma que las imprecisiones observadas en los ejercicios de intercomparación se cubran con un único ensayo. Otra parte fundamental del trabajo es cuantificar la fuente de incertidumbre generada en la elección del punto de medición. En primer lugar se realiza la medición del nivel continuo equivalente ponderado A en habitaciones de distinto tamaño, a la que llegan los distintos tipos de ruido emitido desde el exterior de las mismas. El siguiente paso es realizar un análisis de los niveles medidos, tanto en su distribución espacial como en su evolución temporal, incidiendo en los valores máximos, LAeq,5s. A continuación se comprueba si la distribución de los niveles medidos se ajusta a una distribución normal mediante el software de análisis estadístico STATGRAPHICS. Determinando, en base al tamaño de las muestras escogidas, por medio de análisis estadísticos, la aportación a la incertidumbre generada en la elección del punto de medida, cuantificando su valor. Por último se realiza una medición del ruido de actividades según el Real Decreto 1367/2007, aportando una evaluación de la incertidumbre, teniendo en cuenta todas las fuentes que la generan, mediante el enfoque clásico de la GUM. ABSTRACT. The objective of this work is to carry out a realistic assessment of the uncertainty in the trials of noise transmitted into the interior of a room according to Annex IV of the Royal Decree 136772997, considering all of the causes involved in uncertainty in such a way that the inaccuracies observed in intercomparison exercises are covered with a single trial. Another fundamental part of the work is to quantify the source of uncertainty in the choice of the point of measurement. First is the weighted equivalent of the continuous level measurement in rooms of different sizes, which reach different types of noise emitted from outside of them. The next step is to perform an analysis of the measured levels, both in their spatial distribution and their temporal evolution, influencing the maximum values, LAeq,5s. Then it is checked to see whether the distribution of the measured levels conforms to a normal distribution using the STATGRAPHICS statistical analysis software. Determining therefore, based on the size of the selected samples, through statistical analysis, the contribution to the uncertainty generated in the choice of the measurement point, quantifying its value. At last is the measure of the noise of activities according to the Royal Decree 1367/2007, providing an assessment of the uncertainty, taking into account all sources that generate it, using the classical approach to the GUM.

A Di-Leucine Sequence and a Cluster of Acidic Amino Acids Are Required for Dynamic Retention in the Endosomal Recycling Compartment of Fibroblasts

Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP), a transmembrane aminopeptidase, is dynamically retained within the endosomal compartment of fibroblasts. The characteristics of this dynamic retention are rapid internalization from the plasma membrane and slow recycling back to the cell surface. These specialized trafficking kinetics result in <15% of IRAP on the cell surface at steady state, compared with 35% of the transferrin receptor, another transmembrane protein that traffics between endosomes and the cell surface. Here we demonstrate that a 29-amino acid region of IRAP's cytoplasmic domain (residues 56–84) is necessary and sufficient to promote trafficking characteristic of IRAP. A di-leucine sequence and a cluster of acidic amino acids within this region are essential elements of the motif that slows IRAP recycling. Rapid internalization requires any two of three distinct motifs: M15,16, DED64–66, and LL76,77. The DED and LL sequences are part of the motif that regulates recycling, demonstrating that this motif is bifunctional. In this study we used horseradish peroxidase quenching of fluorescence to demonstrate that IRAP is dynamically retained within the transferrin receptor-containing general endosomal recycling compartment. Therefore, our data demonstrate that motifs similar to those that determine targeting among distinct membrane compartments can also regulate the rate of transport of proteins from endosomal compartments. We propose a model for dynamic retention in which IRAP is transported from the general endosomal recycling compartment in specialized, slowly budding recycling vesicles that are distinct from those that mediate rapid recycling back to the surface (e.g., transferrin receptor-containing transport vesicles). It is likely that the dynamic retention of IRAP is an example of a general mechanism for regulating the distribution of proteins between the surface and interior of cells.

Influence of general anesthetics on a specific neural pathway in Drosophila melanogaster.

The neural pathway that governs an escape response of Drosophila to sudden changes in light intensity can be artificially induced by electrical stimulation of the brain and monitored by electrical recording from the effector muscles. We have refined previous work in this system to permit reliable ascertainment of two kinds of response: (i) a short-latency response that follows from direct excitation of a giant fiber neuron in the interior of the fly brain and (ii) a long-latency response in which electrical stimulation triggers neurons in the optic ganglia that ultimately impinge on the giant fiber neuron. The general anesthetic halothane is reported here to have very different potencies in inhibiting these two responses. The long-latency response is obliterated at concentrations similar to those that cause gross behavioral effects in adult flies, whereas the short-latency response is only partially inhibited at doses that are 10-fold higher. Three other volatile anesthetic agents show a similar pattern. Thus, as in higher organisms, the Drosophila nervous system is differentiated into components of high and low sensitivity to general anesthetics. Moreover, this work shows that one of the sensitive components of the nervous system lies in the optic lobe and is readily assayed by its effect on downstream systems; it should provide a focus for exploring the effects of genetic alteration of anesthetic sensitivity.

Enzyme-mediated spatial segregation on individual polymeric support beads: application to generation and screening of encoded combinatorial libraries.

Proteolysis of short N alpha-protected peptide substrates bound to polyoxyethylene-polystyrene beads releases selectively free amino sites in the enzyme-accessible "surface" area. The substantial majority of functional sites in the "interior" of the polymeric support are not reached by the enzyme and remain uncleaved (protected). Subsequent synthesis with two classes of orthogonal protecting groups-N alpha-tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) and N alpha-9-fluorenylmethyloxy-carbonyl (Fmoc)-allows generation of two structures on the same bead. The surface structure is available for receptor interactions, whereas the corresponding interior structure is used for coding. Coding structures are usually readily sequenceable peptides. This "shaving" methodology was illustrated by the preparation of a peptide-encoded model peptide combinatorial library containing 1.0 x 10(5) members at approximately 6-fold degeneracy. From this single library, good ligands were selected for three different receptors: anti-beta-endorphin anti-body, streptavidin, and thrombin, and the binding structures were deduced correctly by sequencing the coding peptides present on the same beads.

El Congreso de Tucumán, el movimiento de pueblo de La Rioja y la intervención militar de Alejandro Heredia : ¿Escenas del enfrenamiento entre centralistas y federales en el Interior de las Provincias Unidas?

El presente artículo analiza la conflictividad política en La Rioja a partir del "movimiento de pueblo", encabezado por Javier Villafañe en abril de 1816, y que buscaba reemplazar al Gobernador Ramón Brizuela y Doria. Estos sucesos, que tuvieron lugar en simultáneo al inicio de las sesiones del Congreso de Tucumán, estuvieron vinculados a la expansión de las ideas federales y autonomistas en el interior de las Provincias Unidas y a las disputas que se produjeron en torno a la organización política del nuevo estado y en torno quien debía asumir la conducción del proceso revolucionario. Nos aproximamos a esta cuestión a partir del análisis de la documentación que generó la comisión del teniente coronel Alejandro Heredia, designado para restablecer el orden en La Rioja, pero también, a partir del análisis de las intervenciones de las autoridades centrales y del gobernador de Córdoba. Para eso, hemos trabajado con material existente en el Archivo General de la Nación, en el Archivo Histórico de la Provincia de Córdoba y diversa documentación editada referida al Congreso de Tucumán

Activation of a spherical carbon for toluene adsorption at low concentration

This paper complements a previous one [1] about toluene adsorption on a commercial spherical activated carbon and on samples obtained from it by CO2 or steam activation. The present paper deals with the activation of a commercial spherical carbon (SC) having low porosity and high bed density (0.85 g/cm3) using the same procedure. Our results show that SC can be well activated with CO2 or steam. The increase in the burn-off percentage leads to an increase in the gravimetric adsorption capacity (more intensively for CO2) and a decrease in bed density (more intensively for CO2). However, for similar porosity developments similar bed densities are achieved for CO2 and steam. Especial attention is paid to differences between both activating agents, comparing samples having similar or different activation rates, showing that CO2 generates more narrow porosity and penetrates more inside the spherical particles than steam. Steam activates more from the outside to the interior of the spheres and hence produces larger spheres size reductions. With both activation agents and with a suitable combination of porosity development and bed density, quite high volumetric adsorption values of toluene (up to 236 g toluene/L) can be obtained even using a low toluene concentration (200 ppmv).