Multidimensionnalité des violences envers les femmes. La Suisse en regard des États-Unis: pertinence et validité d'une comparaison

Summary : International comparisons in the area of victimization, particularly in the field of violence against women, are fraught with methodological problems that previous research has not systematically addressed, and whose answer does not seem to be agreed up~n. For obvious logistic and financial reasons, international studies on violence against women (i.e. studies that administer the same instrument in different countries). are seldom; therefore, researchers are bound to resort to secondary comparisons. Many studies simply juxtapose their results to the ones of previous wòrk or to findings obtained in different contexts, in order to offer an allegedly comparative perspective to their conclusions. If, most of the time, researchers indicate the methodological limitations of a direct comparison, it is not rare that these do not result in concrete methodological controls. Yet, many studies have shown the influence of surveys methodological parameters on findings, listing recommendations fora «best practice» of research. Although, over the past decades, violence against women surveys have become more and more similar -tending towards a sort of uniformization that could be interpreted as a passive consensus -these instruments retain more or less subtle differences that are still susceptible to influence the validity of a comparison. Yet, only a small number of studies have directly worked on the comparability of violence against women data, striving to control the methodological parameters of the surveys in order to guarantee the validity of their comparisons. The goal of this work is to compare data from two national surveys on violence against women: the Swiss component of the International Violence Against Women Survey [CH-IVAWS] and the National Violence Against Women Survey [NVAWS] administered in the United States. The choice of these studies certainly ensues from the author's affiliations; however, it is far from being trivial. Indeed, the criminological field currently endows American and Anglo-Saxon literature with a predominant space, compelling researchers from other countries to almost do the splits to interpret their results in the light of previous work or to develop effective interventions in their own context. Turning to hypotheses or concepts developed in a specific framework inevitably raises the issue of their applicability to another context, i.e. the Swiss context, if not at least European. This problematic then takes on an interest that goes beyond the particular topic of violence against women, adding to its relevance. This work articulates around three axes. First, it shows the way survey characteristics influence estimates. The comparability of the nature of the CH-IVAWS and NVAWS, their sampling design and the characteristics of their administration are discussed. The definitions used, the operationalization of variables based on comparable items, the control of reference periods, as well as the nature of the victim-offender relationship are included among controlled factors. This study establishes content validity within and across studies, presenting a systematic process destined to maximize the comparability of secondary data. Implications of the process are illustrated with the successive presentation of comparable and non-comparable operationalizations of computed variables. Measuring violence against. women in Switzerland and the United-States, this work compares the prevalence of different forms (threats, physical violence and sexual violence) and types of violence (partner and nonpartner violence). Second, it endeavors to analyze concepts of multivictimization (i.e. experiencing different forms of victimization), repeat victimization (i.e. experiencing the same form of violence more than once), and revictimization (i.e. the link between childhood and adulthood victimization) in a comparative -and comparable -approach. Third, aiming at understanding why partner violence appears higher in the United States, while victims of nonpartners are more frequent in Switzerland, as well as in other European countries, different victimization correlates are examined. This research contributes to a better understanding of the relevance of controlling methodological parameters in comparisons across studies, as it illustrates, systematically, the imposed controls and their implications on quantitative data. Moreover, it details how ignoring these parameters might lead to erroneous conclusions, statistically as well as theoretically. The conclusion of the study puts into a wider perspective the discussion of differences and similarities of violence against women in Switzerland and the United States, and integrates recommendations as to the relevance and validity of international comparisons, whatever the'field they are conducted in. Résumé: Les comparaisons internationales dans le domaine de la victimisation, et plus particulièrement en ce qui concerne les violences envers les femmes, se caractérisent par des problèmes méthodologiques que les recherches antérieures n'ont pas systématiquement adressés, et dont la réponse ne semble pas connaître de consensus. Pour des raisons logistiques et financières évidentes, les études internationales sur les violences envers les femmes (c.-à-d. les études utilisant un même instrument dans différents pays) sont rares, aussi les chercheurs sont-ils contraints de se tourner vers des comparaisons secondaires. Beaucoup de recherches juxtaposent alors simplement leurs résultats à ceux de travaux antérieurs ou à des résultats obtenus dans d'autres contextes, afin d'offrir à leurs conclusions une perspective prétendument comparative. Si, le plus souvent, les auteurs indiquent les limites méthodologiques d'une comparaison directe, il est fréquent que ces dernières ne se traduisent pas par des contrôles méthodologiques concrets. Et pourtant, quantité de travaux ont mis en évidence l'influence des paramètres méthodologiques des enquêtes sur les résultats obtenus, érigeant des listes de recommandations pour une «meilleure pratique» de la recherche. Bien que, ces dernières décennies, les sondages sur les violences envers les femmes soient devenus de plus en plus similaires -tendant, vers une certaine uniformisation que l'on peut interpréter comme un consensus passif-, il n'en demeure pas moins que ces instruments possèdent des différences plus ou moins subtiles, mais toujours susceptibles d'influencer la validité d'une comparaison. Pourtant, seules quelques recherches ont directement travaillé sur la comparabilité des données sur les violences envers les femmes, ayant à coeur de contrôler les paramètres méthodologiques des études utilisées afin de garantir la validité de leurs comparaisons. L'objectif de ce travail est la comparaison des données de deux sondages nationaux sur les violences envers les femmes: le composant suisse de l'International Violence Against Women Survey [CHIVAWSj et le National Violence Against Women Survey [NVAWS) administré aux États-Unis. Le choix de ces deux études découle certes des affiliations de l'auteure, cependant il est loin d'être anodin. Le champ criminologique actuel confère, en effet, une place prépondérante à la littérature américaine et anglo-saxonne, contraignant ainsi les chercheurs d'autres pays à un exercice proche du grand écart pour interpréter leurs résultats à la lumière des travaux antérieurs ou développer des interventions efficaces dans leur propre contexte. Le fait de recourir à des hypothèses et des concepts développés dans un cadre spécifique pose inévitablement la question de leur applicabilité à un autre contexte, soit ici le contexte suisse, sinon du moins européen. Cette problématique revêt alors un intérêt qui dépasse la thématique spécifique des violences envers les femmes, ce qui ajoute à sa pertinence. Ce travail s'articule autour de trois axes. Premièrement, il met en évidence la manière dont les caractéristiques d'un sondage influencent les estimations qui en découlent. La comparabilité de la nature du CH-IVAWS et du NVAWS, de leur processus d'échantillonnage et des caractéristiques de leur administration est discutée. Les définitions utilisées, l'opérationnalisation des variables sur la base d'items comparables, le contrôle des périodes de référence, ainsi que la nature de la relation victime-auteur figurent également parmi les facteurs contrôlés. Ce travail établit ainsi la validité de contenu intra- et inter-études, offrant un processus systématique destiné à maximiser la comparabilité des données secondaires. Les implications de cette démarche sont illustrées avec la présentation successive d'opérationnalisations comparables et non-comparables des variables construites. Mesurant les violences envers les femmes en Suisse et aux États-Unis, ce travail compare la prévalence de plusieurs formes (menaces, violences physiques et violences sexuelles) et types de violence (violences partenaires et non-partenaires). 11 s'attache également à analyser les concepts de multivictimisation (c.-à-d. le fait de subir plusieurs formes de victimisation), victimisation répétée (c.-à.-d. le fait de subir plusieurs incidents de même forme) et revictimisation (c.-à-d. le lien entre la victimisation dans l'enfance et à l'âge adulte) dans une approche comparative - et comparable. Dans un troisième temps, cherchant à comprendre pourquoi la violence des partenaires apparaît plus fréquente aux États-Unis, tandis que les victimes de non-partenaires sont plus nombreuses en Suisse, et dans d'autres pays européens, différents facteurs associés à la victimisation sont évalués. Cette recherche participe d'une meilleure compréhension de la pertinence du contrôle des paramètres méthodologiques dans les comparaisons entre études puisqu'elle illustre, pas à pas, les contrôles imposés et leurs effets sur les données quantitatives, et surtout comment l'ignorance de ces paramètres peut conduire à des conclusions erronées, tant statistiquement que théoriquement. La conclusion replace, dans un contexte plus large, la discussion des différences et des similitudes observées quant à la prévalence des violences envers les femmes en Suisse et aux États-Unis, et intègre des recommandations quant à la pertinence et à la validité des comparaisons internationales, cela quel que soit le domaine considéré.

Iowa Pseudoephedrine Control Law, March 22, 2005

This law is intended to reduce the number of hazardous methamphetamine labs in Iowa, by controlling meth cooks’ access to the key meth-making ingredient: pseudoephedrine. In 2004, Iowa law enforcement agencies responded to a record 1,472 meth lab incidents. Below, please find links to: Senate File 169 (Iowa’s pseudoephedrine control law); an Iowa meth fact sheet; a brief overview of the law; and general compliance guidelines for consumers, pharmacies, retailers and law enforcement. Most provisions of this law, pertaining to pseudoephedrine sales, are effective May 21, 2005. However, two other provisions were effective immediately—March 22, 2005—upon the Governor’s signing of this measure into law: (1) removal of exceptions on the Schedule V Controlled Substance status for ephedrine [all ephedrine products now may only be sold in licensed pharmacies…no retail sales of ephedrine permitted]; and (2) addition of a requirement that bailable defendants charged with manufacture, delivery, possession with the intent to deliver, or distribution of methamphetamine, shall, in addition to a substance abuse evaluation, remain under supervision and be required to undergo random drug tests as a condition of release.

La responsabilité des Etats pour les violations des droits de l'homme commises par les entreprises militaires et de sécurité privées

Cet article traite des entreprises militaires et de sécurité privées (EMSP) fournissant des services qui jusque lors étaient dévolus aux armées nationales. Malgré les nombreux incidents entraînant des violations des droits de l'homme, ces contractors ne sont que rarement poursuivis et sanctionnés. Les EMSP opèrent-elles dès lors dans un vide juridique où elles peuvent agir en toute impunité ? Qui peut être tenu pour responsable de leurs actes ? Cet article part du principe que les activités des EMSP sont rendues possibles grâce à l'assentiment ou l'absence de réprobation des Etats, et donc que la question de la responsabilité pour les actes des EMSP est également celle de la responsabilité de l'Etat. Il convient donc d'analyser les règles sur la responsabilité de l'Etat pour fait internationalement illicite et surtout les obligations positives des Etats découlant des principaux instruments internationaux et régionaux de protection des droits de l'homme. L'enjeu est de démontrer qu'un Etat ne peut pas s'exonérer de sa responsabilité en délégant ses fonctions gouvernementales à des organismes privés.

Frequent accesses to totally implanted vascular ports in pediatric oncology patients are associated with higher infection rates.

PURPOSE: Totally implanted vascular (TIVA) ports are used in children for repeated blood samples or intravenous treatments. We have recently published a prospective evaluation of surgical incidents and early complications associated with these devices. This work is the final part of the same study, assessing late complications over a follow-up of 2 yrs. METHODS: From January 2006 to January 2008, children older than 1 yr of age with a diagnosis of solid or blood cell malignancy were included. Insertion technique and care of the device were standardized. Every manipulation was prospectively recorded by specialized nurses. Obstruction was documented clinically. When bacteremia was suspected, routine central and peripheral blood cultures were drawn. RESULTS: Forty-five consecutive patients were enrolled in the study. Mean age at the time of the procedure was 8.5 yrs. There was no catheter-related infection within the first 4 weeks post-surgery. No device had to be removed because of infection or obstruction during follow-up. Frequent accesses to the port (=3 per day over a 10-day period) were associated with an 8-fold risk of infection. CONCLUSION: Insertion and use of TIVA devices were frequently associated with complications. No device had to be removed because of infection or obstruction over the follow-up period, although no prophylactic antibiotic agent was used. Restrictive use of antibiotics may prevent opportunistic infection. Frequent access to the device was significantly associated with line infection (odds ratio=8.43). No risk factor was identified for obstruction which occurred at a rate of 5.3 per 10,000 accesses.

Measuring alcohol-related consequences in school surveys: alcohol-attributable consequences or consequences with students' alcohol attribution.

In alcohol epidemiology surveys, there is a tradition of measuring alcohol-related consequences using respondents' attribution of alcohol as the cause. The authors aimed to compare the prevalence and frequency of self-attributed consequences to consequences without self-attribution using alcohol-attributable fractions (AAF). In 2007, a total of 7,174 Swiss school students aged 13-16 years reported the numbers of 6 alcohol-related adverse consequences (e.g., fights, injuries) they had incurred in the past 12 months. Consequences were measured with and without attribution of alcohol as the cause. The alcohol-use measures were frequency and volume of drinking in the past 12 months and number of risky single-occasion (> or =5 drinks) drinking episodes in the past 30 days. Attributable fractions were derived from logistic (> or =1 incident) and Poisson (number of incidents) regression analyses. Although relative risk estimates were higher when alcohol-attributed consequences were compared with nonattributed consequences, the use of AAFs resulted in more alcohol-related consequences (10,422 self-attributed consequences vs. 24,520 nonattributed consequences determined by means of AAFs). The likelihood of underreporting was higher among drinkers with intermediate frequencies than among either rare drinkers or frequent drinkers. Therefore, the extent of alcohol-related adverse consequences among adolescents may be underestimated when using self-attributed consequences, because of differential attribution processes, especially among infrequent drinkers.

Some historic markers in Iowa,1943.

This book is part of the Iowa Monograph Series, number 8, edited by Ruth A. Gallager. It was compiled by Susie Webb Wright and includes information on markers and monuments in Iowa which tell of people, places, incidents, or events connected with Iowa history.

Pediatric emergencies admitted in the resuscitation room of a Swiss university hospital.

OBJECTIVES: Pediatric resuscitation is an intense, stressful, and challenging process. The aim of this study was to review the life-threatening pediatric (LTP) emergencies admitted in a Swiss university hospital with regards to patients' demographics, reason for admission, diagnosis, treatment, significant events, critical incidents, and outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective observational cohort study of prospectively collected data was conducted, including all LTP emergencies admitted over a period of 2 years in the resuscitation room (RR). Variables, including indication for transfer, mode of prehospital transportation, diagnosis, and time spent in RR, were recorded. RESULTS: Of the 60,939 pediatric emergencies treated in our university hospital over 2 years, a total of 277 LTP emergencies (0.46%) were admitted in the RR. They included 160 boys and 117 girls, aged 6 days to 15.95 years (mean, 6.69 years; median, 5.06). A medical problem was identified in 55.9% (n = 155) of the children. Of the 122 children treated for a surgical problem, 35 (28.3%) went directly from the RR to the operating room. Hemodynamic instability was noted in 19.5% of all LTP emergencies, of which 1.1% benefited from O negative transfusion. Admission to the intensive care unit was necessary for 61.6% of the children transferred from another hospital. The average time spent in the RR was 46 minutes. The overall mortality rate was 7.2%. CONCLUSIONS: The LTP emergencies accounted for a small proportion of all pediatric emergencies. They were more medical than surgical cases and resuscitation measures because of hemodynamic instability were the most frequent treatment.

Maintenance Asset Management Project -- Phase II, July 31, 2013

Expanded abstract: Iowa Department of Transportation (IA DOT) is finalizing research to streamline field inventory/inspection of culverts by Maintenance and Construction staff while maximizing the use of tablet technologies. The project began in 2011 to develop some new best practices for field staff to assist in the inventory, inspection and maintenance of assets along the roadway. The team has spent the past year working through the complexities of identifying the most appropriate tablet hardware for field data collection. A small scale deployment of tablets occurred in spring of 2013 to collect several safety related assets (culverts, signs, guardrail, and incidents). Data can be collected in disconnected or connected modes and there is an associated desktop environment where data can be viewed and queried after being synced into the master database. The development of a deployment plan and related workflow processes are underway; which will eventually feed information into IA DOTs larger asset management system and make the information available for decision making. The team is also working with the IA DOT Design Office on Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) data processing and the IA DOT Construction office with a new digital As-Built plan process to leverage the complete data life-cycle so information can be developed once and leveraged by the Maintenance staff farther along in the process.

Alcohol may not cause partner violence but it seems to make it worse: a cross national comparison of the relationship between alcohol and severity of partner violence.

This study assesses whether severity of physical partner aggression is associated with alcohol consumption at the time of the incident, and whether the relationship between drinking and aggression severity is the same for men and women and across different countries. National or large regional general population surveys were conducted in 13 countries as part of the GENACIS collaboration. Respondents described the most physically aggressive act done to them by a partner in the past 2 years, rated the severity of aggression on a scale of 1 to 10, and reported whether either partner had been drinking when the incident occurred. Severity ratings were significantly higher for incidents in which one or both partners had been drinking compared to incidents in which neither partner had been drinking. The relationship did not differ significantly for men and women or by country. We conclude that alcohol consumption may serve to potentiate violence when it occurs, and this pattern holds across a diverse set of cultures. Further research is needed that focuses explicitly on the nature of alcohol's contribution to intimate partner aggression. Prevention needs to address the possibility of enhanced dangers of intimate partner violence when the partners have been drinking and eliminate any systemic factors that permit alcohol to be used as an excuse. Clinical services for perpetrators and victims of partner violence need to address the role of drinking practices, including the dynamics and process of aggressive incidents that occur when one or both partners have been drinking.

Effectiveness of Work Zone Intelligent Transportation Systems, TPF-5(081), 2013

In the last decade, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have increasingly been deployed in work zones by state departments of transportation. Also known as smart work zone systems they improve traffic operations and safety by providing real-time information to travelers, monitoring traffic conditions, and managing incidents. Although there have been numerous ITS deployments in work zones, a framework for evaluating the effectiveness of these deployments does not exist. To justify the continued development and implementation of smart work zone systems, this study developed a framework to determine ITS effectiveness for specific work zone projects. The framework recommends using one or more of five performance measures: diversion rate, delay time, queue length, crash frequency, and speed. The monetary benefits and costs of ITS deployment in a work zone can then be computed using the performance measure values. Such ITS computations include additional considerations that are typically not present in standard benefit-cost computations. The proposed framework will allow for consistency in performance measures across different ITS studies thus allowing for comparisons across studies or for meta analysis. In addition, guidance on the circumstances under which ITS deployment is recommended for a work zone is provided. The framework was illustrated using two case studies: one urban work zone on I-70 and one rural work zone on I-44, in Missouri. The goals of the two ITS deployments were different – the I-70 ITS deployment was targeted at improving mobility whereas the I-44 deployment was targeted at improving safety. For the I-70 site, only permanent ITS equipment that was already in place was used for the project and no temporary ITS equipment was deployed. The permanent DMS equipment serves multiple purposes, and it is arguable whether that cost should be attributed to the work zone project. The data collection effort for the I-70 site was very significant as portable surveillance captured the actual diversion flows to alternative routes. The benefit-cost ratio for the I-70 site was 2.1 to 1 if adjusted equipment costs were included and 6.9 to 1 without equipment costs. The safety-focused I-44 ITS deployment had an estimated benefit-cost ratio of 3.2 to 1.

Construction and Maintenance Practices to Minimize the Potential Liability of Counties for Roads in Rural Subdivisions, HR-221, 1981

In an earlier research project, HR-204, the magnitude and nature of highway related tort claims against counties in Iowa were investigated. However, virtually all of the claims identified in that research resulted from incidents that occurred in areas with predominantly agricultural land use. With recent increases in the rural non-farm population, many traditionally urban problems are also appearing in built-up areas under county jurisdiction. This trend is expected to continue so that counties must anticipate a change in the nature of the tort claims they will encounter. Problems that heretofore have been unique to cities may become commonplace in areas for which counties are responsible. The research reported here has been directed toward an investigation of those problems in rural subdivisions that lead to claims growing out of the provision of highway services by counties. Lacking a sufficient database among counties for the types of tort claims of interest in this research, a survey was sent to 259 cities in Iowa in order to identify highway related problems leading to those claims. The survey covered claims during a five year period from 1975 to 1980. Over one-third of the claims reported were based on alleged street defects. Another 34 percent of the claims contained allegations of damages due to backup of sanitary sewers or defects in sidewalks. By expanding the sample from the 164 cities that responded to the survey, it was estimated that a total of $49,000,000 in claims had been submitted to all 259 cities. Over 34% of this amount resulted from alleged defects in the use of traffic signs, signals, and markings. Another 42% arose from claims of defects in streets and sidewalks. Payments in settlement of claims were about 13.4% of the amount asked for those claims closed during the period covered by the survey. About $9,000,000 in claims was pending on June 30, 1980 according to the information furnished. Officials from 23 cities were interviewed to provide information on measures to overcome the problems leading to tort claims. On the basis of this information, actions have been proposed that can be undertaken by counties to reduce the potential for highway-related claims resulting from their responsibilities in rural subdivisions and unincorporated communities. Suggested actions include the eight recommendations contained in the final report for the previous research under HR-204. In addition, six recommendations resulted from this research, as follows: 1. Counties should adopt county subdivision ordinances. 2. A reasonable policy concerning sidewalks should be adopted. 3. Counties should establish and implement a system for setting road maintenance priorities. 4. Counties should establish and implement a procedure for controlling construction or maintenance activities within the highway right of way. 5. Counties should establish and implement a system to record complaints that are received relating to highway maintenance and to assure timely correction of defective conditions leading to such complaints. 6. Counties should establish and implement a procedure to ensure timely advice of highway defects for which notice is not otherwise received.

Iowa Emergency Response Plan, October, 2010

The State of Iowa has adopted a multi-hazard approach to managing the consequences of emergency/disaster response. Underlying this approach is the principle that a standard set of generic functional capabilities can be employed to effectively address a wide variety of hazardous conditions and categories of incidents, whether these have a known probability of occurring or are totally unforeseen. Therefore, to the greatest extent possible, the activities described and assigned in this plan are organized along functional lines first, rather than by agency, type of hazard, or type of incident. Contained in this section of the Plan, known as the ―Basic Plan,‖ are instructions, policies, and explanatory information related to many or all of the agencies/entities involved in emergency/ disaster response, as well as information about the legal and administrative foundations for the Plan, the state’s characteristics and significant hazards, lines of succession for the state’s chief executive, plan activation requirements, and the structure of the response organization.

Urban Governance und nachhaltige Quartiere: Ein Beitrag zur Förderung einer dauerhaft nachhaltigen Stadtentwicklung

Seit den 1990er Jahren werden zunehmend nachhaltige Quartiere realisiert. Dabei besteht häufig eine beachtliche Diskrepanz zwischen den Zielen, die von den beteiligten Akteuren angestrebt werden, deren Umsetzung (Realisierungsphase) und deren Erhalt auf Dauer (Nutzungsphase). Es stellt sich folglich die Frage, auf welche Weise die Projektqualität im Sinne einer nachhaltigen Quartiersentwicklung verbessert werden kann. Diese Projekte sind jedoch enorm komplex aufgrund der großen Interdisziplinarität und Interdependenz ihrer Ziele sowie der vielschichtigen Akteursstrukturen. Sie stellen daher be-sonders hohe Anforderungen an die Projektsteuerung. Das konkrete Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht darin, die Bedeutung einer Prozesssteuerung im Sinne von Urban Governance zur Realisierung und zum Erhalt nachhaltiger Quartiere zu untersuchen. Damit soll einen Beitrag zur Förderung einer nachhalti-gen Stadtentwicklung geleistet werden. Die Arbeit stützt sich auf ein umfassendes theoretisches Fundament zum Thema Governance, wobei die relevanten Elemente für den Kontext nachhaltiger Quartiere herausgearbeitet werden. Die Hypothesen prüfen die Bedeutung der Schlüsselcharakteristika von Urban Governance (Kooperation, Partizipation, Verhandlungen) für die Projektqualität während der Realisierungs- und Nutzungsphase. Eine erste empirische Untersuchung wurde an zwanzig europäischen nachhaltigen Modellquartieren vorgenommen. Stärken und Schwächen aus der Perspektive der Nachhaltigkeit werden analysiert, deren Ursachen identifiziert und Handlungsoptio-nen aufgezeigt. Die Erkenntnisse zeigen die Notwendigkeit einer Verbesserung der Projektsteuerung während der Realisierungs- und der Nutzungsphase. Auf der Grundlage dieser Erkenntnisse wird ein umfassender Ansatz zur empirischen Untersuchung von Urban Governance im Kontext nachhaltiger Quartiere entwickelt. Dieser beruht auf dem akteurzentrierten Institutionalismus und den Merkmalen der Urban Governance. Anhand dieses Ansatzes wird mithilfe von Experteninterviews der Realisierungsprozess des nach-haltigen Quartiers Kronsberg (Hannover) analysiert. Betrachtet werden dabei die beteiligten Akteure und ihre Handlungso-rientierungen, die verwendeten Schlüsselinstrumente sowie aufgetretene Divergenzen zwischen Akteuren und deren Auswirkungen auf die Projekt- und Prozessqualität. Eine Vertiefung relevanter Themenfelder wird anhand der Fallstudie Neu-Oerlikon (Zürich) vorgenommen. Diese empirische Arbeit zeigt, dass eine Prozesssteuerung im Sinne von Urban Governance im Vergleich zu einer klassis-chen hierarchischen Steuerung eine notwendige aber nicht hinreichende Bedingung zur Verbesserung der Projektqualität nachhaltiger Quartiere darstellt. An konkreten Beispielen wird herausgearbeitet, dass der Mehrwert einer solchen Steuerung nur unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen erzielt werden kann: In manchen Situationen ist die Steuerungsform Kooperation und die Interaktionsform Verhandlung in ihrer Wirksamkeit zur Sicherung der Projektqualität begrenzt und hierarchische Interventionen sind notwendig. Nicht ein bestimmtes Steuerungsmodell per se ist geeignet, sondern es kommt auf den Ein-zelfall an: auf die Akteursstruktur, die individuellen und institutionellen Handlungsorientierungen der Akteure und deren Ver-haltensweisen, die Rahmenbedingungen und die Ausgestaltung des Urban Governance-Prozesses. Wenn die Spielregeln dieses Prozesses von den Akteuren nicht wirklich angenommen und gelebt werden, dominieren individuelle und institutio-nelle Akteursinteressen zu Lasten der Projektqualität. Ferner zeigen die Untersuchungen, dass die Partizipation der zukünftigen Quartiersnutzer in der Praxis häufig unzureichend ist. Dies führt zu Einbußen in der Projektqualität. Entscheidend ist auf jeden Fall, dass mindestens ein Akteur, in der Regel die öffentliche Hand, präsent ist, der die Definition anspruchsvoller Nachhaltigkeitsstandards, deren Umsetzung und deren Erhalt sichert sowie die notwendigen Rahmenbedingungen dafür schafft. Diese Arbeit belegt darüber hinaus, dass der Erhalt der Projektqualität während der Nutzungsphase (Faktor Zeit) bisher un-zureichend beachtet und in die Projektplanung einbezogen wird. Gerade dieser Aspekt bestimmt aber, ob das Quartier auch auf Dauer dem Nachhaltigkeitsanspruch gerecht werden kann! Tatsächlich handelt es sich um einen fortlaufenden Prozess, der nicht mit der Einweihung des Quartiers abgeschlossen ist. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden relevante Handlungsfelder beschrieben und die Notwendigkeit der langfristigen Fortsetzung einer Steuerung im Sinne von Urban Governance bzw. der Herausbildung einer Urban Governance-Kultur aufgezeigt. Aus den empirischen Erhebungen werden Erfolgs- und Risikofaktoren für Urban Governance-Prozesse während der Realisierungs- und der Nutzungsphase abgeleitet. Ferner werden bisher vernachlässigte Handlungsfelder (langfristiges Umwelt-management, ökologische Finanzierungsformen, urbane Landwirtschaft, Umweltkommunikation, etc.) eruiert. Die Berücksichtigung dieser Erkenntnisse ist unerlässlich für eine Verbesserung der Projektqualität nachhaltiger Quartiere. ---------------------------------------------- Gouvernance urbaine et quartiers durables: Entre intensions et mise en oeuvre --- Résumé --- Depuis les années 90, la thématique des quartiers durables a gagné en importance, même si leur développement s'est avéré difficile. Le décalage entre les objectifs, leur mise en oeuvre et le projet tel qu'il est vécu par ses habitants est souvent important et nécessite d'être réduit. Un quartier durable est par nature un projet complexe, aux objectifs ambitieux situé à la croisée de multiples champs disciplinaires, mobilisant de nombreux acteurs aux intérêts divergents. De plus, chaque projet, du fait des ses spécificités, requiert un pilotage adapté. L'objectif principal de la recherche vise à analyser la nature du pilotage du processus de conception, de réalisation et d'exploitation des quartiers durables. Ses résultats ont pour ambition de contribuer à optimiser et promouvoir le développement urbain durable. Le fondement théorique de la recherche se base sur le concept de gouvernance urbaine, adapté au contexte particulier de la gouvernance des quartiers durables. La gouvernance urbaine, au sens où nous l'entendons, est un mode de pilotage basé sur la coopération entre les acteurs publics et privés. Les hypothèses centrales du travail testent la portée et les limites des caractéristiques-clefs de la gouvernance urbaine (coopération, participation, négociation), ainsi que l'importance de la notion de pérennité pour la qualité du projet. Dans un premier temps, nous avons analysé vingt quartiers durables modèles européens et identifié leurs atouts et leurs faiblesses en termes de durabilité, ainsi que leurs divers modes de pilotage. Les enseignements tirés de ces exemples révèlent la nécessité d'améliorer le pilotage des projets. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons élaboré une grille d'analyse fine fondée sur l'approche institutionnelle des acteurs et les caractéristiques-clefs de la gouvernance urbaine. En nous appuyant sur cette grille, nous avons analysé le processus de conception et de réalisation du quartier durable de « Kronsberg » (Hanovre) à l'aide des éléments suivants : les acteurs (avec leurs intérêts et objectifs propres), les instruments d'aménagement du territoire, les modes de pilotage, les zones de divergence et de convergence entre les acteurs, ainsi que leurs impacts sur le processus et le projet. Dans un troisième temps, les hypothèses centrales ont été testées sur le quartier de « Neu-Oerlikon » (Zurich) afin d'approfondir et d'élargir les enseignements tirés de celui de « Kronsberg ». Les résultats des analyses mettent en évidence le fait qu'un pilotage de projet selon le modèle de la gouvernance urbaine est certes une condition nécessaire mais non suffisante pour améliorer la qualité du projet. De plus, la valeur ajoutée de la gouvernance urbaine n'est valable qu'à certaines conditions. En effet, la coopération et la négociation peuvent même, dans certaines situations, réduire la qualité du projet ! Le principal enseignement de la recherche révèle qu'il n'y a pas de mode de pilotage idéal, mais que la qualité d'un projet dépend d'une multitude de facteurs, tels que les constellations d'acteurs, leurs intérêts personnels et institutionnels, les conditions cadres et les « règles du jeu » de la gouvernance urbaine. Si les « règles du jeu » en particulier ne sont pas réellement appropriées par l'ensemble des acteurs, les intérêts et les comportements personnels ou institutionnels prédominent au détriment de la qualité du projet. De même, si la participation des futurs usagers à l'élaboration du projet de quartier durable n'est pas assurée, tant la qualité du projet que sa pérennité en pâtissent. Nous avons également constaté que la présence d'un acteur (en règle générale les autorités publiques) qui veille à la définition d'objectifs ambitieux en matière de développement durable et à leur application constitue un apport essentiel à la qualité du projet. En outre, la recherche met en évidence les carences dans le suivi et le maintien à long terme des qualités de durabilité de la phase d'exploitation des projets de quartiers durables analysés. Dans la phase d'exploitation, le degré de coopération diminue généralement et les modes de fonctionnement et de pilotage sectoriels se mettent en place au détriment de la qualité du projet. Cela confirme la nécessité de poursuivre le processus de pilotage selon le modèle de la gouvernance urbaine au-delà de la phase de réalisation des projets. La recherche précise les enjeux des champs d'action de la phase d'exploitation (domaine encore peu étudié) et démontre la pertinence du mode de pilotage préconisé. Enfin, les analyses permettent d'identifier des facteurs de réussite et de risque susceptibles d'influencer les systèmes de gouvernance urbaine, ainsi que les enjeux des domaines de la durabilité encore négligés (agriculture urbaine, gestion environnementale dans la durée, comportement des usagers, financement équitable, etc.). La prise en compte de ces enseignements est essentielle à l'amélioration de la gestion de futurs projets de quartiers durables. ---------------------------------------------- Urban Governance and Sustainable Neighbourhoods: A Contribution to a Lasting Sustainable Development --- Abstract --- Since the 1990s, sustainable neighbourhoods have become an increasingly important topic. However, their development has proven to be difficult. There is an often considerable gap, which must be reduced, between the initial goals, the way they are implemented and how the project is finally inhabited. A sustainable neighbourhood is inherently a complex project, with ambitious goals that lie at the intersection of multiple disciplines, involving numerous stakeholders with diverging interests. Moreover, each project, due to its specific characteristics, requires an adapted steering. The main goal of this research is to analyse the nature of the steering process during the planning, realisation and use of sustainable neighbourhoods. The results aim to contribute to the promotion of sustainable urban development. The theoretical foundation of this research is based on the concept of urban governance, adapted to the particular context of sustainable neighbourhoods. Urban governance is understood in this work, as a mode of project steering based on the cooperation between public and private stakeholders. The central hypotheses of this work test the importance and the limits of the key characteristics of urban governance (cooperation, participation, negotiation) as well as the importance of continuity for the project quality. To begin with, we surveyed and analysed twenty exemplary European sustainable neighbourhoods and identified their strengths and weaknesses in terms of sustainability, as well as their diverse steering modes. The lessons learned from these examples reveal the need to improve the projects' steering. Secondly we elaborated a detailed framework for analysis founded on stakeholder-centred institutionalism and the key characteristics of urban governance. By systematically applying this framework, we analysed the planning and implementation process of the sustainable neighbourhood "Kronsberg" (Hannover). Our focus was on the following dimensions: the stakeholders (with their particular interests and goals), the instruments of spatial planning, the steering modes, the points of divergence and convergence amongst the stakeholders, as well as their impacts on the process and on the project. The final step was to test the core hypotheses on the neighbourhood "Neu-Oerlikon" (Zürich) in order to broaden the lessons learned from "Kronsberg". The results of the analysis highlight the fact that an urban governance type project steering is certainly a necessary but insufficient condition to improve the project quality. Moreover, the added value of urban governance is only valid under certain conditions. In fact, cooperation and negotiation can even in certain situations reduce the project's quality! The main lesson of this research is that there is not an ideal steering mode, but rather that the quality of the project depends on numerous factors, such as the stakeholder constellation, their individual and institutional interests, the general conditions and the "rules of the game" of urban governance. If these "rules of the game" are not really appropriated by all stakeholders, individual and institutional interests and behaviours predominate at the expense of the project's quality. Likewise, if the future users' participation in the project development is insufficient, both the project's quality and its continuity suffer. We have also observed that the presence of a stakeholder (in general the public authorities) who ensures the definition of ambitious goals in terms of sustainable development and their implementation is crucial for the project's quality. Furthermore, this research highlights the deficiencies in the follow-up and long-term preservation of the sustainability qualities in the neighbourhood projects which we have analysed. In the use phase, the degree of cooperation generally diminishes. Attitudes and project management become more sectorial at the expense of the project's quality. This confirms the need to continue the steering process according to the principles of urban governance beyond the project's implementation phase. This research specifies the challenges that affect the use phase (a still neglected area) and shows the relevance of the recommended steering mode. Finally, the analyses also identify the success and risk factors that may influence urban-governance systems, as well as the challenges of still neglected fields of sustainability (urban agriculture, long-term environmental management, user behaviour, fair funding, etc.). Taking into account these outcomes is essential to improve the management of future sustainable-neighbourhood projects.

Alcohol may not "cause" partner violence but it seems to make it worse : a cross-national comparison of partner aggression involving alcohol with aggression not involving alcohol

This study assesses whether severity of physical partner aggression is associated with alcohol consumption at the time of the incident, and whether the relationship between drinking and aggression severity is the same for men and women and across different countries. National or large regional general population surveys were conducted in 13 countries as part of the GENACIS collaboration. Respondents described the most physically aggressive act done to them by a partner in the past 2 years, rated the severity of aggression on a scale of 1 to 10, and reported whether either partner had been drinking when the incident occurred. Severity ratings were significantly higher for incidents in which one or both partners had been drinking compared to incidents in which neither partner had been drinking. The relationship did not differ significantly for men and women or by country. We conclude that alcohol consumption may serve to potentiate violence when it occurs, and this pattern holds across a diverse set of cultures. Further research is needed that focuses explicitly on the nature of alcohol's contribution to intimate partner aggression. Prevention needs to address the possibility of enhanced dangers of intimate partner violence when the partners have been drinking and eliminate any systemic factors that permit alcohol to be used as an excuse. Clinical services for perpetrators and victims of partner violence need to address the role of drinking practices, including the dynamics and process of aggressive incidents that occur when one or both partners have been drinking.

Anàlisi i quantificació de les accions i el temps de joc en l'hoquei sobre patins en equips de l'OK Lliga

Quantificar les variables temporal, les accions tècniques i els desplaçaments dels jugador al llarg de la competició proporciona una informació excel·lent per deduir les càrregues físiques i fisiològiques a les que estan sotmesos. Per aquest estudi es van visualitzar 4 partits de la Copa del Rei 2012. Es va enregistrà sistemàticament les dades en fulls de registre. Les principals dades analitzades van ser: temps total, temps real, temps de pausa, temps d’acció i relació entre el temps d’acció i el temps de pausa (densitat de treball). També es va analitzar: les incidències reglamentaries, les accions tècniques del jugador i els desplaçaments del jugador. El 45% de les accions es van produir entre 0 i 30s, i el promig d’interval de participació va ser 19:29s ±2:09. Més del 50% de les pauses es van produir entre 11s i 30s, i el promig d’interval de pausa va ser de 24:57s. Aquest va determinar que la densitat de treball era 1:1.3. Aproximadament el 70% de les incidències reglamentàries van ser faltes d’equip I tècniques. Van haver-hi 56 conduccions, 10 driblins, 12 remats, (3 xuts, 2 punxades/escopides, 5 remats de primeres i 2 arrossegades) i 80 passades. Finalment, en un partit el 42,23% dels desplaçaments van ser a baixa intensitat, el 27,02% van ser a intensitat mitjana i el 30,75% van ser a alta intensitat. A més a més, el 81,90% dels desplaçaments a alta intensitat van durar de 0s a 5s, el 54,56% a intensitat mitjana van durar de 6 a 10 s. I el 49,32% a intensitat baixa també van durar 6s a 10s. L’hoquei sobre patins és un esport en el que hi predominen els esforços intermitents a gran intensitat i de curta durada amb una important sol·licitació de la via anaeròbica alàctica. Analitzar la dimensió temporal, les accions tècniques i els desplaçaments dels jugador durant la competició permet estimar les exigències físiques i requeriments energètics, i aquest faciliten l’elaboració d’entrenaments més específics.