Pessoas deslocadas internamente: soberania nacional e prote����o internacional perante uma "nova" tend��ncia migrat��ria

A investiga����o acerca das pessoas deslocadas internamente (isto ��, no interior dos seus pa��ses, mas fora dos seus espa��os de vida habituais) se mostra um desafio, em virtude dos volumes de pessoas atualmente envolvidas e das condi����es com que se confrontam, da incapacidade (ou desinteresse) dos Estados nacionais em garantir prote����o aos seus cidad��os, e do princ��pio de neutralidade internacional, que dificilmente permite interven����es externas no sentido da salvaguarda dos direitos humanos. Discutimos as categoriza����es adotadas, as normas jur��dicas existentes e o quadro institucional vigente no que se refere �� prote����o das Pessoas Deslocadas Internamente, da mesma forma que destacamos grupos minorit��rios de deslocados internos que sofrem maiores constrangimentos, como as mulheres. Fizemos um paralelo com os refugiados, assim como com os retidos nas zonas de conflito, os deslocados por raz��es ambientais e econ��micas. Analisamos o conceito de cidadania, Estado soberano e a no����o do n��o intervencionismo, assim como problematizamos os desafios colocados pela globaliza����o, pela amplitude dos fen��menos migrat��rios e desrespeitos aos direitos humanos. Argumentamos a possibilidade de uma esfera p��blica transnacional como poss��vel mediadora entre Estado e cidad��os, fazendo-se necess��rio uma an��lise do conceito de esfera p��blica, bem como da atua����o dos movimentos sociais transnacionais. Realizamos um estudo comparativo entre Angola (desalojamento de pessoas e destrui����o de casas) e Brasil (perda de terra dos agricultores familiares ou popula����es nativas), atentos ao fato de que muitas vezes, nestes contextos, as v��timas destes processos n��o s��o consideradas como Pessoas Deslocadas Internamente. Acreditamos que as aproxima����es e diferencia����es entre os dois casos podem trazer respostas comuns e sua an��lise pode servir a um maior entendimento sobre os fen��menos migrat��rios, fragilidade institucional, atua����o da Sociedade Civil Organizada (SCO), al��m da revis��o de conceitos. Pode ainda servir para uma revis��o cr��tica da legisla����o e da possibilidade de institucionaliza����o de ��rg��os transnacionais de prote����o.

Larval control of Anopheles (Nyssorhinchus) darlingiusing granular formulation of Bacillus sphaericus in abandoned gold-miners excavation pools in the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest

INTRODUCTION: Use of a Bacillus sphaericus based mosquito larvicide was evaluated as an intervention for malaria vector control at a mining site in Amap��, Brazil. Impacts on larval and adult densities of the primary vector Anopheles darlingi were measured over the course of a 52 week study period.METHODS: In Cal��oene, State of Amap��, gold mining activity occurs in 19 mining sites in gold-miners of Louren��o. Large pools are formed in mining sites and naturally colonized by Anopheles darlingi. During one year, the impact of applications of VectoLex(r) CG to these larval sources was evaluated. Applications of 20kg/ha were made as needed, based on 10 immature (3rd, 4th instars and pupae) surveillance of health and established thresholds. RESULTS: One hundred percent initial control was observed 48h after each treatment. The pools received from 2-10 (5.3��1.6) treatments during the year. The average re-treatment interval in productive pools was 9.4��4.3 weeks. During weeks 3-52 of the study, mean density of late stage larvae was 78% and pupae were 93% lower in the treated pools than in untreated pools (p< 0.0001, n=51) while reduction of adult mosquitoes was 53% in comparison to the untreated area during the last five months of the study, which were the rainy season (p<0.001).CONCLUSIONS:VectoLex(r) CG reduced immature Anopheles darlingi infestation levels during the entire study period, and reduced adult mosquito populations during the rainy season.

An analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in counties located along road and railway corridors in the State of Maranhao, Brazil

Introduction The incidence of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is increasing in Latin America, especially in Brazil, where 256,587 cases were confirmed in the last decade. Methods This study used a Bayesian model to examine the spatial and temporal distribution of ACL cases between 2000 and 2009 in 61 counties of State of Maranh&#227;o located along the three main road and railway corridors. Results During the study period, 13,818 cases of ACL were recorded. There was a significant decrease in the incidence of ACL in the ten study years. The recorded incidence rate ranged from 7.36 to 241.45 per 100,000 inhabitants. The relative risk increased in 77% of the counties, decreased in 18% and was maintained in only five counties. Conclusions Although there was a decreased incidence of the disease, ACL was present in all of the examined municipalities, thus maintaining the risk of contracting this illness.

Medium-term cryopreservation of rabies virus samples

Introduction The cryopreservation of rabies virus has been described in detail in the literature. To date, little information is available on the use of cryoprotective agents for cold preservation of this virus, and the available data focus only on short-term virus preservation. In this study, we investigated the medium-term cryopreservation of samples of rabies virus using different cryopreservation protocols. Methods The cryopreservation protocols for the rabies virus samples were performed at -20&#176;C and were divided according to the variables of time and cryoprotectant type used. The laboratory tests (intracerebral inoculation of mice, viral titration and direct immunofluorescence) were performed at regular intervals (360 and 720 days) to assess the viability of the viral samples according to the different preservation techniques used. Results After 1 year of cryopreservation, the fluorescence intensity of intracellular corpuscles of the rabies virus and the median survival time of the mice differed between the positive controls and the treatments with the cryoprotectants. After 2 years, most of the samples subjected to the cryopreservation protocols (including the controls) did not produce fluorescence. However, the virus samples exposed to the cryoprotectant sucrose (68% solution) responded positively in the direct immunofluorescence assay and in the intracerebral inoculation of the mice. Conclusions Medium-term cryopreservation of the rabies virus inactivates the viral sample. However, the cryoprotectant agent sucrose (68%) produces a preservative effect in cryopreserved rabies virus samples.

Phlebotominae sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae): potential vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis agents in the area associated with the Santo Ant��nio Hydroelectric System in Western Amazonian Brazil

INTRODUCTION: An entomological study was conducted as part of a vector-monitoring program in the area associated with the Santo Ant&#244;nio hydroelectric system in State of Rond&#244;nia, Western Amazonian Brazil. METHODS: Fourteen sampling sites were surveyed to obtain data on the potential vectors of Leishmania spp. in the area. Sand flies were collected from 2011 to 2014 during the months of January/February (rainy season), May/June (dry season), and September/October (intermediary season) using light traps arranged in three vertical strata (0.5, 1, and 20m). RESULTS : A total of 7,575 individuals belonging to 62 species/subspecies were collected. The five most frequently collected sand flies were Psychodopygus davisi (Root) (36.67%), Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis (Mangabeira) (8.51%), Nyssomyia umbratilis (Ward &amp Fraiha) (6.14%), Bichromomyia flaviscutellata (Mangabeira) (5.74%), and Psychodopygus complexus (Mangabeira) (5.25%). These species have been implicated in the transmission of American cutaneous leishmaniasis agents in the Brazilian Amazon region and described as potential vectors of this disease in the study area. CONCLUSIONS: Additional surveillance is needed, especially in areas where these five species of sand fly are found.

Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles marajoara (Diptera: Culicidae) susceptibility to pyrethroids in an endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of Anopheles darlingi Root (1926) and Anopheles marajoara Galv��o & Damasceno (1942) to pyrethroids used by the National Malaria Control Program in Brazil. METHODS: Mosquitoes from Amap��, Brazilian Amazon, were assessed for resistance to cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and alpha-cypermethrin. Insecticide-impregnated bottles were used as suggested by the CDC/Atlanta. RESULTS: Diagnostic dose for Anopheles darlingi was 12.5��g/bottle during 30 min of exposure. Concentrations for Anopheles marajoara were 20��g/bottle of cypermethrin and deltamethrin and 12.5��g/bottle of alpha-cypermethrin. CONCLUSIONS : No resistance was recorded for Anopheles darlingi , but Anopheles marajoara requires attention.

Sodium nitroprusside has leishmanicidal activity independent of iNOS

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania . Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form, with millions of new cases worldwide each year. Treatments are ineffective due to the toxicity of existing drugs and the resistance acquired by certain strains of the parasite. METHODS: We evaluated the activity of sodium nitroprusside in macrophages infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis . Phagocytic and microbicidal activity were evaluated by phagocytosis assay and promastigote recovery, respectively, while cytokine production and nitrite levels were determined by ELISA and by the Griess method. Levels of iNOS and 3-nitrotyrosine were measured by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS: Sodium nitroprusside exhibited in vitro antileishmanial activity at both concentrations tested, reducing the number of amastigotes and recovered promastigotes in macrophages infected with L. amazonensis . At 1.5��g/mL, sodium nitroprusside stimulated levels of TNF-&#945; and nitric oxide, but not IFN-&#947;. The compound also increased levels of 3-nitrotyrosine, but not expression of iNOS, suggesting that the drug acts as an exogenous source of nitric oxide. CONCLUSIONS: Sodium nitroprusside enhances microbicidal activity in Leishmania -infected macrophages by boosting nitric oxide and 3-nitrotyrosine.

A new species of Protoptila Banks (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae: Protoptilinae) from Brazil

A new species of Protoptila Banks (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae: Protoptilinae) - P. longispinata sp. nov. - is described and illustrated from specimens collected in Amazon region, Amazonas and Par�� states, Brazil.

Volumetric alterations in the nucleus accumbens and caudate nucleus in bulimia nervosa: a structural magnetic resonance imaging study

Bulimia nervosa (BN) is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors (such as purging, fasting, or excessive exercise) to prevent weight gain. BN has been associated with deficits in inhibitory control processes. The basal ganglia specifically, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the caudate nucleus (CN) are part of the frontostriatal circuits involved in inhibitory control. The main goal of this study was to investigate the presence of morphological alterations in the NAc and the CN in a sample of patients diagnosed with BN.

Evolu����o hospitalar e tardia p��s-implante de stent coronariano em paciente com angina inst��vel e s��ndrome mielodispl��sica

Homem de 61 anos de idade, com diagn��stico de s��ndrome mielodispl��sica e angina inst��vel foi submetido a angiografia coronariana e implante de stent. O hemograma revelou 40.000/mm&sup3; plaquetas. A angiografia coronariana, precedida por transfus��o de plaquetas, revelou obstru����o de 80% no ��stio da art��ria coronariana direita (ACD). Ap��s o uso de clopidogrel 75mg, o paciente foi submetido �� nova transfus��o de plaquetas e a implante de stent LEKTON 3,0x10mm na les��o da ACD. N��o ocorreram sangramentos ap��s as retiradas dos introdutores. Ap��s seis meses, o teste de esfor��o foi positivo e nova angiografia, sob as mesmas condi����es anteriores, mostrou reestenose intra-stent. Esse relato sugere que o implante de stent coronariano em pacientes com plaquetopenia �� seguro, contanto que se realize a transfus��o profil��tica de plaquetas, embora em longo prazo possa haver reestenose.

Sex Differences in High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Subjects with Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is a prototypic marker of inflammation usually increased in MetS. Women with MetS-related diseases present higher hsCRP levels than men with MetS-related diseases, suggesting sex differences in inflammatory markers. However, it is unclear whether serum hsCRP levels are already increased in men and/or women with MetS risk factors and without overt diseases or under pharmacological treatment. Objective: To determine the impact of the number of MetS risk factors on serum hsCRP levels in women and men. Methods One hundred and eighteen subjects (70 men and 48 women; 36 �� 1 years) were divided into four groups according to the number of MetS risk factors: healthy group (CT; no risk factors), MetS &#8804; 2, MetS = 3, and MetS &#8805; 4. Blood was drawn after 12 hours of fasting for measurement of biochemical variables and hsCRP levels, which were determined by immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: The groups with MetS risk factors presented higher serum hsCRP levels when compared with the CT group (p < 0.02). There were no differences in hsCRP levels among groups with MetS risk factors (p > 0.05). The best linear regression model to explain the association between MetS risk factors and hsCRP levels included waist circumference and HDL cholesterol (r = 0.40, p < 0.01). Women with MetS risk factors presented higher hsCRP levels when compared with men (psex < 0.01). Conclusions: Despite the absence of overt diseases and pharmacological treatment, subjects with MetS risk factors already presented increased hsCRP levels, which were significantly higher in women than men at similar conditions.

Imaturos de mosquito (Diptera, Culicidae) de ��reas urbana e rural no norte do Estado do Paran��, Brasil

The results of larval collections of mosquitoes from artificial containers and natural breeding at urban and rural areas carried out at Sertaneja, northern State Paran��, Brazil, from February to April, 1995, are presented. Among the 4534 immature forms collected, belonging to 21 species or species-groups, the species with higher density were Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894), Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 and Limatus durhami Theobald, 1901.

Culic��deos associados a entren��s de bambu e brom��lias, com ��nfase em Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae) na Mata Atl��ntica, Paran��, Brasil

Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1894) larvae were recorded for the first time in the internodes of bamboo cuts found in the Atlantic Forest in the State of Paran��, Brazil. The bamboo, Bambusa sp., was introduced in the area of Imbucu��-Mirim town, across the municipal district of Paranagu�� and towards the interior of the Atlantic Forest. A total of 251 larvae of Aedes albopictus (37.9%), Culex (Microculex) spp. (13.9%), Limatus durhami Theobald, 1901 (39.8%), Toxorhynchites sp. (0.4%) and Wyeomyia spp. (8.0%) were collected from bamboo internodes filled with rain and from the terrestrial Bromeliaceae and epiphytas found near the bamboo bushes. Aedes albopictus was found in bamboo internodes containing 30 to 254 ml of rain, sometimes coexisting with Li. durhami. Borders of forest ecosystems should be characterized as risk areas for arbovirosis transmission, since they sustain the circulation of vertebrates and arthropodal hematophagus, not only in the wild but also in the anthropic areas.

The Importance of Revenue Sharing for the Local Economic Impacts of a Renewable Energy Project: A Social Accounting Matrix Approach

As demand for electricity from renewable energy sources grows, there is increasing interest, and public and financial support, for local communities to become involved in the development of renewable energy projects. In the UK, ���Community Benefit��� payments are the most common financial link between renewable energy projects and local communities. These are ���goodwill��� payments from the project developer for the community to spend as it wishes. However, if an ownership stake in the renewable energy project were possible, receipts to the local community would potentially be considerably higher. The local economic impacts of these receipts are difficult to quantify using traditional Input-Output techniques, but can be more appropriately handled within a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) framework where income flows between agents can be traced in detail. We use a SAM for the Shetland Islands to evaluate the potential local economic and employment impact of a large onshore wind energy project proposed for the Islands. Sensitivity analysis is used to show how the local impact varies with: the level of Community Benefit payments; the portion of intermediate inputs being sourced from within the local economy; and the level of any local community ownership of the project. By a substantial margin, local ownership confers the greatest economic impacts for the local community.