A Factor analysis of hidrochemical composition of Llobregat river basin

Hydrogeological research usually includes some statistical studies devised to elucidate mean background state, characterise relationships among different hydrochemical parameters, and show the influence of human activities. These goals are achieved either by means of a statistical approach or by mixing modelsbetween end-members. Compositional data analysis has proved to be effective with the first approach, but there is no commonly accepted solution to the end-member problem in a compositional framework.We present here a possible solution based on factor analysis of compositions illustrated with a case study.We find two factors on the compositional bi-plot fitting two non-centered orthogonal axes to the most representative variables. Each one of these axes defines a subcomposition, grouping those variables thatlay nearest to it. With each subcomposition a log-contrast is computed and rewritten as an equilibrium equation. These two factors can be interpreted as the isometric log-ratio coordinates (ilr) of three hiddencomponents, that can be plotted in a ternary diagram. These hidden components might be interpreted as end-members.We have analysed 14 molarities in 31 sampling stations all along the Llobregat River and its tributaries, with a monthly measure during two years. We have obtained a bi-plot with a 57% of explained totalvariance, from which we have extracted two factors: factor G, reflecting geological background enhanced by potash mining; and factor A, essentially controlled by urban and/or farming wastewater. Graphicalrepresentation of these two factors allows us to identify three extreme samples, corresponding to pristine waters, potash mining influence and urban sewage influence. To confirm this, we have available analysisof diffused and widespread point sources identified in the area: springs, potash mining lixiviates, sewage, and fertilisers. Each one of these sources shows a clear link with one of the extreme samples, exceptfertilisers due to the heterogeneity of their composition.This approach is a useful tool to distinguish end-members, and characterise them, an issue generally difficult to solve. It is worth note that the end-member composition cannot be fully estimated but only characterised through log-ratio relationships among components. Moreover, the influence of each endmember in a given sample must be evaluated in relative terms of the other samples. These limitations areintrinsic to the relative nature of compositional data

Three-dimensional sequence stratigraphy and subtle stratigraphic traps associated with systems tracts: West Cameron region, offshore Louisiana, Gulf of Mexico

Three-dimensional sequence stratigraphy is a potent exploration and development tool for the discovery of subtle stratigraphic traps. Reservoir morphology, heterogeneity and subtle stratigraphic trapping mechanisms can be better understood through systematic horizontal identification of sedimentary facies of systems tracts provided by three-dimensional attribute maps used as an important complement to the sequential analysis on the two-dimensional seismic lines and the well log data. On new prospects as well as on already-producing fields, the additional input of sequential analysis on three-dimensional data enables the identification, location and precise delimitation of new potentially productive zones. The first part of this paper presents four typical horizontal seismic facies assigned to the successive systems tracts of a third- or fourth-order sequence deposited in inner to outer neritic conditions on a elastic shelf. The construction of this synthetic representative sequence is based on the observed reproducibility of the horizontal seismic facies response to cyclic eustatic events on more than 35 sequences registered in the Gulf coast Plio-Pleistocene and Late Miocene, offshore Louisiana in the West Cameron region of the Gulf of Mexico. The second part shows how three-dimensional sequence stratigraphy can contribute in localizing and understanding sedimentary facies associated with productive zones. A case study in the early Middle Miocene Cibicides opima sands shows multiple stacked gas accumulations in the top slope fan, prograding wedge and basal transgressive systems tract of the third-order sequence between SB15.5 and SB 13.8 Ma.

Preservation of an extreme transient geotherm in the Raft River detachment shear zone

Extensional detachment systems separate hot footwalls from cool hanging walls, but the degree to which this thermal gradient is the product of ductile or brittle deformation or a preserved original transient geotherm is unclear. Oxygen isotope thermometry using recrystallized quartz-muscovite pairs indicates a smooth thermal gradient (140 degrees C/100 m) across the gently dipping, quartzite-dominated detachment zone that bounds the Raft River core complex in northwest Utah (United States). Hydrogen isotope values of muscovite (delta D-Ms similar to-100 parts per thousand) and fluid inclusions in quartz (delta D-Fluid similar to-85 parts per thousand) indicate the presence of meteoric fluids during detachment dynamics. Recrystallized grain-shape fabrics and quartz c-axis fabric patterns reveal a large component of coaxial strain (pure shear), consistent with thinning of the detachment section. Therefore, the high thermal gradient preserved in the Raft River detachment reflects the transient geotherm that developed owing to shearing, thinning, and the potentially prominent role of convective flow of surface fluids.

Geochemical and geothermal study of springs in the Ossola-Simplon Region

Geological, hydrogeological and geochemical surveys were carried out in the Piedilago area (Ossola-Simplon region) in order to investigate the geothermal resources present in this area. Following these surface exploration efforts an exploratory geothermal well of 248 m was drilled in 1991. It discharges a thermal water with temperatures up to 43 degrees C and calcium (sodium) sulphate composition with a TDS close to 1350 mg/l. Chemical geothermometers suggest a reservoir temperature close to 45 degrees C indicating that the well virtually produces the pure uncooled thermal water. The Piedilago ex-ample is here considered as the departure point to establish both general criteria for further geothermal investigations in young mountains chains and taking into consideration all the available data on geology and fluid geochemistry of thermal systems in the Ossola-Simplon region, to constrain a geothermal model for the Lower Pennine Zone.

Monitoring of the Launched Girder Bridge over the Iowa River on US 20, March 2004

The objective of the study presented in this report was to document the launch of the Iowa River Bridge and to monitor and evaluate the structural performance of the bridge superstructure and substructure during the launch. The Iowa Department of Transportation used an incremental launching method, which is relatively unique for steel I-girder bridges, to construct the Iowa River Bridge over an environmentally sensitive river valley in central Iowa. The bridge was designed as two separate roadways consisting of four steel plate girders each that are approximately 11 ft deep and span approximately 301 ft each over five spans. The concrete bridge deck was not placed until after both roadways had been launched. One of the most significant monitoring and evaluation observations related to the superstructure was that the bottom flange (and associated web region) was subjected to extremely large stresses during the crossing of launch rollers. Regarding the substructure performance, the column stresses did not exceed reasonable design limits during the daylong launches. The scope of the study did not allow adequate quantification of the measured applied launch forces at the piers. Future proposed esearch should provide an opportunity to address this. The overall experimental performance of the bridge during the launch was compared with the predicted design performance. In general, the substructure design, girder contact stress, and total launching force assumptions correlated well with the experimental results. The design assumptions for total axial force in crossframe members, on the other hand, differed from the experimental results by as much as 300%.

A synopsis of the Hydrometra (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Hydrometridae) from the Amazon River floodplain, Brazil, with redescription of Hydrometra argentina Berg

Hydrometra argentina Berg, 1879, H. caraiba Guérin-Méneville, 1857 and H. guianana Hungerford & Evans, 1934 are newly recorded in the Amazon River floodplain, Brazil. A redescription of H. argentina is also given, as the original description is incomplete. A key to the three known species occurring in this region is provided. Hydrometra argentina can be distinguished from H. caraiba and H. guianana by the body length smaller than 12.50 mm, anteoculus/postoculus ratio between 1.80 and 2.00, clypeus narrow and conical, metacetabulum with no circular pits, and projections on male abdominal sternite VI in the shape of simple spines. The other species can be distinguished mainly by the anteoculus/postoculus ratio and position of projections on male abdominal sternite VI.

Survey of potential sharpshooter and spittlebug vectors of Xylella fastidiosa to grapevines at the São Francisco River Valley, Brazil

Survey of potential sharpshooter and spittlebug vectors of Xylella fastidiosa to grapevines at the São Francisco River Valley, Brazil. Pierce's disease of grapevines, caused by Xylella fastidiosa, is a serious problem in some regions of North America, not yet reported in Brazil. In this study, a survey of potential sharpshooter (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Cicadellinae) and spittlebug (Hemiptera, Cercopidae) vectors of X. fastidiosa was conducted in vineyards at the São Francisco River Valley, a major grape growing region in Brazil. Four vineyards of Vitis vinifera L. were sampled fortnightly from June/2005 to June/2007, using yellow sticky cards, each placed at two different heights (45 cm aboveground and 45 cm above the crop canopy) in 10 sampling localities. A total of 4,095 specimens of sharpshooters were collected, nearly all from 3 Proconiini species, Homalodisca spottii Takiya, Cavichioli & McKamey, 2006 (96.8% of the specimens), Tapajosa fulvopunctata (Signoret, 1854) (3.1%), and Tretogonia cribrata Melichar, 1926 (1 specimen). Hortensia similis (Walker, 1851) (2 specimens) was the only Cicadellini species. Only 1 cercopid specimen, belonging to Aeneolamia colon (Germar, 1821), was trapped. Even though they are not considered potential Xylella vectors, 2 Gyponini leafhoppers were collected: Curtara samera DeLong & Freytag, 1972 (11 specimens) and Curtara inflata DeLong & Freytag, 1976 (1 specimen). Homalodisca spottii was observed feeding and mating on green branches of grapevines, in addition to egg masses. Because of its prevalence on the crop canopy, occurrence throughout the year (with peaks from February to August), and ability to colonize grapevines, H. spottii could be an important vector if a X. fastidiosa strain pathogenic to grapevines becomes introduced at the São Francisco River Valley.

Checklist of Ephemeroptera (Insecta) from São Mateus River Basin, Espírito Santo, Brazil

ABSTRACTIn order to expand the knowledge on the composition of Ephemeroptera from large rivers, we present, herein, the first survey of mayflies from the São Mateus River Basin, Espírito Santo State. Adults were collected biannually in 2012 and 2013 with the aid of Pennsylvania light trap in eleven points distributed in the main river of the river basin, São Mateus River and its two main tributaries, Cotaxé River (Braço Norte) and Cricaré River (Braço Sul). Thirty-three species were identified (22 nominal and 11 morphospecies) in 24 genera and five families. One genus and one species are reported for the first time from Brazil, three species from Southeastern Region of Brazil, and two species from the state. Five species and one genus not previously described were also found. Moreover, around 20% of the known species of mayfly registered from the state were found. This work reinforces the need to give more attention to research on large rivers due to the high potential for diversity, not only for Ephemeroptera, but also for other aquatic insects.

The Wever Bypass excavations: Highway archaeology along the Great River Road in southeast Iowa.

This is a story about a highway project near the small town of Wever, Iowa, and an American Indian village that existed at the location prior to the Europeans' arrival. The culture that lived in this village existed in a 10 state region of the Upper Midwest and may have been the ancestors of tribes living in the Midwest when European explorers entered the region. An archaeological recovery of information from the site was undertaken by the Iowa Department of Transportation because four-lane construction of U.S. 61 could not be accomplished without destroying most of the site. This site proved to be one of the richest archaeological finds in the State of Iowa. ǂc Iowa Department of Transportation.

Estudi de les aigües salines a la conca del riu Llobregat i Cardener : implicacions ambientals

L’increment de la salinitat a les aigües subterrànies a prop de la zones de les explotacions mineres salines representa un problema ambiental amb moltes implicacions socio-econòmiques. La part mitja de la conca del riu Llobregat i Cardener és un clar exemple d’aquesta problemàtica. En molts casos l’origen de la salinitat és dubtós, ja que pot provenir del contacte de l’aigua de l’aqüífer amb formacions geològiques salines naturals o per l’afectació de les escombreres produïdes per l’explotació minera de potasses que es troba en aquesta regió. L’objectiu d’aquest treball és demostrar que el Ra pot ser un bon traçador per determinar l’origen de la salinitat de les aigües i complementar les analítiques químiques elementals i dels isòtops del sofre i de l’oxigen del sulfat (δ34SSO4 i δ18OSO4). La presència dels diversos isòtops del Ra en les aigües subterrànies dependrà de la geologia i del temps de residència de l’aigua dins l’aqüífer. L’anàlisi de 12 mostres de la comarca indica que el 226Ra és el millor dels isòtops del Ra que permet diferenciar l’origen de les aigües subterrànies.

Late Cretaceous to Eocene geology of the South Central American forearc area (southern Costa Rica and western Panama) : initiation and evolution of an intra-oceanic convergent margin

Résumé : L'arc volcanique du sud de l'Amérique Centrale se situe sur la marge SW de la Plaque Caraïbe, au-dessus des plaques subduites de Cocos et Nazca. Il s'agit de l'un des arcs intra-océaniques les plus étudiés au monde, qui est généralement considéré comme s'étant développé à la fin du Crétacé le long d'un plateau océanique (le Plateau Caraïbe ou CLIP) et se trouvant actuellement dans un régime de subduction érosive. Au cours des dernières décennies, des efforts particuliers ont été faits pour comprendre les processus liés à la subduction sur la base d'études géophysiques et géochimiques. Au sud du Costa Rica et à l'ouest du Panama, des complexes d'accrétions et structures à la base de l'arc volcanique ont été exposés grâce à la subduction de rides asismiques et de failles transformantes. Des affleurements, situés jusqu'à seulement 15 km de la fosse, offrent une possibilité unique de mieux comprendre quelques uns des processus ayant lieu le long de la zone de subduction. Nous présentons de nouvelles contraintes sur l'origine de ces affleurements en alliant une étude de terrain poussée, de nouvelles données géochimiques, sédimentaires et paléontologiques, ainsi que des observations structurales effectuées en télédétection. Une nouvelle stratigraphie tectonique entre le Campanien et l'Éocène est définie pour la région d'avant-arc située entre la Péninsule d'Osa (Costa Rica) et la Péninsule d'Azuero (Panama). Nos résultats montrent que la partie externe de la marge est composée d'un arrangement complexe de roches ignées et de séquences sédimentaires de recouvrement qui comprennent principalement le socle de l'arc, des roches d'arc primitif, des fragments de monts sous-marins accrétés et des mélanges d'accrétion. Des preuves sont données pour le développement de l'arc volcanique du sud de l'Amérique Centrale sur un plateau océanique. Le début de la subduction le long de la marge SW de la Plaque Caraïbe a eu lieu au Campanien et a généré des roches d'arc primitif caractérisées par des affinités géochimiques particulières, globalement intermédiaires entre des affinités de plateau et d'arc insulaire. L'arc était mature au Maastrichtien et formait un isthme essentiellement continu entre l'Amérique du Nord et l'Amérique du Sud. Ceci a permis la migration de faunes terrestres entre les Amériques et pourrait avoir contribué à la crise fin Crétacé -Tertiaire en réduisant les courants océaniques subéquatoriaux entre le Pacifique et l'Atlantique. Plusieurs unités composées de fragments de monts sous-marins accrétés sont définies. La nature et l'arrangement structural de ces unités définissent de nouvelles contraintes sur les modes d'accrétion des monts sous-marins/îles océaniques et sur l'évolution de la marge depuis la formation de la zone de subduction. Entre la fin du Crétacé et l'Éocène moyen, la marge a enregistré plusieurs épisodes ponctuels d'accrétion de monts sous-marins alternant avec de la subduction érosive. A l'Éocène moyen, un événement tectonique régional pourrait avoir causé un fort couplage entre les plaques supérieure et inférieure, menant à des taux plus important d'accrétion de monts sous-marins. Durant cette période, la situation le long de la marge était très semblable à la situation actuelle et caractérisée par la présence de monts sous-marins subductants et l'absence d'accrétion de sédiments. L'enregistrement géologique montre qu'il n'est pas possible d'attribuer une nature érosive ou accrétionnaire à la marge dans le passé ou -par analogie- aujourd'hui, parce que (1) les processus d'accrétion et érosifs varient fortement spatialement et temporellement et (2) il est impossible d'évaluer la quantité exacte de matériel tectoniquement enlevé à la marge depuis le début de la subduction. Au sud du Costa Rica, certains fragments de monts sous-marins accrétés sont représentatifs d'une interaction entre une ride et un point chaud dans le Pacifique au Crétacé terminal/Paléocène. L'existence de ces fragments de monts sous-marins et la morphologie du fond de l'Océan Pacifique indiquent que la formation de la ride de Cocos-Nazca s'est formée au moins ~40 Ma avant l'âge proposé par les modèles tectoniques actuels. Au Panama, nous avons identifié une île océanique d'âge début Éocène qui a été accrétée à l'Éocène moyen. L'accrétion a eu lieu à très faible profondeur par détachement de l'île dans la fosse, et a mené à une exceptionnelle préservation des structures volcaniques. Des affleurement comprenant aussi bien des parties basses et hautes de l'édifice volcanique on été étudiées, depuis la phase sous-marine bouclier jusqu'à la phase subaérienne post-bouclier. La stratigraphie nous a permis de différencier les laves de la phase sous-marine de celles de la phase subaérienne. La composition des laves indique une diminution progressive de l'intensité de la fusion partielle de la source et une diminution de la température des laves produites durant les derniers stades de l'activité volcanique. Nous interprétons ces changements comme étant liés à l'éloignement progressif de l'île océanique de la zone de fusion ou point chaud. Abstract The southern Central American volcanic front lies on the SW edge of the Caribbean Plate, inboard of the subducting Cocos and Nazca Plates. It is one of the most studied intra-oceanic convergent margins around the world, which is generally interpreted to have developed in the late Cretaceous along an oceanic plateau (the Caribbean Large Igneous Province or CLIP) and to be currently undergoing a regime of subduction erosion. In the last decades a particular effort has been made to understand subduction-related processes on the basis of geophysical and geochemical studies. In southern Costa Rica and western Panama accretionary complexes and structures at the base of the volcanic front have been exposed in response to subduction of aseismic ridges and transforms. Onland exposures are located as close as to 15 km from the trench and provide a unique opportunity to better understand some of the processes occurring along the subduction zone. We provide new constraints on the origins of these exposures by integrating a comprehensive field work, new geochemical, sedimentary and paleontological data, as well as structural observations based on remote imaging. A new Campanian to Eocene tectonostratigraphy is defined for the forearc area located between the Osa Peninsula (Costa Rica) and the Azuero Peninsula (Panama). Our results show that the outer margin is composed of a complicated arrangement of igneous complexes and overlapping sedimentary sequences that essentially comprise an arc basement, primitive island-arc rocks, accreted seamount fragments and accretionary mélanges. Evidences are provided for the development of the southern Central American arc on the top an oceanic plateau. The subduction initiation along the SW edge of the Caribbean Plate occurred in the Campanian and led to formation of primitive island-arc rocks characterized by unusual geochemical affinities broadly intermediate between plateau and arc affinities. The arc was mature in the Maastrichtian and was forming a predominantly continuous landbridge between the North and South Americas. This allowed migration of terrestrial fauna between the Americas and may have contributed to the Cretaceous-Tertiary crisis by limiting trans-equatorial oceanic currents between the Pacific and the Atlantic. Several units composed of accreted seamount fragments are defined. The nature of the units and their structural arrangement provide new constraints on the modes of accretion of seamounts/oceanic islands and on the evolution of the margin since subduction initiation. Between the late Cretaceous and the middle Eocene, the margin recorded several local episodes of seamount accretion alternating with tectonic erosion. In the middle Eocene a regional tectonic event may have triggered strong coupling between the overriding and subducting plates, leading to higher rates of seamount accretion. During this period the situation along the margin was very similar to the present and characterized by subducting seamounts and absence of sediment accretion. The geological record shows that it is not possible to ascribe an overall erosive or accretionary nature to the margin in the past and, by analogy, today, because (1) accretionary and erosive processes exhibit significant lateral and temporal variations and (2) it is impossible to estimate the exact amount of material tectonically eroded from the margin since subduction initiation. In southern Costa Rica, accreted seamount fragments point toward a plume-ridge interaction in the Pacific in the late Cretaceous/Paleocene. This occurrence of accreted seamount fragments and morphology of the Pacific Ocean floor is indicative of the formation of the Cocos-Nazca spreading system at least ~40 Ma prior to the age proposed in current tectonic models. In Panama, we identified a remarkably-well preserved early Eocene oceanic island that accreted in the middle Eocene. The accretion probably occurred at very shallow depth by detachment of the island in the trench and led to an exceptional preservation of the volcanic structures. Exposures of both deep and superficial parts of the volcanic edifice have been studied, from the submarine-shield to subaerial-postshield stages. The stratigraphy allowed us to distinguish lavas produced during the submarine and subaerial stages. The lava compositions likely define a progressive diminution of source melting and a decrease in the temperature of erupted melts in the latest stages of volcanic activity. We interpret these changes to primarily reflect the progressive migration of the oceanic island out of the melting region or hotspot.

07008-002 Yellow River Watershed Improvement Project Final Report

Two sections of the Yellow River have been named to the State of Iowa’s 303d list of impaired waters. The listing reflects streams with pollution problems linked to habitat alterations, in addition to those with potential disease causing bacteria, viruses and parasites. This fact, combined with local knowledge of water quality problems, shows the need for land treatment practices and habitat improvement measures. This project would target the Yellow River watershed, which totals approximately 49,800 acres. Areas that drain directly into the Yellow River mainstream will be targeted. Individually, these areas are too small to be considered sub-watersheds. This project will assess the drainage areas for active gullies and prioritize grade stabilization structures based upon severity and impact on the fishery. Funding would be utilized to target high priority grade stabilization structure sites and provide cost-share for those projects. A prerequisite for cost-share allocation is 75% of the land contributing to the drainage area must have some form of treatment in place. The Allamakee SWCD has received an EPA Region 7 Grant toward grade stabilization structures in the same area. Landowners have indicated that 75% cost-share is necessary to implement practices. To meet this request, the EPA funding would be used at a 15% cost-share rate if matched with 60% cost-share from WIRB funding. If matched with Federal EQIP funds, 25% of funds obtained from WIRB would be used. If other funds were depleted, WIRB funds would be utilized for the entire 75% cost-share.

Geology, correlations, and geodynamic evolution of the Biga Peninsula (NW Turkey)

L?objectif de ce travail de recherche était de décrypter l?évolution géodynamique de la Péninsule de Biga (Turquie du N-O), à travers l?analyse de deux régions géologiques peu connues, le mélange de Çetmi et la zone d?Ezine (i.e. le Groupe d?Ezine et l?ophiolite de Denizgören). Une étude complète et détaillée de terrain (cartographie et échantillonnage) ainsi qu?une approche multidisciplinaire (sédimentologie de faciès, pétrographie sédimentaire et magmatique, micropaléontologie, datations absolues, géochimie sur roche totale, cristallinité de l?illite) ont permis d?obtenir de nouveaux éléments d?information sur la région considérée. ? Le mélange de Çetmi, de type mélange d?accrétion, affleure au nord et au sud de la Péninsule de Biga ; les principaux résultats de son étude peuvent se résumer comme suit: - Son aspect structural actuel (nature des contacts, organisation tectonique) est principalement dû au régime extensif Tertiaire présent dans la région. - Il est constitué de blocs de différentes natures : rares calcaires Scythien-Ladinien dans le faciès Han Bulog, blocs hectométriques de calcaires d?âge Norien-Rhaetien de rampe carbonatée, nombreux blocs décamétriques de radiolarites rouges d?âge Bajocien- Aptien, blocs/écailles de roches magmatiques de type spilites (basaltes à andésite), ayant des signatures géochimiques d?arcs ou intra-plaques. - La matrice du mélange est constituée d?une association greywacke-argilites dont l?âge Albien inférieur à moyen a été déterminé par palynologie. - L?activité du mélange s?est terminée avant le Cénomanien (discordance Cénomanienne au sommet du mélange, pas de bloc plus jeune que la matrice). - Du point de vue de ses corrélations latérales, le mélange de Çetmi partage plus de traits communs avec les mélanges se trouvant dans les nappes allochtones du Rhodope (nord de la Grèce et sud-ouest de la Bulgarie) qu?avec ceux de la suture Izmir-Ankara (Turquie); il apparaît finalement que sa mise en place s?est faite dans une logique balkanique (chevauchements vers le nord d?âge anté-Cénomanien). ? Le Groupe d?Ezine et l?ophiolite sus-jacente de Denizgören affleurent dans la partie ouest de la Péninsule de Biga. Le Groupe d?Ezine est une épaisse séquence sédimentaire continue (3000 m), subdivisée en trois formations, caractérisée chacune par un type de sédimentation spécifique, relatif à un environnement de dépôt particulier. De par ses caractéristiques (grande épaisseur, variations latérales de faciès et d?épaisseur dans les formations, érosion de matériel provenant de l?amont du bassin), le groupe d?Ezine est interprétée comme un dépôt syn-rift d?âge Permien moyen-Trias inférieur. Il pourrait représenter une partie de la future marge passive sud Rhodopienne à la suite de l?ouverture de l?océan Maliac/Méliata. L?ophiolite de Denizgören sus-jacente repose sur le Groupe d?Ezine par l?intermédiaire d?une semelle métamorphique à gradient inverse, du faciès amphibolite à schiste vert. L?âge du faciès amphibolite suggère une initiation de l?obduction au Barrémien (125 Ma, âge Ar/Ar); cet âge est unique dans le domaine égéen, mais il peut là aussi être relié à une logique balkanique, sur la base de comparaison avec le domaine Rhodopien. ? Toutes les unités précédentes (mélange de Çetmi, Groupe d?Ezine et ophiolite de Denizgören) ont passivement subi trois phases extensives pendant le Tertiaire. Dans la région d?Ezine et du mélange nord, les micaschistes HP sous-jacents ont été exhumés avant l?Eocène moyen. Dans le cas du mélange sud, cette exhumation Eocene est en partie enregistrée dans les mylonites séparant le mélange du dôme métamorphique sous-jacent du Kazda?. Le mélange sud est dans tous les cas fortement érodé à la suite de la double surrection du dôme du Kazda?, près de la lim ite Oligocène/Miocene et pendant le Plio- Quaternaire. Dans le premier cas, ce soulèvement est caractérisé par le développement d?une faille de détachement à faible pendage, qui contrôle à la fois l?exhumation du massif, et la formation d?un bassin sédimentaire syntectonique, de type bassin supradétachement; quant à la phase extensive la plus récente, elle est contrôlée par le jeu de failles normales à forts pendages qui remanient l?ensemble des structures héritées, et dictent la géomorphologie actuelle de la région. ? Il est possible de proposer un scénario pour l?évolution géodynamique de la Péninsule de Biga, basé sur l?ensemble des résultats précédents et sur les données de la géologie régionale ; ses points principaux sont: - La Péninsule de Biga fait partie de la marge Rhodopienne. - Le Groupe d?Ezine est un témoin de la marge passive nord Maliac/Méliata. - L?ophiolite de Denizgören et le mélange de Çetmi ont été mis en place tous deux vers le nord sur la marge précédente, respectivement au Barrémien et à l?Albien terminal- Cénomanien inférieur. - Une forte composante décrochante durant l?emplacement est suggérée par la préservation de fragments de la marge passive et l?absence de métamorphisme dans la plaque inférieure. - Tous les évènements précédents ont été largement affectés par le régime d?extension Tertiaire.<br/><br/>The purpose of this study is to unravel the geodynamic evolution of the Biga Peninsula (NW Turkey) through the detailed study of two poorly known areas, the Çetmi mélange and the Ezine zone (i.e. the Ezine Group and the Denizgören ophiolite). The methodology was based on a detailed field work and a multidisciplinary approach. ? The accretion-related Çetmi mélange is mainly cropping out north and south of the Biga Peninsula; the main results of its study can be summarized as follows: -Its present-day structural aspect (type of contacts, tectonic organisation) is largely inherited from the Tertiary extensional regime in the region. -It is made of blocks of various natures: Han Bulog limestones with a Scythian to Ladinian age, common carbonate ramp Norian-Rhaetian limestones (biggest blocks of the mélange), red radolarite with a Bajocian to Aptian age; the most common lithology of the mélange is made by block/slices of spilitic magmatic rocks (basalt to andesite); they have volcanic arc or within plate basalt geochemical signatures. -The matrix of the mélange is made of a greywacke-shale association of Early-Middle Albian age. - The mélange stopped its activity before the Cenomanian (no younger blocks than the matrix, and Cenomanian unconformity). - If compared to the regional geology, the Çetmi mélange shares some characteristics with the Izmir-Ankara mélanges (less), and with the mélanges from allochthonous nappes found in eastern Rhodope (more); it appears finally that its emplacement is related to a Balkanic logic (ante-Cenomanian northward thrusting). ? The Ezine Group and the overlying Denizgören ophiolite are cropping out in the western part of the Biga Peninsula. The Ezine Group is a thick sedimentary sequence interpreted as a syn-rift deposit of Middle Permian-Early Triassic age. It represents a part of the south Rhodopian passive margin, following the opening of the Maliac/Meliata oceanic domain. The Denizgören ophiolite has been emplaced northward on the Ezine Group in the Barremian (125 Ma, age of the amphibolitic sole); this age is unique in the Aegean domain, but here again, it may be related to a Balkan logic. ? All the previous units (Çetmi mélange, Ezine Group and Denizgören ophiolite) have passively suffered two extensional regimes during the Tertiary. In the Ezine and northern Çetmi mélange area, the underlying HP Çamlýca micaschists were exhumed before the Middle Eocene. As for the southern mélange, it was strongly eroded following the Late Oligocene to Quaternary uplift of the underlying Kazda? Massif. This uplift was characterized by the development of a low-angle detachment fault controlling a part of the exhumation, as well as the development of a supra-detachment basin. ? Based on the previous results, and on the data from the regional geology, one can propose a scenario for the geodynamic evolution of the Biga Peninsula. Its key points are:- The Biga Peninsula is belonging to the Rhodope margin. - The Ezine Group is a remnant of the northern Maliac/Meliata passive margin. - Both the Denizgören ophiolite and the Çetmi mélange have been emplaced northward on the previous margin, respectively in the Barremian and in the Late Albian-Early Cenomanian times. - The preservation of the remnants of the Rhodope margin, as well as the absence of metamorphism in the lower plate suggest a strong strike-slip component during the emplacements. - All the previous events are (at least) partly obliterated by the Tertiary extensional regime.<br/><br/>Le géologue est comme un «historien» de la Terre, qui porte un intérêt particulier à l?étude du passé de notre planète; ce dernier, très ancien, se mesure en dizaines ou centaines de millions d?années (Ma). Or le visage de la terre a constamment évolué au cours des ces millions d?années écoulés, car les plaques (continentales et océaniques) qui composent son enveloppe superficielle ne restent pas immobiles, mais se déplacent continuellement à sa surface, à une vitesse de l?ordre du cm/an (théorie de la tectonique des plaques); c?est ainsi, par exemple, que des océans naissent, grandissent, puis finissent par se refermer. On appelle sutures océaniques, les zones, aujourd?hui sur la terre ferme, où l?on retrouve les restes d?océans disparus. Ces sutures sont caractérisées par deux associations distinctes de roches, que l?on appelle les mélanges et les ophiolites; ces mélanges et ophiolites sont donc les témoins de l?activité passée d?un océan aujourd?hui refermé. L?équipe de recherche dans laquelle ce travail à été réalisé s?intéresse à un vaste domaine océanique fossile: l?océan Néotéthys. Cet océan, de plusieurs milliers de kilomètres de large, séparait alors l?Europe et l?Asie au nord, de l?Afrique, l?Inde et l?Australie au sud. De cet océan, il n?en subsiste aujourd?hui qu?une infime partie, qui se confond avec notre mer Méditerranée actuelle. Or, tout comme l?océan Pacifique est bordé de mers plus étroites (Mer de Chine, du Japon, etc?), l?océan Néotéthys était bordé au nord de mers marginales. C?est dans ce cadre que s?est inscrit mon travail de thèse, puisqu?il a consisté en l?étude d?une suture océanique (mélange plus ophiolite), témoin d?une des mers qui bordait l?océan Néotéthys sur sa marge nord. L?objectif était de préciser de quelle suture il s?agissait, puis de déterminer quand et comment elle avait fonctionné (i.e son évolution géologique). Les roches qui composent cette suture affleurent aujourd?hui en Turquie nord occidentale dans la Péninsule de Biga. Au nord et au sud de la péninsule se trouvent les zones géologique du mélange de Çetmi, et à l?ouest, le Groupe d?Ezine et l?ophiolite susjacente, dite ophiolite de Denizgören. Une étude complète et détaillée de terrain (cartographie, échantillonnage), suivie de diverses analyses en laboratoire (détermination de leur âge, de leur condition de formation, etc?), ont permis d?aboutir aux principaux résultats suivants : - Mise en évidence dans le mélange de Çetmi des témoins (1) de l?océan Lycien disparu (ancienne mer marginale de la Néotéthys), et (2) de la marge continentale qui le bordait au nord. - Fin de l?activité du mélange de Çetmi il y a environ 105 Ma (Albien). - Le mélange de Çetmi est difficilement corrélable dans le temps avec les unités semblables affleurant dans la région d?étude (unicité du mélange), ce qui implique des conditions particulière de formation. - L?ophiolite de Denizgören est un morceau d?océan Lycien posé sur un reste préservé de sa marge continentale nord. - Cette dernière est représentée sur le terrain par une succession de roches caractéristiques, le Groupe d?Ezine. Celui-ci est lui-même un témoin de l?ouverture d?un océan marginal de la Néotethys antérieur au Lycien, l?océan Maliac, qui s?est ouvert il y a 245 Ma (Permien-Trias). - La mise en place de l?ophiolite de Denizgören sur le Groupe d?Ezine (125 Ma, Barrémien) est antérieure à la mise en place du mélange de Çetmi. - Il apparaît que ces deux mises en place sont contemporaines de la formation de la chaîne des Balkans, terminée avant le Cénomanien (100 Ma). - L?évolution dans le temps des objets précédents (océans, marges continentales) montre de grands mouvements latéraux est-ouest entre ces objets (translation). Ce qui implique que les roches que l?on retrouve aujourd?hui sur un transect nord-sud ne l?étaient pas nécessairement auparavant. - Enfin, il s?avère que le mélange de Çetmi, l?ophiolite de Denizgören, et le Groupe d?Ezine ont subi par la suite des déformations extensives importantes qui ont considérablement perturbé le schéma post-mise en place.

Foliar carbohydrates content and invertase activity in vines at São Francisco River Valley - Brazil

The irrigated agriculture at the São Francisco River Valley, Northeast Brazil, shows an increasing production of grapes for winery. Among the wines produced there the one obtained from Vitis vinifera L., cultivar Syrah, stands out due to its adaptation to the climatic conditions of the region. However, little is known about carbohydrates metabolism of vines cultivated in this region. The objective of this work was to evaluate sugar and starch contents and the invertase activity in vines leaves during two consecutive growing seasons. The experiment was carried out at Embrapa Semi-Árido and at Santa Maria Winery, respectively located in Petrolina and Lagoa Grande, Pernambuco-Brazil. Leaves were collected weekly from January to December of 2003 and assessed for reducing sugars, total soluble sugars and starch contents, as well as for acid (AI) and neutral invertases (NI). The results showed that reducing sugars, total soluble sugars and starch contents increased during fruit maturation and are influenced by temperature, radiation and insolation variations. The second growing season showed higher reducing sugars and total soluble sugars content and lower starch content in the leaves than the first one. AI activity was higher than NI activity and these also varied according to weather conditions. During berries ripening, leaves showed higher sugar content and invertase activity, suggesting a higher sugar metabolism and transport during this phase.

Error de inclinación paleomagnética en materiales aluviales del Oligoceno superior del sector Suroriental de la Cuenca del Ebro (Region Surpirenaica, NE de España).

En el sector suroriental de la Cuenca del Ebro, la inclinación paleomagnética obtenida en las sucesiones aluviales oligocenas es considerablemente menor que la esperable, si se considera la paleolatitud de referencia calculada para esa región durante el Oligoceno. Este error de inclinación puede deberse a diversos factores, como el control hidrodinámica de las partículas magnéticas en el medio deposicional, la compactación diferencial del sedimento durante el enterramiento, o bien a la deformación tectónica. Este trabajo se ha centrado en su estudio en dos sucesiones dominantemente aluviales, donde previamente se había establecido su magnetoestratigrafia. Las litofacies aluviales y lacustres estudiadas se han agrupado en cinco grupos: areniscas grises, areniscas rojas y versicolores, limos rojos, lutitas rojas y calizas. Se ha demostrado la existencia de una correlación entre la abundancia de filosilicatos y el error de inclinación. De esta manera, las litofacies con un bajo porcentaje de filosilicatos (calizas y areniscas grises) presentan errores de unos 5', estadisticarnente no significativos, con respecto a la inclinación de referencia. Por el contrario, en materiales con un porcentaje más elevado de filosilicatos (limos y arcillas) el error puede llegar a los 25'. Este hecho no tiene repercusión en la interpretación de las polaridades magnéticas, pero si en las reconstmcciones palinspásticas y paleogeográficas basadas en los cálculos de paleolatitudes a partir de las paleoinclinaciones. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran la necesidad de cautela en la propuesta de conclusiones basadas exclusivamente en este tipo de información.