892 resultados para Geographic information |Morphometric analysis


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Spatial analysis and social network analysis typically take into consideration social processes in specific contexts of geographical or network space. The research in political science increasingly strives to model heterogeneity and spatial dependence. To better understand and geographically model the relationship between non-political events, streaming data from social networks, and political climate was the primary objective of the current study. Geographic information systems (GIS) are useful tools in the organization and analysis of streaming data from social networks. In this study, geographical and statistical analysis were combined in order to define the temporal and spatial nature of the data eminating from the popular social network Twitter during the 2014 FIFA World Cup. The study spans the entire globe because Twitters geotagging function, the fundamental data that makes this study possible, is not limited to a geographic area. By examining the public reactions to an inherenlty non-political event, this study serves to illuminate broader questions about social behavior and spatial dependence. From a practical perspective, the analyses demonstrate how the discussion of political topics flutuate according to football matches. Tableau and Rapidminer, in addition to a set basic statistical methods, were applied to find patterns in the social behavior in space and time in different geographic regions. It was found some insight into the relationship between an ostensibly non-political event the World Cup - and public opinion transmitted by social media. The methodology could serve as a prototype for future studies and guide policy makers in governmental and non-governmental organizations in gauging the public opinion in certain geographic locations.

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O presente trabalho faz uma abordagem aos Sistemas de Informao Geogrfica (SIG) e a anlise multicritrio (AMC) para o estudo da acessibilidade da rede escolar do municpio de Humpata, provncia da Hula, situada em Angola. Neste trabalho pretende-se demonstrar as dificuldades de acessibilidade e mobilidade tendo em conta aos principais factores que condicionam a rede escolar e tambm a acessibilidade em termos de oferta e recursos, analisando com algum pormenor as condies de ensino que as escolas oferecem. Por outro lado foram tambm elaborados modelos de velocidade com o objectivo de verificar a distncia-tempo percorrida pelos usurios considerando o declive do terreno. Ficou demonstrado que, para o estudo da acessibilidade da rede escolar, o uso dos SIG e a AMC fornecem resultados com relevncia na tomada de deciso. A AMC conjugada com a lgebra de mapas, permitiu registar as disparidades de acessibilidade entre diferentes povoaes que compem o municpio. Aconselha-se por isso a utilizao de ferramentas de anlise espacial como os SIG, em contextos como o do municpio de Humpata onde os recursos escassos devem ser bem geridos, de forma a levar os servios pblicos e privados maior parte da populao e s povoaes que mais necessitam atravs da localizao ptima dos futuros servios, que no caso das instituies escolares concorrera para garantia do sucesso escolar.

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The interest in using information to improve the quality of living in large urban areas and its governance efficiency has been around for decades. Nevertheless, the improvements in Information and Communications Technology has sparked a new dynamic in academic research, usually under the umbrella term of Smart Cities. This concept of Smart City can probably be translated, in a simplified version, into cities that are lived, managed and developed in an information-saturated environment. While it makes perfect sense and we can easily foresee the benefits of such a concept, presently there are still several significant challenges that need to be tackled before we can materialize this vision. In this work we aim at providing a small contribution in this direction, which maximizes the relevancy of the available information resources. One of the most detailed and geographically relevant information resource available, for the study of cities, is the census, more specifically the data available at block level (Subseco Estatstica). In this work, we use Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) and the variant Geo-SOM to explore the block level data from the Portuguese census of Lisbon city, for the years of 2001 and 2011. We focus on gauging change, proposing ways that allow the comparison of the two time periods, which have two different underlying geographical bases. We proceed with the analysis of the data using different SOM variants, aiming at producing a two-fold portrait: one, of the evolution of Lisbon during the first decade of the XXI century, another, of how the census dataset and SOMs can be used to produce an informational framework for the study of cities.

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The relationships between vine water status, soil texture, and vine size were observed in four Niagara, Ontario Pinot noir vineyards in 2008 and 2009. The vineyards were divided into water status zones using geographic information systems (GIS) software to map the seasonal mean midday leaf water potential (,P), and dormant pruning shoot weights following the 2008 season. Fruit was harvested from all sentinel vines, bulked by water status zones and made into wine. Sensory analysis included a multidimensional sorting (MDS) task and descriptive analysis (DA) of the 2008 wines. Airborne multispectral images, with a spatial resolution of 38 cm, were captured four times in 2008 and three times in 2009, with the final flights around veraison. A semi-automatic process was developed to extract NDVI from the images, and a masking procedure was identified to create a vine-only NDVI image. 2008 and 2009 were cooler and wetter than mean years, and the range of water status zones was narrow. Yield per vine, vine size, anthocyanins and phenols were the least consistent variables. Divided by water status or vine size, there were no variables with differences between zones in all four vineyards in either year. Wines were not different between water status zones in any chemical analysis, and HPLC revealed that there were no differences in individual anthocyanins or phenolic compounds between water status zones within the vineyard sites. There were some notable correlations between vineyard and grape composition variables, and spatial trends were observed to be qualitatively related for many of the variables. The MDS task revealed that wines from each vineyard were more affected by random fermentation effects than water status effects. This was confirmed by the DA; there were no differences between wines from the water status zones within vineyard sites for any attribute. Remotely sensed NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) correlated reasonably well with a number of grape composition variables, as well as soil type. Resampling to a lower spatial resolution did not appreciably affect the strength of correlations, and corresponded to the information contained in the masked images, while maintaining the range of values of NDVI. This study showed that in cool climates, there is the potential for using precision viticulture techniques to understand the variability in vineyards, but the variable weather presents a challenge for understanding the driving forces of that variability.

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Larval habitat for three highland Anopheles species: Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann, Anopheles pseudopunctipennis Theobald, and Anopheles punctimacula Dyar and Knab was related to human land uses, rivers, roads, and remotely sensed land cover classifications in the western Ecuadorian Andes. Of the five commonly observed human land uses, cattle pasture (n = 30) provided potentially suitable habitat for A. punctimacula and A. albimanus in less than 14% of sites, and was related in a principal components analysis (PCA) to the presence of macrophyte vegetation, greater surface area, clarity, and algae cover. Empty lots (n = 30) were related in the PCA to incident sunlight and provided potential habitat for A. pseudopunctipennis and A. albimanus in less than 14% of sites. The other land uses surveyed (banana, sugarcane, and mixed tree plantations; n = 28, 21, 25, respectively) provided very little standing water that could potentially be used for larval habitat. River edges and eddies (n = 41) were associated with greater clarity, depth, temperature, and algae cover, which provide potentially suitable habitat for A. albimanus in 58% of sites and A. pseudopunctipennis in 29% of sites. Road-associated water bodies (n = 38) provided potential habitat for A. punctimacula in 44% of sites and A. albimanus in 26% of sites surveyed. Species collection localities were compared to land cover classifications using Geographic Information Systems software. All three mosquito species were associated more often with the category closed/open broadleaved evergreen and/or semi-deciduous forests than expected (P 0.01 in all cases), given such a habitats abundance. This study provides evidence that specific human land uses create habitat for potential malaria vectors in highland regions of the Andes.

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L'administration fdrale canadienne et la Commission europenne ont construit, dans le courant des annes 2000, deux rseaux de Systmes d'informations gographiques (SIG): le Systme national d'information forestire au Canada, et l'Infrastructure d'information gographique dans la Communaut europenne. Ces SIG permettent le traitement gographique de donnes sociales et environnementales ainsi que leur reprsentation sur des cartes. Nous apprhendons ces deux rseaux de SIG sous l'angle de leur valeur heuristique: leur analyse nous permet d'tudier les configurations institutionnelles dans lesquelles ils ont t dvelopps, c'est--dire, dans ces cas prcis, ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler la gouvernance. Les SIG sont des instruments de mesure et de reprsentation de certains phnomnes: ils appartiennent la classe des instruments d'objectivation. En tant qu'instruments d'objectivation, ils nous permettent de discuter deux lments thoriques de la gouvernance : le rapport entre les administrations centrales et les administrations locales ; le rapport entre les administrations tatiques et les organisations non-tatiques. A travers cette discussion, nous montrons d'une part que la rarticulation de paliers de gouvernement diffrents ne signifie pas, comme cela a pu tre crit, un retrait de l'administration centrale au profit des administrations locales, mais au contraire une manire de contrler plus troitement celles-ci. Nous montrons d'autre part que cette rengociation des rapports entre les administrations centrales et locales ne s'accompagne pas, en pratique, dune rengociation des rapports entre administrations tatiques et organisations non-tatiques. En rvlant que les donnes non-tatiques ne sont pas intgres dans les rseaux de SIG tatiques, nous relativisons les thories qui voient dans la gouvernance un mode de gouvernement ouvert aux organisations non-tatiques. Cela nous conduit approfondir la piste qui envisage les instruments tatiques d'objectivation comme des moyens d'carter de l'objectivation des phnomnes sociaux ou naturels les lments qui contredisent l'action gouvernementale. Cette exgse politique de deux ensembles de programmes informatiques particuliers les SIG nous amne, en conclusion, proposer de considrer certains programmes informatiques comme des institutions politiques.

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Objectif : Lobjectif principal de cette thse est dexaminer les dterminants de lutilisation des services de soins pour des raisons de sant mentale dans le sud-ouest de Montral. Donnes et mthodes : Ltude utilise les donnes de la premire phase du projet portant sur le dveloppement dune zone circonscrite dtudes pidmiologiques en psychiatrie dans le sud-ouest de Montral . Les donnes ont t collectes entre mai 2007 et aot 2008 auprs dun chantillon de 2434 personnes slectionnes au hasard dans tout le territoire de ltude. De cet chantillon, nous avons slectionn un sous-chantillon de personnes ayant eu au moins un diagnostic de sant mentale au cours de la dernire anne. 423 personnes ont rencontres ce critre et constituent lchantillon pour les analyses de la prsente thse. Le modle comportemental dAndersen a servi de cadre pour le choix des variables analyser. Parce que lapproche socio-spatiale a t privilgie pour modliser les dterminants de lutilisation des services, les analyses ont t effectues laide de quatre logiciels distincts savoir : SPSS, AMOS, ArcGIS et MlWin. Rsultats : Les rsultats montrent que 53,66% de notre chantillon ont utiliss au moins un service de sant pour des raisons de sant mentale. On constate nanmoins que les dterminants de lutilisation des services en sant mentale sont la fois complexes et spatialement ingalement rparties. En ce qui concerne les caractristiques sociodmographiques et cliniques, les femmes et ceux qui peroivent la stigmatisation envers les personnes ayant un problme de sant mentale utilisent plus les services. Le nombre de diagnostics de sant mentale est aussi associ lutilisation des services. Laugmentation du nombre de diagnostics entrane une augmentation de lutilisation des services (=0,38; p<0,001). Dautres variables comme lge, le statut matrimonial, la taille du mnage, le soutien social et la qualit de vie influencent indirectement lutilisation des services. titre illustratif toute augmentation de lge entrane une augmentation du soutien social de (=0,69; p<0,001) qui son tour fait diminuer la dtresse psychiatrique (= -0,09 (p<0,05). Or, toute augmentation dune unit de dtresse psychiatrique entrane une augmentation de lutilisation des services (=0,58 (p<0,001). Sur le plan spatiale, il existe une corrlation positive entre lutilisation des services et la dfavorisation matrielle, la dfavorisation sociale et le nombre dimmigrants rcents sur un territoire. Par contre, la corrlation entre la prvalence de la sant mentale et lutilisation des services est ngative. Les analyses plus pousses indiquent que le contexte de rsidence explique 12,26 % (p<0,05) de la variation totale de lutilisation des services. De plus, lorsquon contrle pour les caractristiques individuelles, vivre dans un environnement stable augmente lutilisation des services (O.R=1,24; p<0,05) tandis que les contextes dfavoriss du point de vue socioconomique ont un effet nfaste sur lutilisation (O.R=0,71; p<0,05). Conclusion : Les rsultats de ltude suggrent que si on veut optimiser lutilisation des services en sant mentale, il est important dagir prioritairement au niveau de la collectivit. Plus spcifiquement, il faudrait mener des campagnes de sensibilisation auprs de la population pour combattre la stigmatisation des personnes ayant un problme de sant mentale. Sur le plan de la planification des soins de sant, on devrait augmenter loffre des services dans les territoires dfavoriss pour en faciliter laccs aux habitants.

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Contexte : Un accs adquat aux aliments sains dans les environnements rsidentiels peut contribuer aux saines habitudes alimentaires. Un tel accs est dautant plus important pour les personnes ges, o les changements associs au vieillissement peuvent accentuer leur dpendance aux ressources disponibles dans le voisinage. Cependant, cette relation na pas encore t tablie chez les ans. Objectifs : La prsente thse vise quantifier les associations entre lenvironnement alimentaire local et les habitudes alimentaires de personnes ges vivant domicile en milieu urbain. La thse sest insre dans un projet plus large qui a appari les donnes provenant dune cohorte dans qubcois vivant dans la rgion mtropolitaine montralaise avec des donnes provenant dun systme dinformation gographique. Trois tudes rpondent aux objectifs spcifiques suivants : (1) dvelopper des indices relatifs de mixit alimentaire pour qualifier loffre daliments sains dans les magasins dalimentation et loffre de restaurants situs dans les quartiers faisant partie du territoire ltude et en examiner la validit; (2) quantifier les associations entre la disponibilit relative de magasins dalimentation et de restaurants prs du domicile et les habitudes alimentaires des ans; (3) examiner linfluence des connaissances subjectives en nutrition dans la relation entre lenvironnement alimentaire prs du domicile et les habitudes alimentaires chez les hommes et les femmes gs. Mthodes : Le devis consiste en une analyse secondaire de donnes transversales provenant de trois sources : les donnes du cycle 1 pour 848 participants de ltude longitudinale qubcoise La nutrition comme dterminant dun vieillissement russi (2003-2008), le Recensement de 2001 de Statistique Canada et un registre priv de commerces et services (2005), ces derniers regroups dans un systme dinformation gographique nomm Mgaphone. Des analyses bivaries non paramtriques ont t appliques pour rpondre lobjectif 1. Les associations entre lexposition aux commerces alimentaires dans le voisinage et les habitudes alimentaires (objectif 2), ainsi que linfluence des connaissances subjectives en nutrition dans cette relation (objectif 3), ont t vrifies au moyen danalyses de rgression linaires. Rsultats : Les analyses ont rvl trois rsultats importants. Premirement, lutilisation dindices relatifs pour caractriser loffre alimentaire savre pertinente pour ltude des habitudes alimentaires, plus particulirement pour loffre de restaurants-minute. Deuximement, lomniprsence daspects dfavorables dans lenvironnement, caractris par une offre relativement plus leve de restaurants-minute, semble nuire davantage aux saines habitudes alimentaires que la prsence dopportunits dachats daliments sains dans les magasins dalimentation. Troisimement, un environnement alimentaire plus favorable aux saines habitudes pourrait rduire les carts quant la qualit de lalimentation chez les femmes ayant de plus faibles connaissances subjectives en nutrition par rapport aux femmes mieux informes. Conclusion : Ces rsultats mettent en relief la complexit des liens entre lenvironnement local et lalimentation. Dans lventualit o ces rsultats seraient reproduits dans des recherches futures, des stratgies populationnelles visant rsoudre un dsquilibre entre laccs aux sources daliments sains par rapport aux aliments peu nutritifs semblent prometteuses.

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Thesis written in co-mentorship with Robert Michaud.

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Les services cosystmiques (SE) rfrent aux bnfices que produisent et soutiennent la biodiversit et les cosystmes et qui profitent ltre humain. Dans beaucoup de cas, ils ne sont pas pris en compte dans le systme conomique. Cette externalisation des SE engendre des dcisions sur lutilisation du territoire et des ressources naturelles qui ignorent leur contribution la qualit de vie des communauts. Afin notamment de sensibiliser lopinion publique limportance des SE et de mieux les intgrer dans les processus dcisionnels, ont t dveloppes des dmarches dvaluation conomique des SE. Dans cette thse, nous avons cherch comprendre la fois comment lutilisation passe et actuelle des sols dans la rgion de Montral affecte la valeur des SE et comment ces amnits naturelles sont perues et valorises par la population, dans une perspective damnagement futur du territoire. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilis deux approches : lanalyse spatiale recourant aux systmes dinformation gographique et lanalyse des prfrences exprimes par des techniques denqute. Pour lanalyse spatiale, nous avons combin des analyses cartographiques des valeurs montaires associes aux SE publies dans la littrature. Nous avons alors estim la valeur des cosystmes dun territoire par le transfert de bnfices, de prix de marchs directs et de cots vits. Cette dmarche nous a permis de comprendre la relation entre lutilisation actuelle du territoire du Grand Montral cologique et la valeur des services fournis par les cosystmes, que nous avons estime 2,2 milliards de dollars par anne. Elle nous a permis aussi de mesurer les effets sur la valeur des SE du changement dutilisation des sols entre les annes 1960 et 2010. Nous avons montr que malgr diffrentes politiques de contrle et dencadrement de ltalement urbain au cours de cette priode, les pertes conomiques non marchandes lies aux SE slvent 236 millions de dollars par anne. Pour lanalyse des prfrences exprimes, nous avons utlilis deux mthodes, lvaluation contingente et le choix multi-attributs, avec lobjectif de mesurer le consentement payer de rpondants pour des variations dans lamnagement du territoire. Nous avons montr dune part que les rpondants valorisent significativement lincidence des pratiques agro-environnementales sur la qualit de lenvironnement et des paysages en consentant payer entre 159 et 333 dollars par mnage par anne pour une amlioration de la diversit du paysage agricole. Dautre part, leur volont payer pour lamlioration de ltat des milieux humides du Qubec est estime entre 389 et 455 dollars par mnage par anne. Lutilisation conjointe des deux mthodes nous a permis den comparer les rsultats. Nous avons en outre dmontr que le choix du format de question de valorisation de lvaluation contingente affecte la convergence des rsultats. Enfin, nous avons propos des pistes de recherches futures portant sur lintgration des dmarches danalyse biophysique, conomique et politique dans des outils de prise de dcision mieux adapts la dynamique des cosystmes, de la biodiversit et des communauts humaines.

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A novel test of spatial independence of the distribution of crystals or phases in rocks based on compositional statistics is introduced. It improves and generalizes the common joins-count statistics known from map analysis in geographic information systems. Assigning phases independently to objects in RD is modelled by a single-trial multinomial random function Z(x), where the probabilities of phases add to one and are explicitly modelled as compositions in the K-part simplex SK. Thus, apparent inconsistencies of the tests based on the conventional joins{count statistics and their possibly contradictory interpretations are avoided. In practical applications we assume that the probabilities of phases do not depend on the location but are identical everywhere in the domain of de nition. Thus, the model involves the sum of r independent identical multinomial distributed 1-trial random variables which is an r-trial multinomial distributed random variable. The probabilities of the distribution of the r counts can be considered as a composition in the Q-part simplex SQ. They span the so called Hardy-Weinberg manifold H that is proved to be a K-1-affine subspace of SQ. This is a generalisation of the well-known Hardy-Weinberg law of genetics. If the assignment of phases accounts for some kind of spatial dependence, then the r-trial probabilities do not remain on H. This suggests the use of the Aitchison distance between observed probabilities to H to test dependence. Moreover, when there is a spatial uctuation of the multinomial probabilities, the observed r-trial probabilities move on H. This shift can be used as to check for these uctuations. A practical procedure and an algorithm to perform the test have been developed. Some cases applied to simulated and real data are presented. Key words: Spatial distribution of crystals in rocks, spatial distribution of phases, joins-count statistics, multinomial distribution, Hardy-Weinberg law, Hardy-Weinberg manifold, Aitchison geometry

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On last years we have seen an increase on the use of GIS technologies as analysis tools on the field of historical research. The study of landscape, and how it has influenced the development of History is a focal point of research fields like archaeology and battlefield analysis, and we are seeing nowadays how its use is spreading. (...)

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This paper describes HidroGIS, a GIS platform developed by Water Resources Program at Universidad Nacional de Colombia at Medelln. HidroSIG is a tool for hydrological variables visualization and analysis, using a set of modules that make this software a powerful tool for hydrological modeling. HidroSIG has tools for digital terrain models processing, water supply estimation using long term water balance in watersheds, a rainfall-runoff model, a model for landslide susceptibility estimation, an one-dimensional pollutant transport model, tools for homogeneity analysis in time series and tools for satellite images classification. The tools in development status are also described

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Nowadays, Oceanographic and Geospatial communities are closely related worlds. The problem is that they follow parallel paths in data storage, distributions, modelling and data analyzing. This situation produces different data model implementations for the same features. While Geospatial information systems have 2 or 3 dimensions, the Oceanographic models uses multidimensional parameters like temperature, salinity, streams, ocean colour... This implies significant differences between data models of both communities, and leads to difficulties in dataset analysis for both sciences. These troubles affect directly to the Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies ( IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB)). Researchers from this Institute perform intensive processing with data from oceanographic facilities like CTDs, moorings, gliders and geospatial data collected related to the integrated management of coastal zones. In this paper, we present an approach solution based on THREDDS (Thematic Real-time Environmental Distributed Data Services). THREDDS allows data access through the standard geospatial data protocol Web Coverage Service, inside the European project (European Coastal Sea Operational Observing and Forecasting system). The goal of ECOOP is to consolidate, integrate and further develop existing European coastal and regional seas operational observing and forecasting systems into an integrated pan- European system targeted at detecting environmental and climate changes

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En este trabajo se describe la solucin ideada para la implantacin de un Sistema de Informacin Geogrfica que debe dar servicio al Instituto Universitario del Agua y del Medio Ambiente de la Universidad de Murcia y al Instituto Euromediterrneo del Agua. Dada la naturaleza de ambas instituciones, se trata de una herramienta orientada fundamentalmente al estudio de recursos hdricos y procesos hidrolgicos. El proceso se inici con una identificacin de las necesidades de los usuarios (con perfiles y requerimiento diferentes) y el posterior desarrollo del diseo conceptual que pudiera asegurar la satisfaccin de estas necesidades. Debido a que los requerimientos de los usuarios as lo demandaban, se ha tenido en cuenta tanto a usuarios que trabajan en entorno linux como a otros que lo hacen en entorno windows. Se ha optado por un sistema basado en software libre utilizando GRASS para el manejo de informacin raster y modelizacin; postgis (sobre postgreSQL) y GRASS para la gestin de informacin vectorial; y QGIS, gvSIG y Kosmo como interfaces grficas de usuario. Otros programas utilizados para propsitos especficos han sido R, Mapserver o GMT