Educação em solos: princípios, teoria e métodos

O solo é um componente essencial do meio ambiente, cuja importância é normalmente desconsiderada e pouco valorizada. Assim, é necessário que se desenvolva uma "consciência pedológica", a partir de um processo educativo que privilegie uma concepção de sustentabilidade na relação homem-natureza. Existem múltiplas formas, tempos e espaços de promover a educação para o meio ambiente a partir de uma abordagem pedológica; esse conjunto de conteúdos e métodos constituem a Educação em Solos, que é indissociável da Educação Ambiental. A Educação em Solos tem como principal objetivo trazer o significado da importância do solo à vida das pessoas e, portanto, da necessidade da sua conservação e do seu uso e ocupação sustentáveis. Assim como a Educação Ambiental, a Educação em Solos coloca-se como um processo de formação que, em si, precisa ser dinâmico, permanente e participativo. Nessa perspectiva, foi criado o Programa de Educação em Solos e Meio Ambiente (PES) junto ao Museu de Ciências da Terra do Departamento de Solos da UFV, que atua na educação formal e não-formal na região de Viçosa. A base teórico-metodológica da prática pedagógica do PES baseia-se no construtivismo e nas idéias de Paulo Freire, utilizando-se a abordagem holística, os métodos participativos e a prática da pedagogia de projetos. A perspectiva Construtivista-Freiriana promove uma abordagem dos temas pedológico-ambientais com base não apenas na simples transmissão do conhecimento, mas também da investigação, da experimentação e do resgate e valorização do conhecimento prévio das pessoas. A abordagem de aspectos que são familiares e conhecidos das pessoas, possibilitando uma aprendizagem significativa, embute em si um grande potencial para consolidar mudanças de valores e atitudes, ou seja, para efetivar uma consciência ambiental/planetária.

Disseny, les investigacions sobre la comunicació i la proposada teoria dels signes

L'àmbit de formació universitària és idoni per recuperar de forma més modesta i autocrítica les tesis de la semiòtica i les teories de la comunicació en la seva relació amb els processos del disseny.

Gauge transformations in the Lagrangian and Hamilton formalisms of generally covariant theories

We study spacetime diffeomorphisms in the Hamiltonian and Lagrangian formalisms of generally covariant systems. We show that the gauge group for such a system is characterized by having generators which are projectable under the Legendre map. The gauge group is found to be much larger than the original group of spacetime diffeomorphisms, since its generators must depend on the lapse function and shift vector of the spacetime metric in a given coordinate patch. Our results are generalizations of earlier results by Salisbury and Sundermeyer. They arise in a natural way from using the requirement of equivalence between Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations of the system, and they are new in that the symmetries are realized on the full set of phase space variables. The generators are displayed explicitly and are applied to the relativistic string and to general relativity.

Spin-2 gravitational trace anomaly

The part proportional to the Euler-Poincar characteristic of the contribution of spin-2 fields to the gravitational trace anomaly is computed. It is seen to be of the same sign as all the lower-spin contributions, making anomaly cancellation impossible. Subtleties related to Weyl invariance, gauge independence, ghosts, and counting of degrees of freedom are pointed out.

Hamiltonian and Lagrangian constraints of the bosonic string

We study the Hamiltonian and Lagrangian constraints of the Polyakov string. The gauge fixing at the Hamiltonian and Lagrangian level is also studied.

Constraints on additional Z' gauge bosons from a precise measurement of the Z mass

We analyze the constraints on the mass and mixing of a superstring-inspired E6 Z' neutral gauge boson that follow from the recent precise Z mass measurements and show that they depend very sensitively on the assumed value of the W mass and also, to a lesser extent, on the top-quark mass.

Spin-3/2 gravitational trace anomaly

It is argued that previous computations of the spin-(3/2 anomaly have spurious contributions, as there is Weyl-invariance breaking already at the classical level. The genuine, gauge-invariant, spin-(3/2 gravitational trace anomaly is computed here.

(K)over-bar* mesons in dense matter

We study the properties of (K) over bar* mesons in nuclear matter using a unitary approach in coupled channels within the framework of the local hidden gauge formalism and incorporating the (K) over bar pi decay channel in matter. The in-medium (K) over bar *N interaction accounts for Pauli blocking effects and incorporates the (K) over bar* self-energy in a self-consistent manner. We also obtain the (K) over bar* (off-shell) spectral function and analyze its behavior at finite density and momentum. At a normal nuclear matter density, the (K) over bar* meson feels a moderately attractive potential, while the (K) over bar* width becomes five times larger than in free space. We estimate the transparency ratio of the gamma A -> K+K*(-) A` reaction, which we propose as a feasible scenario at the present facilities to detect changes in the properties of the (K) over bar* meson in nuclear medium.

Gauge transformations in Einstein-Yang-Mills theories

We discuss the relation between spacetime diffeomorphisms and gauge transformations in theories of the YangMills type coupled with Einsteins general relativity. We show that local symmetries of the Hamiltonian and Lagrangian formalisms of these generally covariant gauge systems are equivalent when gauge transformations are required to induce transformations which are projectable under the Legendre map. Although pure YangMills gauge transformations are projectable by themselves, diffeomorphisms are not. Instead, the projectable symmetry group arises from infinitesimal diffeomorphism-inducing transformations which must depend on the lapse function and shift vector of the spacetime metric plus associated gauge transformations. Our results are generalizations of earlier results by ourselves and by Salisbury and Sundermeyer. 2000 American Institute of Physics.

Noether's theorem and gauge transformations. Application to the bosonic string and CP(2,n-1) model

New results on the theory of constrained systems are applied to characterize the generators of Noethers symmetry transformations. As a byproduct, an algorithm to construct gauge transformations in Hamiltonian formalism is derived. This is illustrated with two relevant examples.