Proglacial river dataset from the Akuliarusiarsuup Kuua River northern tributary, Southwest Greenland, 2008 - 2013, version 2.0

The dataset contains measurements of river stage and discharge for one sites along the Akuliarusiarsuup Kuua River's northern tributary, with 30 minute temporal resolution between June 2008 and August 2013 This river is a tributary to the Watson River discharging into Kangerlussuaq Fjord by the town of Kangerlussuaq, Southwest Greenland. Additional data of water temperature, air pressure are also provided. Compared to version 1.0 of the dataset, this dataset used a total of 36 in situ discharge observations collected between 2008 and 2012 to construct the rating curve. Furthermore, data of Station AK-004-001 between 2010-09-06T11:30 to 2010-09-07T13:30 have been removed from version 2.0 because these values were likely caused by backflow when a jokulhlaup from a large glacier dammed lake caused increased water levels in the downstreams lake. Thus, data measured at AK-004-001 between 2010-09-06T11:30 to 2010-09-07T13:30 are not representative for the AK-004 catchment.

Re-OS and Pb isotope ratios of sediments from Saanich Inlet, Western Canada

Re-Os and Pb-Pb isotopic analysis of reduced varved sediments cored in the deeper basin of Saanich Inlet (B.C.) are presented. From core top to 61 cm down-core, spanning approximately the last 100 yrs of sedimentation, 187Os/188Os ratio and Os concentration respectively increase from ~0.8 to ~0.9 and from 55 to 60 ppt, whereas Re concentration decreases from 3600 to 2600 ppt. Re correlates with Corg (R2=0.6) throughout the entire section, whereas Os follows Re and Corg trends deeper down-core, suggesting a decoupling of a Re- and Os-geochemistry during burial and/or very early diagenesis. No systematic compositional differences are observed between seasonal laminae. 204Pb-normalized lead isotope ratios increase from sediment surface down to 7 cm down-core, then decrease steadily to pre-industrial levels at ~50 cm down-core. This pattern illustrates the contamination from leaded gasoline until the recent past. The measured Pb isotopic ratios point primarily toward gasoline related atmospheric lead from the USA. The osmium isotopic values measured are significantly lower than those of modern seawater-Os. In comparison with other anoxic environments, the osmium content of Saanich Inlet sediments is low, and its Os isotopic composition suggests significant inputs from unradiogenic sources (detrital and/or dissolved). Ultramafic lithologies in the watershed of the Fraser River are suspected to contribute to sedimentary inputs as well as to the input of dissolved unradiogenic osmium in the water of Saanich Inlet. The presence of some unradiogenic Os from anthropogenic contamination cannot be discounted near the core top, but since deeper, pre-anthropogenic levels also yielded unradiogenic Os results, one is led to conclude that the overall low 187Os/188Os ratios result from natural geochemical processes. Thus, the bulk sediment of Saanich Inlet does not appear to record 187Os/188Os composition of the marine end-member of the only slightly below normal salinity, fjord water. The low seawater-derived Os content of the sediment, coupled with unradiogenic Os inputs from local sources, explains the overall low isotopic values observed. As a consequence, such near-shore anoxic sediments are unlikely to record changes in the past ocean Os isotopic composition.

CPI, d13C, Corg and diploptene from ODP Hole 169-1034B varved sediments

Saanich Inlet has been a highly productive fjord since the last glaciation. During ODP Leg 169S, nearly 70 m of Holocene sediments were recovered from Hole 1034 at the center of the inlet. The younger sediments are laminated, anaerobic, and rich in organic material (1-2.5 wt.% Corg), whereas the older sediments below 70 mbsf are non-laminated, aerobic, with glacio-marine characteristics and have a significantly lower organic matter content. This difference is also reflected in the changes of interstitial fluids, and in biomarker compositions and their carbon isotope signals. The bacterially-derived hopanoid 17alpha(H),21beta(H)-hop-22(29)-ene (diploptene) occurs in Saanich Inlet sediments throughout the Holocene but is not present in Pleistocene glacio-marine sediments. Its concentration increases after ~6000 years BP up to present time to about 70 µg/g Corg, whereas terrigenous biomarkers such as the n-alkane C31 are low throughout the Holocene (<51 µg/g Corg) and even slightly decrease to 36 µg/g Corg at the most recent time. The increasing concentrations of diploptene in sediments younger than ~6000 years BP separate a recent period of higher primary productivity, stronger anoxic bottom waters, and higher bacterial activity from an older period with lesser activity, heretofore undifferentiated. Carbon isotopic compositions of diploptene in the Holocene are between ~31.5 and ~39.6 per mil PDB after ~6000 years BP. These differences in the carbon isotopic record of diploptene probably reflect changes in microbial community structure of bacteria living at the oxic-anoxic interface of the overlying water column. The heavier isotope values are consistent with the activity of nitrifying bacteria and the lighter isotope values with that of aerobic methanotrophic bacteria. Therefore, intermediate delta13C values probably represent mixtures between the populations. In contrast, carbon isotopic compositions of n-C31 are roughly constant at ~31.4 ± 1.1 per mil PDB throughout the Holocene, indicating a uniform input from cuticular waxes of higher plants. Prior to ~6000 years BP, diploptene enriched in 13C of up to -26.3 per mil PDB is indicative of cyanobacteria living in the photic zone and suggests a period of lower primary productivity, more oxygenated bottom waters, and hence lower bacterial activity during the earliest Holocene.

Fission track age determinations of rocks from north Greenland

Apatite fission track (FT) ages and length characteristics of samples obtained from Cambrian to Paleocene-aged sandstones collected along the margin of Nares Strait in Ellesmere Island in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago are dominated by a thermal history related to Paleogene relative plate movements between Greenland and Ellesmere Island. A preliminary inverse FT thermal model for a Cambrian (Archer Fiord Formation) sandstone in the hanging wall of the Rawlings Bay thrust at Cape Lawrence is consistent with Paleocene exhumational cooling, likely as a result of erosion of the thrust. This suggests that thrusting at Cape Lawrence occurred prior to the onset of Eocene compression, likely due to transpression during earlier strikeslip along the strait. Models for samples from volcaniclastic sandstones of the Late Paleocene Pavy Formation (from Cape Back and near Pavy River), and a sandstone from the Late Paleocene Mount Lawson Formation (at Split Lake, near Makinson Inlet) are also consistent with minor burial heating following known periods of basaltic volcanism in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait (c. 61-59 Ma), or related tholeiitic volcanism and intrusive activity (c. 55-54 Ma). Thermal models for samples from sea level dykes from around Smith Sound suggest a period of Late Cretaceous - Paleocene heating prior to final cooling during Paleocene time. These model results imply that Paleocene tectonic movements along Nares Strait were significant, and provide limited support for the former existence of the Wegener Fault. Apatite FT data from central Ellesmere Island suggest however, that cooling there occurred during Early Eocene time (c. 50 Ma), which was likely a result of erosion of thrusts during Eurekan compression. This diachronous cooling suggests that Eurekan deformation was partitioned at discrete intervals across Ellesmere Island, and thus it is likely that displacements along the strait were much less than the 150 km that has been previously suggested for the Wegener Fault.

(Table S1) Flux gate discharge and centerline discharge of Helheim, Kangerdlugssuaq and Jakobshavn glacier, Greenland

Acceleration of Greenland's three largest outlet glaciers, Helheim, Kangerdlugssuaq and Jakobshavn Isbræ, accounted for a substantial portion of the ice sheet's mass loss over the past decade. Rapid changes in their discharge, however, make their cumulative mass-change uncertain. We derive monthly mass balance rates and cumulative balance from discharge and surface mass balance (SMB) rates for these glaciers from 2000 through 2010. Despite the dramatic changes observed at Helheim, the glacier gained mass over the period, due primarily to the short duration of acceleration and a likely longer-term positive balance. In contrast, Jakobshavn Isbræ lost an equivalent of over 11 times the average annual SMB and loss continues to accelerate. Kangerdlugssuaq lost over 7 times its annual average SMB, but loss has returned to the 2000 rate. These differences point to contrasts in the long-term evolution of these glaciers and the danger in basing predictions on extrapolations of recent changes.

Daily mean of air temperature at station Haudegen on Nordaustlandet 1944/45

Über die klimatischen Verhältnisse des Nordostlandes allgemein gültige Aussagen zu machen, dazu sind wir nach den vorhandenen Unterlagen noch nicht in der Lage. Denn diese Unterlagen beschränken sich auf die wenigen Aufzeichnungen der bisherigen Expeditionen (30), von denen nur die Oxford-Expedition 1935/36 über einen ganzen Jahresverlauf von Messungen an einer Stelle, im Branntwein-Fjord, und von Parallelbeobachtungen von der Dauer einiger Wochen bis mehrerer Monate an anderen Stellen verfügt. Erst wenn die Beobachtungen und Messungen der Expedition "Haudegen" im inneren Rijp-Fjord, besonders auch die Radiosondenaufstiege und die Höhenwindmessungen, dazu die mehrwöchigen Parallelbeobachtungen auf Schlittenreisen und in den Depots im Wahlenberg-Fiord und in der inneren Duve-Bucht ausgewertet sein werden, können wir abgerundetere Tatsachen über das Klima und den Witterungsverlauf im NordostIande erwarten.

Working on a baseline for the Kongsfjorden food web: production and properties of macroalgal particulate organic matter (POM), supplementary material

Macroalgae, in particular kelps, produce a large amount of biomass in Kongsfjorden, which is to a great extent released into the water in an annual cycle. As an example, the brown alga Alaria esculenta loses its blade gradually, 3 ± 0.8 % of the blade area per day (August 2012), thereby adding to the pool of particulate organic matter (POM) in the fjord. Upon release small thallus pieces are "aging" in that they are prone to leaching and serving as substrate for microorganisms, thus turning into palatable food for suspension and bottom feeders. In order to define a macroalgal baseline for the Kongsfjorden food web, stable isotopes d14C and d15N were measured in individuals of A. esculenta, Saccharina latissima and Laminaria digitata directly sampled after collection and in artificially produced POM (aPOM) of A. esculenta that was allowed to age under experimental conditions. In aPOM from this species sampled in August 2012 the C/N ratios decreased between d1 and d8 of a 14-day culture period in parallel to the fading photosynthetic activity of the algal fragments as demonstrated by use of an Imaging-PAM. Microscopic observations of the aPOM in August 2012 and 2013 revealed the frequent occurrence of small brown algal endo- and epiphytes. First feeding experiments with Mysis oculata (Mysids) and Hiatella arctica (Bivalves) showed that these species can ingest macroalgal POM. The importance of kelp-derived POM for the food web is subject of the current research.

Observations of muskoxen and caribou in the high Arctic

Summary: Summer daily activity and movement patterns and habitat selectivity by Peary caribou (Rangifer tarandus pearyi) and muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) were studied at two sites in Canada's High Arctic. Caribou showed a greater mobility and broader selection of habitat than muskoxen. Muskoxen fed more than they rested in contrast to the greater amount of time spent resting than feeding by caribou. The sedge-producing hydric-meadow vegetalion type was highly selected for by muskoxen at both study areas; caribou selected against the hydric-meadow type and preferred the polar desert and mesic-meadow types. Caribou displayed a greater variety in plant species selection than muskoxen, favouring willow (Salix arctica), grasses, forbs, and the flowers of vascular plants- Muskoxen feci extensively on sedges in the hydric-meadow. It is suggested the abundance and distribution of sedge-producing meadows may control the regional abundance and distribution of muskoxen. Winter climate is probably the ultimate factor controlling densities of muskoxen and caribou in the High Arctic.

Sea surface reconstruction of sediment cores off West Spitsbergen

Two sediment cores from the West Spitsbergen area, Euro-Arctic margin, MD99-2304 and MD99-2305, have been investigated for paleoceanographic proxies, including benthic and planktonic foraminifera, benthic foraminiferal stable isotopes and ice rafted debris. Core MD99-2304 is located on the upper continental margin, reflecting variations in the influx of Atlantic Water in the West Spitsbergen Current. Core MD99-2305 is located in Van Mijenfjord, picturing variations in tidewater glacier activity as well as fjord-ocean circulation changes. Surface water warmer than today, was present on the margin as soon as the Van Mijenfjord was deglaciated by 11,200 cal. years BP. Relatively warm water invaded the fjord bottom almost immediately after the deglaciation. A relatively warm early Holocene was followed by an abrupt cooling at 8800 cal. years BP on the continental margin. Another cooling in the fjord record, 8000-4000 cal. years BP, is documented by an increase in ice rafted debris and an increase in benthic foraminiferal delta18O. The IRD-record indicates that central Spitsbergen never was completely deglaciated during the Holocene. Relatively cool and stable conditions similar to the present were established about 4000 cal. years BP.