Responsabilidade social das empresas e valores humanos: um estudo sobre a atitude dos gestores brasileiros

In the last decades of the 21st century, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become one of the most widely debated issues in business management, concerning researchers, politicians, managers and society at large. With multilateral implications in economic and social life, CSR refers, essentially, to the discussion about the boundaries of business intervention in society and the ethical limits that should regulate that intervention. It questions the impact of business practices in social well-being, the role left for corporations and for the State in attending to community needs, and which are, at last, the responsibilities that tie enterprises to society. In this research, CSR is approached from the perspective of its ethical foundations, based on the moral reasoning of the business manager, as a key organizational leader with relevant decision power. Specifically, the research aims to understand how the personal human value system and the ethical orientation of managers influence their attitude towards CSR, considering this attitude as an indicator of managerial behavior that translates into corporate performance. Theoretically, CSR concept is discussed and presented as a set of social commitments, based on a strict interpretation of its meaning. As to human values, its philosophical roots are briefly analyzed and Schwartz modern motivational theory is addressed as main reference for studying the personal value system of managers in this research. Concerning ethics, based on classical theory from moral philosophy, references are seek in John Stuart Mill¿s utilitarianism, Immanuel Kant¿s deontological absolutism, John Rawls¿s theory of justice and the ethics of virtue inspired by Aristotle¿s moral thoughts. Based on an extended literature review, research hypothesis are proposed as part of a theoretical model of analysis named Individual Attitude Towards Social Responsibility Model. In order to test the theory¿s empirical validity, it was conducted a field study with 252 Brazilian managers, mainly from the metropolitan areas of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Results show that managerial attitude aligned with CSR principles is favored by conservative personal values, protectors of stability and centered on collective will, and by an ethical orientation based on egalitarianism as postulated by distributive justice principles. However, results also show that the influence of values and personal ethics on managerial attitude towards CSR only occur in managers younger than 30 years old. Findings and their meanings are discussed, as well as summarized in the Axiological and Ethical Determinants of Managers¿ Social Commitment Model. Finally, methodological limitations are evaluated and clues for further research are suggested.

Freud: da teoria psicanalítica à prática educacional

O emprego da teoria psicanalítica freudiana como fundamento para uma abordagem psicológica de problemas educacionais permite que se considere, simultaneamente, o desenvolvimento pleno do indivíduo e suas relações com a sociedade de que faz parte. Uma avaliação segura das possibilidades e limitações desse emprego exige um estudo sistemático da teoria, que inclui os instintos e suas vicissitudes - em especial repressão e sublimação -, o desenvolvimento da função sexual, o complexo de Édipo, a identificação, o superego e o narcisismo. Com base nesse estudo, pode-se afirmar que as idéias de Freud sobre educação concetram-se em dois processos que se prolongam por toda a vida do indivíduo: o desenvolvimento do ego e a integração à cultura. A aplicação do conhecimento psicanalítico à educação, de caráter profilático, apresenta grandes dificuldades. A proposta freudiana de uma educação para a realidade tem de ser posta em prática desde os primeiros anos da infância, o que exigiria urna problemática orientação a pais e professores. Entretanto, o emprego da psicanálise como disciplina científica ou procedimento de investigação para ampliar a compreensão do processo educacional poderá ter um caráter substancialmente renovador, desde que ela se integre à pesquisa interdisciplinar. Por essa via, sua contribuição será enriquecedora e ela própria se enriquecerá. De outro modo, revelar-se-á limitada para apreender o complexo conjunto das relações sociais.

Psicanálise e abismo: sociopolítica da doutrina freudiana

Nesta dissertação, analisam-se certas teses psicanalíticas, sociológicas e políticas de Freud à luz de teorias extraídas do universo das Ciências Sociais. Procura-se elucidar a sociogênese e a lógica interna da psicanálise, e também da demanda a que ela atende, com base em referenciais sociológicos e no que se convencionará chamar de uma "Psicologia de sociólogos". Em particular, a centralidade teórica e prática de conceitos assimiláveis à categoria "abismo", em Freud, é correlacionada com a emergência socio-histórica de fenômenos e vivências compatíveis com o conceito de "anomia" em Durkheim. Num segundo momento, discutem-se algumas posições correntes sobre a dimensão política da obra freudiana e das práticas nela inspiradas.

O sujeito revelado pela prática da psicologia escolar e o sujeito da psicanálise: uma comparação

O tema dessa dissertação ê uma comparaçao o sujeito da teoria psicaüalítica e o sujeito tal concebido pela psicologia escolar. entre qual ê Buscou-se, inicialmente, descrever o sujeito da psicanálise a partir da leitura de alguns textos freudianos, que demonstraram, ser o sujeito, o inconsciente, psicanaliticamente falando. Procurou-se mostrar que, do ponto de vista da teoria psicanalítica, sendo o sujeito, o inconsciente, a ele não se tem acesso através da lógica ou do bom senso. A outra etapa do trabalho foi, a partir de uma pesquisa de campo e de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, a tenta tiva de descobrir quem ª o sujeito para a psicologia escolar. O que ficou claro, como resultado dessas pesquisas, foi que, com pouquíssimas exceções, este sujeito em nada se aproxima do sujeito da teoria psicanalítica. A psicologia escolar. dirige-se, eminentemente, ao indivíduo enquanto sujeito consciente. E, por fim, o que se procurou foi realizar alguns comentários a respeito do confronto entre a visão que a psicanálise apresenta do sujeito e a visão da psicologia escolar. Viu-se, então, que de acordo com alguns autores o papel do psicólogo escolar seria o de contribuir para queo individuo, com o qual lida pudesse tornar-se mais crítico em relação ao sistema social e político ao qual está i~ serido; enquanto que a pesquisa de campo e alguns outros autores mostraram a psicologia escolar como um veículo da melhor adaptação do indivíduo àquilo que se considera como ideal.

A conduta ética na defesa da concorrência: bordagem sobre os valores morais entre executivos de uma grande empresa monopolista.

O presente estudo analisa a absorção dos conceitos de defesa da concorrência na ética pessoal de executivos das áreas comerciais de uma grande empresa monopolista. A estratégia que visa à defesa da concorrência é revista para o caso de uma empresa dominante de mercado, cujos planos de marketing devem prever as limitações impostas pela lei, adotando ações para diminuir o risco de infrações. O pressuposto básico da pesquisa é o de que o comprometimento com as práticas de conduta para defesa da concorrência deve estar disseminado entre os valores éticos dos funcionários e, sobretudo, dos gestores, minimizando o risco de problemas criados por decisões tomadas sob pressão, sem tempo hábil para consultas às áreas jurídicas. As conseqüências de atitudes equivocadas dos executivos que atuam diretamente nas áreas de comercialização motivaram a realização de uma pesquisa para estudar a disseminação desses valores morais entre a força de trabalho de uma empresa monopolista. Os conflitos morais esperados entre a busca pela rentabilidade e aumento da participação no mercado versus as atitudes contenciosas de práticas comerciais agressivas foram examinados sob a ótica da sua inspiração filosófica. As convicções éticas entre os gestores de áreas cujas atuações são potencialmente sensíveis às sanções previstas nas normas de conduta antitruste vigentes no país foram pesquisadas através de entrevistas qualitativas semi-estruturadas. O resultado final comprova que os conceitos de defesa da concorrência estão bem sedimentados na ética pessoal dos gestores da empresa pesquisada, minimizando o risco de ações que gerem infrações à legislação do tema. Como resultados secundários da pesquisa, foram obtidos dados que poderão auxiliar em outras análises complementares ligando a presença de valores éticos de boa conduta concorrencial ao cargo exercido na empresa, tempo de experiência e ganhos monetários percebidos. Outra sugestão para estudos futuros seria a extensão da pesquisa para análise da eficiência de programas semelhantes em outras empresas.

The consumer litigation industry: chasing dragon kings in lawyer-client networks

The community of lawyers and their clients form a scale-free bipartite network that develops naturally as the outcome of the recommendation process through which lawyers form their client base. This process is an example of preferential attachment where lawyers with more clients are more likely to be recommended to new clients. Consumer litigation is an important market for lawyers. In large consumer societies, there always a signi cant amount of consumption disputes that escalate to court. In this paper we analyze a dataset of thousands of lawsuits, reconstructing the lawyer-client network embedded in the data. Analyzing the degree distribution of this network we noticed that it follows that of a scale-free network built by preferential attachment, but for a few lawyers with much larger client base than could be expected by preferential attachment. Incidentally, most of these also gured on a list put together by the judiciary of Lawyers which openly advertised the bene ts of consumer litigation. According to the code of ethics of their profession, lawyers should not stimulate clients into litigation, but it is not strictly illegal. From a network formation point of view, this stimulation can be seen as a separate growth mechanism than preferential attachment alone. In this paper we nd that this composite growth can be detected by a simple statistical test, as simulations show that lawyers which use both mechanisms quickly become the \Dragon-Kings" of the distribution of the number of clients per lawyer.

Os dias são maus : o ensino religioso cristão em dias pós-modernos o desafio de fazer crer perante a cultura da incredulidade

This paper adopts the assumption that religion continues to be a major highlight in the dimension of the contemporary world - characterized by pluralism, the ideas of tolerance and freedom. But for certain streams of Christianity, the postmodern culture seems to be characterized as a highly damaging to their doctrines and principles, since this religious matrix carries a truth claim that would support all its significance, its definition values and their dissemination effort ( evangelism ). This is not to say that Christianity is the only religion that claims to the truth, which would be a gross mistake. Now, religion has been reputed as a phenomenon doomed to disappear, according to the " ideology " of Modernity, given the idea that scientific development would lead us inevitably to the statement that religion was merely a social institution based in the superstition, in fantasy, the imaginary and therefore had nothing "real " unless its existence as an institution capable of aggregating society (give it cohesion), provide values and meaning to different ontological anxieties and doubts of humankind. In the contemporary scenario - seeded by modernity - as Christian ideas, doctrines and principles are in harmony or conflict with postmodernity? These are our starting questions and issues that we intend to stop and reflect. From the assumption that the religious phenomenon has great force in the present day, this research aims to perform central analysis of how religious education, a Protestant denomination specific, harmonizes or clashes with the ideology or ideas more general and emphatic that we can observe in the western world is presented to us from the diagnoses made by the contemporary authors who debate about postmodernism and postmodernity, notably David Harvey, Jean - François Lyotard, Bauman Zygmunt and Fredric Jameson

Trabalho, pobreza e caridade: as ações do Padre Ibiapina nos sertões do Nordeste

This work started from an investigation concerning the process of education, moralization and disciplining of the poor in the backlands of the Brazilian Northeast region, in the second half of the 19th century, through the incorporation of the values of productive work. In order to do so, we took as our field of investigation the missions of Father José Antônio Pereira Ibiapina (1806-1883), in which an extensive work was developed, including the construction of twenty two (22) charity houses in the States of Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Ceará e Piauí, but also of weirs, churches, graveyards, hospitals and so forth. Given the socio-historical character of the research, we adopted qualitative methods of analysis and the following procedures: survey and analysis of documents, statute and internal rules that ordered the workings of the charity houses; biographies on Father Ibiapina and the missions‟ reports, as well as various sorts of publications on the missionary. Our study comprises his 27 year-period of missionary-religious activity (1856-1883), and undertakes an analysis on the topic of poverty, since the medieval Christian take on it until modernity, when it stops representing a value and becomes a problem to be solved through work. The socio-political context in which Ibiapina lived in the Northeast was marked by the consequence of droughts and economic crises in the region. The analysis of the documents indicates that, in the circumstances of political weakness and lack of interest for regional demands by the national political agenda, his missionary actions produced strong effects. Starting from an ethics of valorization of work, which combined modern and traditional elements, his actions set up disciplinary, moralizing and civil educational practices of the poor, founding, simultaneously, a pragmatic religious experience directed at the resolution of the problems caused by poverty. In that sense, we observe that such actions are connected to the broader process of moralization and education of the poor, but the analysis also suggests that their inscription into the social order articulated both forward as well as conservative aspects of the established system

Teoria da despesa pública: uma leitura ético-constitucional em busca do possível da reserva

Brazilian law passes through a crisis of effectiveness commonly attributed to the extravagance of fundamental rights and public shortage. However, public finances are not dogmatically structured to solve the conflicts around the limitations of public spending. There are ethical conditioning factors, like morality, proportionality and impartiality, however, these principles act separately, while the problem of public shortage is holistic. Also, the subjectivity of politics discretionary in the definition of public spending, which is supported in an indeterminate concept of public interest, needs material orientation about the destination of public funds, making it vulnerable to ideological manipulation, resulting in real process of catching rights. Not even the judicial activism (such as influx of constitutionalism) is shown legally appropriate. The Reserve of Possible, also presents basic ethical failure. Understanding the formation of public shortage is therefore essential for understanding the crisis of effectiveness of state responsibilities, given the significant expansion of the state duty of protection, which does not find legal technique of defense of the established interests. The premise of argument, then, part of the possibility of deducting minimal model ethical of desire to spend (public interest) according to objective parameters of the normative system. Public spending has always been treated disdainfully by the Brazilian doctrine, according to the legal character accessory assigned to the monetary cost. Nonetheless, it is the meeting point between economics and law, or is in the marrow of the problem of public shortage. Expensive Subjects to modernity, as the effectiveness of fundamental rights, pass necessarily an ethical legal system of public spending. From the ethical principles deducted from the planning, only the democratic principle guides the public spending through the approval of public spending in the complex budget process. In other words, there is an ethical distancing of economic reality in relation to state responsibilities. From the dogmatic belief of insufficiency, public spending is evaluated ethically, according to the foundations of modern constitutionalism, in search of possible of the financial reserve, certain that the ethics of public economy is a sine qua non condition for legal ethics.

Formação moral das crianças: construção de regras fundamentais aos valores do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST)

The acquiring process of morals on a person is one of the most important aspects of his Social Identity. The basis for his ethics and moral choices are built when he interacts with the world. A child that interacts with participants of Movimento Sem Terra (MST) movement that fights for the Land Reform and the transformation of the society may have the opportunities to acquire the culture, morals and ethics of this movement. Based on this understanding, this work intends to comprehend how children think and incorporate the rules that are the base of the values and principles of MST, considering the diversity of the situations, the limits and the possibilities to experience these values in their everyday life in the Movement. To understand how the process of cognitive construction of the rules takes place in a child, it is important to consider the theories of Jean Piaget. According to him, morals development follows a sequence: the anomie (0 to 2 years old), marked by the absence of rules; the heteronomy (2 to 6/7 years old), where takes place the adoption of rules due to exterior obedience, such as a relative, an institution or a movement; and the autonomy (from 6/7 years old on), in which rules are considered legitimate. All the children in this research have relatives working at MST. The research has two parts. We have first observed the behavior of three groups of children (beyond six years old) while they were involved on their normal activities (kindergarten) activities. On the second moment, we have interviewed 20 children (between 3 and 10 years old). We used flashcards containing scenes; we also told stories and asked moral questions involving the character s behavior. We have noticed the unilateral respect and extern coercion are between the definers of the moral decisions of a child. The empathy and the reduction of the egocentrism help seeing the situation of the point of view of other, although it doesn t mean that one is going to accept others point of view. In the taking decision of the child other factors are also considered such as the space of socialization (family, school). Though the children don t work or take part at MST activities, they have already opinions about involved people behaviors. The interaction with relatives and teachers is one of the most important aspects to encourage them elaborate moral understandings according to the ethics of this movement

Entre cristo e o diabo:o ideário do Colégio Americano Batista do Recife (1902-1942)

Due to lack of work on the history of Baptist schools in the Northeast region of Brazil, it is important to understand through a historical reconstruction of the Baptist Protestant education. We embarked on this venture as a chance to understand the presence of Protestant schools, and his ideas on Brazilian soil. Our goal is to promote a reflection which has the axial dimension of the Baptists Protestant education, in time, we will place the debate between 1902-1942. The temporal boundaries of 1902-1942 was because 1902 was when he started the American Baptist College of Recife in 1942 and that ends the cycle of managing directors of Americans. Understand the functionality of time a school is justified when we realize that the history of education is the story of a work of self and formation within a framework that has the school as the main support that can enable a reading of reality. We also intend to examine the school culture brought to Brazil by American missionaries and their applicability in the Brazilian cultural-historical context. And just to demonstrate the hypothesis that the educational contribution of Baptists added to the participation of other Protestants promoted advances in Brazilian society. Possibly taking for granted that the Baptists were in possession of the democratic ideals of religious freedom, taken by many representatives and religious version of the republican regime. In addition to promoting a model in Brazil to make different methodological schools, based on the ideals of new school and ethics of the Bible. Our proposed research aims at understanding how North American missionaries settled in Brazil and what were the purposes of adding to the efforts of evangelization to formal education, binomial that justified the establishment of schools. A vision of saving men for evangelization and education of the Devil attack victims over the ethics of Christ

Paradigmas, valores e educação

O texto levanta os perfis epistemológico e socianalítico da questão paradigmática. Mauss evidenciara o moule affectif das noções científicas de força e causa. Posteriormente Baudouin falaria na indução arquetípica das noções e a antropologia do imaginário de Durand concluiria pela indução arquetipal do conceito pela imagem. Chegava-se, assim, ao desvendamento do substrato inconsciente das ideações, de um substrato regido pela catexis vetorializada, traduzindo-se nos valores como cerne das ideações. É o famoso a priori emotivo. Portanto, no texto, questionam-se dois mitos, esteios da ciência clássica: o mito da objetividade científica e o da neutralidade axiológica. Destaca, assim, a falácia da existência de uma ruptura epistemológica entre ciência e ideologia. A partir daí, as ideações tornam-se ideologias, sobretudo nas ciências do homem e nas ciências da educação que, ademais, tornam-se suporte de uma disfarçada luta ideológica, na qual, num colonialismo cognitivo, as estratégias de conhecimento dissimulam as de preconceito. Entretanto, assumir a realidade desse suporte fantasmanalítico e ideológico propicia uma tarefa educativa salutar: os paradigmas tornam-se fantasias e, nessa relativização crítica, podem ser usados como um campo de objetos transicionais coletivos num ludismo cultural e educativo. No policulturalismo da sociedade contemporânea, o politeísmo de valores de Weber transforma-se num politeísmo epistemológico, regido pelo relativismo ontológico de Feyerabend e por uma ética do pragmatismo. Articulando cultura, organização e educação, a antropologia das organizações educativas e a culturanálise de grupos de Paula Carvalho traduzem as heurísticas dessa dialética transicional.

A Esquizoanálise e a produção da subjetividade: considerações práticas e teóricas

O presente artigo discute algumas questões relativas à produção da subjetividade a partir do referencial esquizoanalítico de Deleuze e Guattari. Optamos por discorrer sobre o assunto procurando não nos prendermos, na medida do possível, em conceitos e jargões técnicos. Iniciamos com uma parte mais teórica, na qual colocamos em tela algumas das idéias centrais da Esquizoanálise e sua perspectiva de formação da subjetividade, que entendemos como sendo a argamassa de constituição do mundo, abrindo caminho para uma parte mais prática, na qual analisamos o conto O Espelho, de Machado de Assis, de acordo com a ética estética de valorização da vida que entendemos ser a Esquizoanálise.

As influências da psicanálise na educação brasileira no início do século XX

O presente artigo tem por objetivo discutir, a partir de um vértice histórico, a relação entre educação e psicanálise no Brasil. Partindo de um estudo qualitativo, fundamentado na análise bibliográfica relativa à produção psicanalítica dedicada à educação produzida no país nas primeiras décadas do século XX, são discutidas as contribuições da psicanálise na transformação das práticas educacionais. Os resultados indicam que a psicanálise esteve presente na educação de duas formas: inicialmente, pela divulgação de informações teóricas relativas aos conceitos psicanalíticos e às características do desenvolvimento emocional da criança, por intermédio de livros e cursos destinados a educadores, e, posteriormente, através da criação de uma prática de assistência ao escolar com problemas de aprendizagem ou comportamento, desenvolvida em clínicas de orientação infantil, que consistia na avaliação da criança e na orientação de pais e professores. Conclui-se que a psicanálise, enquanto fundamento teórico e prático, forneceu elementos que contribuíram para a sustentação dos pressupostos filosóficos da Escola Nova, que surgiu, a partir da década de 1920, como alternativa ao ensino tradicional.