Neonatal and adult ICU ventilators to provide ventilation in neonates, infants, and children: a bench model study.

BACKGROUND: Using a bench test model, we investigated the hypothesis that neonatal and/or adult ventilators equipped with neonatal/pediatric modes currently do not reliably administer pressure support (PS) in neonatal or pediatric patient groups in either the absence or presence of air leaks. METHODS: PS was evaluated in 4 neonatal and 6 adult ventilators using a bench model to evaluate triggering, pressurization, and cycling in both the absence and presence of leaks. Delivered tidal volumes were also assessed. Three patients were simulated: a preterm infant (resistance 100 cm H2O/L/s, compliance 2 mL/cm H2O, inspiratory time of the patient [TI] 400 ms, inspiratory effort 1 and 2 cm H2O), a full-term infant (resistance 50 cm H2O/L/s, compliance 5 mL/cm H2O, TI 500 ms, inspiratory effort 2 and 4 cm H2O), and a child (resistance 30 cm H2O/L/s, compliance 10 mL/cm H2O, TI 600 ms, inspiratory effort 5 and 10 cm H2O). Two PS levels were tested (10 and 15 cm H2O) with and without leaks and with and without the leak compensation algorithm activated. RESULTS: Without leaks, only 2 neonatal ventilators and one adult ventilator had trigger delays under a given predefined acceptable limit (1/8 TI). Pressurization showed high variability between ventilators. Most ventilators showed TI in excess high enough to seriously impair patient-ventilator synchronization (> 50% of the TI of the subject). In some ventilators, leaks led to autotriggering and impairment of ventilation performance, but the influence of leaks was generally lower in neonatal ventilators. When a noninvasive ventilation algorithm was available, this was partially corrected. In general, tidal volume was calculated too low by the ventilators in the presence of leaks; the noninvasive ventilation algorithm was able to correct this difference in only 2 adult ventilators. CONCLUSIONS: No ventilator performed equally well under all tested conditions for all explored parameters. However, neonatal ventilators tended to perform better in the presence of leaks. These findings emphasize the need to improve algorithms for assisted ventilation modes to better deal with situations of high airway resistance, low pulmonary compliance, and the presence of leaks.

Obstructive neonatal respiratory distress: infected pyriform sinus cyst.

Infected lateral cervical cysts in newborn are rare. We present the case of a baby born at 41 weeks of gestation. At day 3, persistent cyanosis was noted, and a mass appeared in the left cervical region next to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. No cutaneous sinus was visible. Ultrasound imaging showed no sign of blood flow within the mass and no septae. The mass extended down to the aortic arch and pushed the trachea to the right. A cervical lymphangioma was first suspected. Puncture of the mass evacuated 80 mL of pus, and a drain was put in place. Opacification through the drain showed a tract originating from the left pyriform fossa. Preoperative laryngoscopy and catheterization of the fistula tract confirmed the diagnosis. The cyst was totally excised up to the sinus with the assistance of a guidewire inserted orally through a rigid laryngoscope. This is a rare case of an infected pyriform sinus cyst in the neonatal period.

Development of T-B cell collaboration in neonatal mice.

The neonatal immune response is impaired during the first weeks after birth. To obtain a better understanding of this immaturity, we investigated the development of T cell interactions with B cells in mice. For this purpose, we analyzed the immune response to three T-dependent antigens in vivo: (i) the polyclonal antibody response induced by vaccinia virus; (ii) the production of polyclonal and specific antibodies following immunization with hapten-carrier conjugates; (iii) the mouse mammary tumor virus superantigen (sAg) response involving an increase in sAg-reactive T cells and induction of polyclonal antibody production. After vaccinia virus injection into neonates, the polyclonal antibody response was similar to that observed in adult mice. The antibody response to hapten-carrier conjugates, however, was delayed and reduced. Injection with sAg-expressing B cells from neonatal or adult mice allowed us to determine whether B cells, T cells or both were implicated in the reduced immune response. In these sAg responses, neonatal T cells were stimulated by both neonatal and adult sAg-presenting B cells but only B cells from adult mice differentiated into IgM- and IgG-secreting plasma cells in the neonatal environment in vivo. Injecting neonatal B cells into adult mice did not induce antibody production. These results demonstrate that the environment of the neonatal lymph node is able to support a T and B cell response, and that immaturity of B cells plays a key role in the reduced immune response observed in the neonate.

Epigenetics and neonatal nutrition.

Epigenetic changes have long-lasting effects on gene expression and are related to, and often induced by, the environment in which early development takes place. In particular, the period of development that extends from pre-conception to early infancy is the period of life during which epigenetic DNA imprinting activity is the most active. Epigenetic changes have been associated with modification of the risk for developing a wide range of adulthood, non-communicable diseases (including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, diseases of the reproductive system, etc.). This paper reviews the molecular basis of epigenetics, and addresses the issues related to the process of developmental programming of the various areas of human health.

Coagulase-negative staphylococci strains resistant to oxacillin isolated from neonatal blood cultures

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are the microorganisms most frequently isolated from clinical samples and are commonly found in neonatal blood cultures. Oxacillin is an alternative treatment of choice for CoNS infections; however, resistance to oxacillin can have a substantial impact on healthcare by adversely affecting morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to detect and characterise oxacillin-resistant CoNS strains in blood cultures of newborns hospitalised at the neonatal ward of the University Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine of Botucatu. One hundred CoNS strains were isolated and the mecA gene was detected in 69 of the CoNS strains, including 73.2% of Staphylococcus epidermidis strains, 85.7% of Staphylococcus haemolyticus strains, 28.6% of Staphylococcus hominis strains and 50% of Staphylococcus lugdunensis strains. Among these oxacillin-resistant CoNS strains, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type I was identified in 24.6%, type II in 4.3%, type III in 56.5% and type IV in 14.5% of the strains. The data revealed an increase in the percentage of CoNS strains isolated from blood cultures from 1991-2009. Furthermore, a predominant SCCmec profile of the oxacillin-resistant CoNS strains isolated from neonatal intensive care units was identified with a prevalence of SCCmec types found in hospital-acquired strains.

Postischemic treatment of neonatal cerebral ischemia should target autophagy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the contributions of autophagic, necrotic, and apoptotic cell death mechanisms after neonatal cerebral ischemia and hence define the most appropriate neuroprotective approach for postischemic therapy. METHODS: Rats were exposed to transient focal cerebral ischemia on postnatal day 12. Some rats were treated by postischemic administration of pan-caspase or autophagy inhibitors. The ischemic brain tissue was studied histologically, biochemically, and ultrastructurally for autophagic, apoptotic, and necrotic markers. RESULTS: Lysosomal and autophagic activities were increased in neurons in the ischemic area from 6 to 24 hours postinjury, as shown by immunohistochemistry against lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 and cathepsin D, by acid phosphatase histochemistry, by increased expression of autophagosome-specific LC3-II and by punctate LC3 staining. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of large autolysosomes and putative autophagosomes in neurons. The increases in lysosomal activity and autophagosome formation together demonstrate increased autophagy, which occurred mainly in the border of the lesion, suggesting its involvement in delayed cell death. We also provide evidence for necrosis near the center of the lesion and apoptotic-like cell death in its border, but in nonautophagic cells. Postischemic intracerebroventricular injections of autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine strongly reduced the lesion volume (by 46%) even when given >4 hours after the beginning of the ischemia, whereas pan-caspase inhibitors, carbobenzoxy-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl(OMe)-fluoromethylketone and quinoline-val-asp(OMe)-Ch2-O-phenoxy, provided no protection. INTERPRETATION: The prominence of autophagic neuronal death in the ischemic penumbra and the neuroprotective efficacy of postischemic autophagy inhibition indicate that autophagy should be a primary target in the treatment of neonatal cerebral ischemia.

Neonatal adaptation of energy and protein metabolism

During the last decade, the development of "bedside" investigative methods, including indirect calorimetry, nutritional balance and stable isotope techniques, have given a new insight into energy and protein metabolism in the neonates. Neonates and premature infants especially, create an unusual opportunity to study the metabolic adaptation to extrauterine life because their physical environment can be controlled, their energy intake and energy expenditure can be measured and the link between their protein metabolism and the energetics of their postnatal growth can be assessed with accuracy. Thus, relatively abstract physiological concepts such as the postnatal timecourse of heat production, energy cost of growth, energy cost of physical activity, thermogenic effect of feeding, efficiency of protein gain, metabolic cost of protein gain and protein turnover have been quantified. These results show that energy expenditure and heat production rates increase postnatally from average values of 40 kcal/kgxday during the first week to 60 kcal/kgxday in the third week. This increase parellels nutritional intakes as well as the rate of weight gain. The thermogenic effect of feeding and the physical activity are relatively low and account only for an average of 5% each of the total heat production. The cost of protein turnover is the highest energy demanding process. The fact that nitrogen balance becomes positive within 72 hours after birth places the newborn in a transitional situation of dissociated balance between energy and protein metabolism: dry body mass and fat decrease while there is a gain in protein and increase in supine length. This particular situation ends during the second postnatal week and soon thereafter the rate of weight gain matches the statural growth. The goals of the following review are to summarize recent data on the physiological aspects of energy and protein metabolism directly related to the extrauterine adaptation, to describe experimental approaches which recently were adapted to the newborns in order to get "bedside results" and to discuss how far these results can help everyday's neonatal practice.

Divergências e convergências entre um modelo de assistência de enfermagem a pacientes diabéticos e a teoria do déficit de autocuidado de OREM

São apresentados os pontos divergentes e convergentes entre um modelo de assistência a diabéticos e a teoria do Déficit de autocuidado de OREM. O modelo analisado pode ser considerado um programa de educação para pacientes diabéticos, diferindo nos aspectos conceituais e operacionais da teoria de OREM.

Pesquisa em enfermagem e o positivismo

Discute-se os fundamentos do positivismo; as influências mais marcantes para a formulação da filosofia comtiana; como as idéias de Comte, tanto como doutrina, quanto como método, passam a dominar o pensamento da sociedade, ultrapassando o século XIX e alcançando o século XX; e como a doutrina e o método empírico positivista influenciaram a Enfermagem em sua noção acerca da ciência e de homem/ ambiente/doença.

A visão do estudante de enfermagem sobre o desenvolvimento do estágio curricular no período noturno

Estudo preliminar baseado no método qualitativo visando conhecer a opinião dos estudantes de Enfermagem do 7º período sobre o desenvolvimento do estágio no período noturno. Foram identificados nos trinta relatos os seguintes aspectos: importância da experiência; participação da enfermeira e da equipe de saúde; e diferença entre o período diurno e noturno. A maioria dos relatos demonstrou que a experiência foi válida devido apenas ao relacionamento da enfermeira e da equipe de saúde, e que não houve uma contribuição efetiva no aprendizado. Os relatos destacaram a diferença entre a assistência de enfermagem nos dois períodos. Concluiu-se que é necessário um debate amplo do corpo docente e discente sobre os objetivos do estágio no período noturno como uma das experiências curriculares para a formação profissional.

O abandono da consulta de enfermagem: uma análise compreensiva do fenômeno

Esse estudo teve como objetivo compreender o abandono da consulta de enfermagem direcionada à criança de 0 a 2 anos de idade. Para isto, utilizei-me de uma abordagem fenomenológica, porque. através dessa metodologia, eu estaria apreendendo a essência do fenômeno, tentando compreendê-la, sem me prender aos motivos que o determinaram. Foram colhidos 12 depoimentos, e neles as mães descreveram a experiência vivenciada por elas na consulta de enfermagem, permitindo que o fenômeno se mostrasse em sua essencialidade.

Situações vivenciadas pelos alunos de enfermagem, durante o curso, no contexto universitário, apontadas como norteadoras de crises

O estudo aborda as situações vivenciadas pelos alunos dos vários semestres de Enfermagem no contexto universitário que, muitas vezes, podem propiciar sentimentos negativos nos alunos, as quais são apontadas como crises, bem como as ações desenvolvidas no enfrentamento das dificuldades. O método de coleta baseou-se em questões abertas para que os mesmos respondessem livremente. A análise dos depoimentos foi realizada categorizando-os em forma de temáticas. O estudo mostrou as dificuldades dos alunos relacionadas consigo próprio, com os colegas, de ordem estrutural e financeira, entre outras.

Saúde e educação: cursos alternativos para desenvolvimento do pessoal de enfermagem

Promover atividades educacionais terapêuticas para o pessoal de enfermagem visando a diminuição do stress, a melhoria do relacionamento interpessoal e a busca do auto-conhecimento, são objetivos dos cursos promovidos pelo Departamento de Enfermagem da FCM e Serviço de Enfermagem em Educação Continuada do Hospital das Clínicas da UNICAMP. Através dos cursos: O Hospital e o Relacionamento Humano; Dança e Criatividade; Yoga e Relaxamento Mental, foram ministradas técnicas de respiração, relaxamento, sensibilização e conscientização corporal e de interpretação teatral. A estratégia empregada foi a "vivência grupal", com participação de atendentes, auxiliares e técnicos de enfermagem e enfermeiras, durante o horário de trabalho, em 15 a 20 encontros por curso. Como instrumento desta pesquisa foram utilizados os "depoimentos individuais", escritos pelos participantes, tendo como metodologia a análise de conteúdo. A avaliação demonstrou que a "Vivência" facilitou o relacionamento entre os membros da equipe de trabalho; abriu, espaço para comunicação efetiva; favoreceu o auto-conhecimento; e ajudou na solução de problemas. Ficou evidente a importância da continuidade de cursos alternativos para auxiliar o funcionário na melhoria da relação consigo mesmo, com o outro, com o trabalho e valorizar a sua saúde/aprendizagem.

A difícil convivência com o câncer: um estudo das emoções na enfermagem oncológica

O presente estudo é uma tentativa de verificar quais as emoções presentes no trabalho de Enfermagem com o paciente oncológico e identificar de que forma elas são enfrentadas pelos enfermeiros no dia-a-dia da assistência de Enfermagem. Para alcance deste objetivo, foi inicialmente feita a opção por uma abordagem quantitativa que permitisse a contextualização da população estudada e a de suas condições de trabalho. A partir desses dados, foi realizado um aprofundamento da questão com a utilização de metodologia qualitativa, através de técnicas de entrevistas estruturadas e semi- estruturadas, bem como da realização de observação de campo. A análise temática dos discursos dos enfermeiros permitiu a identificação dos núcleos de sentidos que foram destacados pela elaboração dos Mapas de Associação de Idéias, sendo eles: a doença, o paciente, a equipe e a instituição, as emoções emergentes e as formas de enfrentamentos. Estes dados nos permitiu identificar as emoções apresentadas no dia a dia da assistência de enfermagem, as formas como enfrentam as situações consideradas difíceis e a mediação da cultura institucional como elemento controlador da expressão emocional.