Aurinkopaneeleihin liitettävien vaihtosuuntaajien testaussuunnitelman laadinta ja toteutus

Aurinkoenergia on yksi monista uusiutuvan energian muodoista, joiden suosio on viimeisten vuosien aikana kasvanut fossiilisten polttoaineiden kallistumisen sekä ilmaston lämpenemisen vuoksi. Auringon säteilyn energiaa voidaan muuttaa sähköenergiaksi mm. aurinkopaneeleiden avulla. Aurinkopaneeleihin liitetään usein vaihtosuuntaaja, jolla tuotettu teho voidaan muokata sähköverkkoon tai kotitalouden sähköjärjestelmään sopivaksi. Tässä työssä on esitelty aurinkopaneelilla tuotettavan sähköenergian perusperiaatteet sekä tehoa tuottavan järjestelmän reunaehdot. Tutkimuksessa on perehdytty keskeisiin, aurinkopaneeleihin liitettäville vaihtosuuntaajille laadittuihin standardeihin, hyötysuhteen mittaamisen sekä sähkön laadun näkökulmista. Selvityksen avulla järjestelmän hyötysuhteen sekä lähtötehon laadun määrittämiseksi voidaan laatia standardien mukainen mittaussuunnitelma vaihtosuuntaajan nimellistehosta riippumatta. Standardien avulla on laadittu mittaussuunnitelma Global Inversonne, 100 kW - verkkovaihtosuuntaajayksikölle. Suunnitelman mukaisissa mittauksissa on tutkittu yksikön muunnoshyötysuhdetta sekä lähtöjännitteen- ja virran laatua. Lisäksi työssä on analysoitu mittaustulosten mittausepävarmuuksia ja niitä aiheuttavia tekijöitä.

Taajuusmuuttajan hyödyntämismahdollisuudet kompressorijärjestelmien elinkaarikustannusten optimoimisessa

Paineilmaa on kutsuttu neljänneksi perushyödykkeeksi veden, sähkön ja kaasun lisäksi. Paineilman kuluttaja on usein myös sen tuottaja. EU:n alueen teollisuudessa keskimää-rin 16 % kulutetusta kokonaissähkötehosta kuluu ilmakompressoreiden käyttöön. Taa-juusmuuttajan käyttö on viime vuosikymmeninä lisääntynyt merkittävästi, kun on pyrit-ty energiatehokkaisiin ratkaisuihin esimerkiksi pumppaus- ja puhallinjärjestelmissä. Kompressorijärjestelmissä taajuusmuuttajien käyttö ei ole vielä yhtä yleistä kuin esi-merkiksi pumppukäytöissä, vaikka taajuusmuuttajan käytöllä saavutetaan useimmissa tapauksissa huomattavia etuja. Tässä työssä tutkitaan taajuusmuuttajan hyödyntämismahdollisuuksia kompressorijär-jestelmien käytönaikaisten elinkaarikustannusten optimoimisessa. Työssä selvitetään säästöpotentiaalia, ja pohditaan pyörimisnopeussäädöllä saavutettavia etuja eri komp-ressorityypeillä. Lopuksi muodostetaan elinkaarikustannusanalyysit kahdelle todelliselle teollisuuden kompressorikohteelle. Tutkimusmenetelminä ovat kirjallisuustyö sekä asi-antuntijahaastattelut teollisuudesta. Työn tavoitteena on kartoittaa taajuusmuuttajan hyödyntämispotentiaalia kompressorijärjestelmissä ja luoda pohjaa mahdolliselle jatko-tutkimukselle.

Energy Efficiency of Pumping Medium Consistency Pulp with Centrifugal Pump

Approximately a quarter of electrical power consumption in pulp and paper industry is used in different pumping systems. Therefore, improving pumping system efficiency is a considerable way to reduce energy consumption in different processes. Pumping of wood pulp in different consistencies is common in pulp and paper industry. Earlier, centrifugal pumps were used to pump pulp only at low consistencies, but development of MC technology has made it possible to pump medium consistency pulp. Pulp is a non-Newtonian fluid, which flow characteristics are significantly different than what of water. In this thesis is examined the energy efficiency of pumping medium consistency pulp with centrifugal pump. The factors effecting the pumping of MC pulp are presented and through case study is examined the energy efficiency of pumping in practice. With data obtained from the case study are evaluated the effects of pump rotational speed and pulp consistency on energy efficiency. Additionally, losses caused by control valve and validity of affinity laws in pulp pumping are evaluated. The results of this study can be used for demonstrating the energy consumption of MC pumping processes and finding ways to improve energy efficiency in these processes.

Performance of small wind turbines: simulation of electricity supply to loads connected to the public or isolated grid

ABSTRACT The successful in the implementation of wind turbines depends on several factors, including: the wind resource at the installation site, the equipment used, project acquisition and operational costs. In this paper, the production of electricity from two small wind turbines was compared through simulation using the computer software HOMER - a national model of 6kW and an imported one of 5kW. The wind resources in three different cities were considered: Campinas (SP/BR), Cubatão (São Paulo/BR) and Roscoe (Texas/ USA). A wind power system connected to the grid and a wind isolated system - batteries were evaluated. The results showed that the energy cost ($/kWh) is strongly dependent on the windmill characteristics and local wind resource. Regarding the isolated wind system – batteries, the full supply guarantee to the simulated electrical load is only achieved with a battery bank with many units and high number of wind turbines, due to the intermittency of wind power.

Active inverter output filtering methods

Frequency converters are widely used in the industry to enable better controllability and efficiency of variable speed AC motor drives. Despite these advantages, certain challenges concerning the inverter and motor interfacing have been present for decades. As insulated gate bipolar transistors entered the market, the inverter output voltage transition rate significantly increased compared with their predecessors. Inverters operate based on pulse width modulation of the output voltage, and the steep voltage edge fed by the inverter produces a motor terminal overvoltage. The overvoltage causes extra stress to the motor insulation, which may lead to a prematuremotor failure. The overvoltage is not generated by the inverter alone, but also by the sum effect of the motor cable length and the impedance mismatch between the cable and the motor. Many solutions have been shown to limit the overvoltage, and the mainstream products focus on passive filters. This doctoral thesis studies an alternative methodology for motor overvoltage reduction. The focus is on minimization of the passive filter dimensions, physical and electrical, or better yet, on operation without any filter. This is achieved by additional inverter control and modulation. The studied methods are implemented on different inverter topologies, varying in nominal voltage and current.For two-level inverters, the studied method is termed active du/dt. It consists of a small output LC filter, which is controlled by an independent modulator. The overvoltage is limited by a reduced voltage transition rate. For multilevel inverters, an overvoltage mitigation method operating without a passive filter, called edge modulation, is implemented. The method uses the capability of the inverter to produce two switching operations in the same direction to cancel the oscillating voltages of opposite phases. For parallel inverters, two methods are studied. They are both intended for two-level inverters, but the first uses individual motor cables from each inverter while the other topology applies output inductors. The overvoltage is reduced by interleaving the switching operations to produce a similar oscillation accumulation as with the edge modulation. The implementation of these methods is discussed in detail, and the necessary modifications to the control system of the inverter are presented. Each method is experimentally verified by operating industrial frequency converters with the modified control. All the methods are found feasible, and they provide sufficient overvoltage protection. The limitations and challenges brought about by the methods are discussed.

Achieving EU energy targets – Impacts of evolutionary and revolutionary transition paths on power systems

Ambitious energy targets set by EU put pressures to increase share of renewable electricity supply in this and next decades and therefore, some EU member countries have boosted increasing renewable energy generation capacity by implementing subsidy schemes on national level. In this study, two different change approaches to increase renewable energy supply and increase self-sufficiency of supply are assessed with respect to their impacts on power system, electricity market and electricity generation costs in Finland. It is obtained that the current electricity generation costs are high compared to opportunities of earnings from present-day investor’s perspective. In addition, the growth expectations of consumptions and the price forecasts do not stimulate investing in new generation capacity. Revolutionary transition path is driven by administrative and political interventions to achieve the energy targets. Evolutionary transition path is driven by market-based mechanisms, such as market itself and emission trading scheme. It is obtained in this study that in the revolutionary transition path operation of market-based mechanisms is distorted to some extent and it is likely that this path requires providing more public financial resources compared to evolutionary transition path. In the evolutionary transition path the energy targets are not achieved as quickly but market-based mechanisms function better and investment environment endures more stable compared to revolutionary transition path.

Lightweight, liquid-cooled, direct-drive generator for highpower wind turbines: motivation, concept, and performance

Thesis: A liquid-cooled, direct-drive, permanent-magnet, synchronous generator with helical, double-layer, non-overlapping windings formed from a copper conductor with a coaxial internal coolant conduit offers an excellent combination of attributes to reliably provide economic wind power for the coming generation of wind turbines with power ratings between 5 and 20MW. A generator based on the liquid-cooled architecture proposed here will be reliable and cost effective. Its smaller size and mass will reduce build, transport, and installation costs. Summary: Converting wind energy into electricity and transmitting it to an electrical power grid to supply consumers is a relatively new and rapidly developing method of electricity generation. In the most recent decade, the increase in wind energy’s share of overall energy production has been remarkable. Thousands of land-based and offshore wind turbines have been commissioned around the globe, and thousands more are being planned. The technologies have evolved rapidly and are continuing to evolve, and wind turbine sizes and power ratings are continually increasing. Many of the newer wind turbine designs feature drivetrains based on Direct-Drive, Permanent-Magnet, Synchronous Generators (DD-PMSGs). Being low-speed high-torque machines, the diameters of air-cooled DD-PMSGs become very large to generate higher levels of power. The largest direct-drive wind turbine generator in operation today, rated just below 8MW, is 12m in diameter and approximately 220 tonne. To generate higher powers, traditional DD-PMSGs would need to become extraordinarily large. A 15MW air-cooled direct-drive generator would be of colossal size and tremendous mass and no longer economically viable. One alternative to increasing diameter is instead to increase torque density. In a permanent magnet machine, this is best done by increasing the linear current density of the stator windings. However, greater linear current density results in more Joule heating, and the additional heat cannot be removed practically using a traditional air-cooling approach. Direct liquid cooling is more effective, and when applied directly to the stator windings, higher linear current densities can be sustained leading to substantial increases in torque density. The higher torque density, in turn, makes possible significant reductions in DD-PMSG size. Over the past five years, a multidisciplinary team of researchers has applied a holistic approach to explore the application of liquid cooling to permanent-magnet wind turbine generator design. The approach has considered wind energy markets and the economics of wind power, system reliability, electromagnetic behaviors and design, thermal design and performance, mechanical architecture and behaviors, and the performance modeling of installed wind turbines. This dissertation is based on seven publications that chronicle the work. The primary outcomes are the proposal of a novel generator architecture, a multidisciplinary set of analyses to predict the behaviors, and experimentation to demonstrate some of the key principles and validate the analyses. The proposed generator concept is a direct-drive, surface-magnet, synchronous generator with fractional-slot, duplex-helical, double-layer, non-overlapping windings formed from a copper conductor with a coaxial internal coolant conduit to accommodate liquid coolant flow. The novel liquid-cooling architecture is referred to as LC DD-PMSG. The first of the seven publications summarized in this dissertation discusses the technological and economic benefits and limitations of DD-PMSGs as applied to wind energy. The second publication addresses the long-term reliability of the proposed LC DD-PMSG design. Publication 3 examines the machine’s electromagnetic design, and Publication 4 introduces an optimization tool developed to quickly define basic machine parameters. The static and harmonic behaviors of the stator and rotor wheel structures are the subject of Publication 5. And finally, Publications 6 and 7 examine steady-state and transient thermal behaviors. There have been a number of ancillary concrete outcomes associated with the work including the following. X Intellectual Property (IP) for direct liquid cooling of stator windings via an embedded coaxial coolant conduit, IP for a lightweight wheel structure for lowspeed, high-torque electrical machinery, and IP for numerous other details of the LC DD-PMSG design X Analytical demonstrations of the equivalent reliability of the LC DD-PMSG; validated electromagnetic, thermal, structural, and dynamic prediction models; and an analytical demonstration of the superior partial load efficiency and annual energy output of an LC DD-PMSG design X A set of LC DD-PMSG design guidelines and an analytical tool to establish optimal geometries quickly and early on X Proposed 8 MW LC DD-PMSG concepts for both inner and outer rotor configurations Furthermore, three technologies introduced could be relevant across a broader spectrum of applications. 1) The cost optimization methodology developed as part of this work could be further improved to produce a simple tool to establish base geometries for various electromagnetic machine types. 2) The layered sheet-steel element construction technology used for the LC DD-PMSG stator and rotor wheel structures has potential for a wide range of applications. And finally, 3) the direct liquid-cooling technology could be beneficial in higher speed electromotive applications such as vehicular electric drives.

Sähkön varastointi

Kiinnostus sähkön varastointia kohtaan on kasvussa. Nykypäivänä ja etenkin tulevaisuudessa sähkövarastoilla voidaan parantaa energiantuotannon resurssitehokkuutta ja tukea aurinko- ja tuulisähkön käytön lisäämistä. Sähkövarastoja on pieniä ja suuria. On olemassa mekaanisia, sähkökemiallisia, kemiallisia ja sähköisiä varastoteknologioita. Varastoitua energiaa voidaan käyttää eri tehtävissä. Tehtävät vaihtelevat varastoidun energian määrässä ja siinä, millä teholla energia voidaan purkaa varastosta. Suurilla sähkövarastoilla taataan sähköntoimitus ja pienillä parannetaan sähkön laatua jakeluverkossa. Sähkövarastoja ei ole vielä laajasti otettu käyttöön, koska ne ovat kalliita. Sähkövaraston investointikustannukset ovat tällä hetkellä vähintään yhtä suuret kuin samankokoisen perinteisen voimalaitoksen. Sähkövarastojen tutkimus ja kehitys pienentää investointikustannuksia ja nopeuttaa varastojen laajempaa käyttöönottoa.

Relay protection in active distribution networks

Increasingly growing share of distributed generation in the whole electrical power system’s generating system is currently a worldwide tendency, driven by several factors, encircling mainly difficulties in refinement of megalopolises’ distribution networks and its maintenance; widening environmental concerns adding to both energy efficiency approaches and installation of renewable sources based generation, inherently distributed; increased power quality and reliability needs; progress in IT field, making implementable harmonization of needs and interests of different-energy-type generators and consumers. At this stage, the volume, formed by system-interconnected distributed generation facilities, have reached the level of causing broad impact toward system operation under emergency and post-emergency conditions in several EU countries, thus previously implementable approach of their preliminary tripping in case of a fault, preventing generating equipment damage and disoperation of relay protection and automation, is not applicable any more. Adding to the preceding, withstand capability and transient electromechanical stability of generating technologies, interconnecting in proximity of load nodes, enhanced significantly since the moment Low Voltage Ride-Through regulations, followed by techniques, were introduced in Grid Codes. Both aspects leads to relay protection and auto-reclosing operation in presence of distributed generation generally connected after grid planning and construction phases. This paper proposes solutions to the emerging need to ensure correct operation of the equipment in question with least possible grid refinements, distinctively for every type of distributed generation technology achieved its technical maturity to date and network’s protection. New generating technologies are equivalented from the perspective of representation in calculation of initial steady-state short-circuit current used to dimension current-sensing relay protection, and widely adopted short-circuit calculation practices, as IEC 60909 and VDE 0102. The phenomenon of unintentional islanding, influencing auto-reclosing, is addressed, and protection schemes used to eliminate an sustained island are listed and characterized by reliability and implementation related factors, whereas also forming a crucial aspect of realization of the proposed protection operation relieving measures.

Photodegradation of Methylorange over Zirconia Doped TiO2 Using Solar Energy

The heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of methylorange over TiO2 is studied and is found to be cost effective. Effect of Zirconium metal incorporation over titania system is investigated. Photocatalytic degradation of methylorange using solar radiation is found to be highly economical when compared with the processes using artificial UV radiation, which require substantial electrical power input. The characterization of titania as well as modified zirconium metal doped titania systems are done using XRD, FTIR and EDAX measurements. The catalytic activities of different systems are also compared and is tried to correlate with the crystallite size and presence of dopant metal.

Reinforcement Learning approaches to Economic Dispatch problem

This paper presents Reinforcement Learning (RL) approaches to Economic Dispatch problem. In this paper, formulation of Economic Dispatch as a multi stage decision making problem is carried out, then two variants of RL algorithms are presented. A third algorithm which takes into consideration the transmission losses is also explained. Efficiency and flexibility of the proposed algorithms are demonstrated through different representative systems: a three generator system with given generation cost table, IEEE 30 bus system with quadratic cost functions, 10 generator system having piecewise quadratic cost functions and a 20 generator system considering transmission losses. A comparison of the computation times of different algorithms is also carried out.

Entwicklung eines Windleistungprognosemodells zur Verbesserung der Kraftwerkseinsatzplanung

Die Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Windenergie in Deutschland haben wichtige Anstöße zur technologischen Weiterentwicklung geliefert und die Grundlagen für den enormen Anlagenzubau geschaffen. Die installierte Windleistung hat heute eine beachtliche Größenordnung erreicht und ein weiteres Wachstum in ähnlichen Dimensionen ist auch für die nächsten Jahre zu erwarten. Die aus Wind erzeugte elektrische Leistung deckt bereits heute in einigen Netzbereichen die Netzlast zu Schwachlastzeiten. Dies zeigt, dass die Windenergie ein nicht mehr zu vernachlässigender Faktor in der elektrischen Energieversorgung geworden ist. Im Rahmen der Kraftwerkseinsatzplanung sind Betrag und Verlauf der Windleistung des folgenden Tages mittlerweile zu wichtigen und zugleich schwierig zu bestimmenden Variablen geworden. Starke Schwankungen und falsche Prognosen der Windstromeinspeisung verursachen zusätzlichen Bedarf an Regel- und Ausgleichsleistung durch die Systemführung. Das im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelte Prognosemodell liefert die zu erwartenden Windleistungen an 16 repräsentativen Windparks bzw. Gruppen von Windparks für bis zu 48 Stunden im Voraus. Aufgrund von prognostizierten Wetterdaten des deutschen Wetterdienstes (DWD) werden die Leistungen der einzelnen Windparks mit Hilfe von künstlichen neuronalen Netzen (KNN) berechnet. Diese Methode hat gegenüber physikalischen Verfahren den Vorteil, dass der komplexe Zusammenhang zwischen Wettergeschehen und Windparkleistung nicht aufwendig analysiert und detailliert mathematisch beschrieben werden muss, sondern anhand von Daten aus der Vergangenheit von den KNN gelernt wird. Das Prognosemodell besteht aus zwei Modulen. Mit dem ersten wird, basierend auf den meteorologischen Vorhersagen des DWD, eine Prognose für den Folgetag erstellt. Das zweite Modul bezieht die online gemessenen Leistungsdaten der repräsentativen Windparks mit ein, um die ursprüngliche Folgetagsprognose zu verbessern und eine sehr genaue Kurzzeitprognose für die nächsten drei bis sechs Stunden zu berechnen. Mit den Ergebnissen der Prognosemodule für die repräsentativen Standorte wird dann über ein Transformationsmodell, dem so genannten Online-Modell, die Gesamteinspeisung in einem größeren Gebiet berechnet. Das Prognoseverfahren hat seine besonderen Vorzüge in der Genauigkeit, den geringen Rechenzeiten und den niedrigen Betriebskosten, da durch die Verwendung des bereits implementierten Online-Modells nur eine geringe Anzahl von Vorhersage- und Messstandorten benötigt wird. Das hier vorgestellte Prognosemodell wurde ursprünglich für die E.ON-Netz GmbH entwickelt und optimiert und ist dort seit Juli 2001 im Einsatz. Es lässt sich jedoch auch leicht an andere Gebiete anpassen. Benötigt werden dazu nur die Messdaten der Leistung ausgewählter repräsentativer Windparks sowie die dazu gehörenden Wettervorhersagen, um die KNN entsprechend zu trainieren.

Modelling and simulation of a photovoltaic fuel cell hybrid system

A stand-alone power system is an autonomous system that supplies electricity to the user load without being connected to the electric grid. This kind of decentralized system is frequently located in remote and inaccessible areas. It is essential for about one third of the world population which are living in developed or isolated regions and have no access to an electricity utility grid. The most people live in remote and rural areas, with low population density, lacking even the basic infrastructure. The utility grid extension to these locations is not a cost effective option and sometimes technically not feasible. The purpose of this thesis is the modelling and simulation of a stand-alone hybrid power system, referred to as “hydrogen Photovoltaic-Fuel Cell (PVFC) hybrid system”. It couples a photovoltaic generator (PV), an alkaline water electrolyser, a storage gas tank, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), and power conditioning units (PCU) to give different system topologies. The system is intended to be an environmentally friendly solution since it tries maximising the use of a renewable energy source. Electricity is produced by a PV generator to meet the requirements of a user load. Whenever there is enough solar radiation, the user load can be powered totally by the PV electricity. During periods of low solar radiation, auxiliary electricity is required. An alkaline high pressure water electrolyser is powered by the excess energy from the PV generator to produce hydrogen and oxygen at a pressure of maximum 30bar. Gases are stored without compression for short- (hourly or daily) and long- (seasonal) term. A proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell is used to keep the system’s reliability at the same level as for the conventional system while decreasing the environmental impact of the whole system. The PEM fuel cell consumes gases which are produced by an electrolyser to meet the user load demand when the PV generator energy is deficient, so that it works as an auxiliary generator. Power conditioning units are appropriate for the conversion and dispatch the energy between the components of the system. No batteries are used in this system since they represent the weakest when used in PV systems due to their need for sophisticated control and their short lifetime. The model library, ISET Alternative Power Library (ISET-APL), is designed by the Institute of Solar Energy supply Technology (ISET) and used for the simulation of the hybrid system. The physical, analytical and/or empirical equations of each component are programmed and implemented separately in this library for the simulation software program Simplorer by C++ language. The model parameters are derived from manufacturer’s performance data sheets or measurements obtained from literature. The identification and validation of the major hydrogen PVFC hybrid system component models are evaluated according to the measured data of the components, from the manufacturer’s data sheet or from actual system operation. Then, the overall system is simulated, at intervals of one hour each, by using solar radiation as the primary energy input and hydrogen as energy storage for one year operation. A comparison between different topologies, such as DC or AC coupled systems, is carried out on the basis of energy point of view at two locations with different geographical latitudes, in Kassel/Germany (Europe) and in Cairo/Egypt (North Africa). The main conclusion in this work is that the simulation method of the system study under different conditions could successfully be used to give good visualization and comparison between those topologies for the overall performance of the system. The operational performance of the system is not only depending on component efficiency but also on system design and consumption behaviour. The worst case of this system is the low efficiency of the storage subsystem made of the electrolyser, the gas storage tank, and the fuel cell as it is around 25-34% at Cairo and 29-37% at Kassel. Therefore, the research for this system should be concentrated in the subsystem components development especially the fuel cell.

Photovoltaic hybrid systems for rural electrification in the Mekong countries

In rural areas of the Mekong Countries, the problem of electricity supplying rural communities is particularly alarming. Supplying power to these areas requires facilities that are not economically viable. However, government programs are under way to provide this product that is vital to community well being. A nation priority of Mekong Countries is to provide electrical power to people in rural areas, within normal budgetary constraints. Electricity must be introduced into rural areas in such a way that maximize the technical, economic and social benefit. Another consideration is the source of electrical generation and the effects on the natural environment. The main research purpose is to implement field tests, monitoring and evaluation of the PV-Diesel Hybrid System (PVHS) at the Energy Park of School of Renewable Energy Technology (SERT) in order to test the PVSH working under the meteorological conditions of the Mekong Countries and to develop a software simulation called RES, which studies the technical and economic performance of rural electrification options. This software must be easy to use and understand for the energy planner on rural electrification projects, to evaluate the technical and economic performance of the PVHS based on the renewable energy potential for rural electrification of the Mekong Country by using RES. Finally, this project aims to give guidance for the possible use of PVHS application in this region, particularly in regard to its technical and economic sustainability. PVHS should be promoted according to the principles of proper design and adequate follow up with maintenance, so that the number of satisfied users will be achieved. PVHS is not the only possible technology for rural electrification, but for the Mekong Countries it is one of the most proper choices. Other renewable energy options such as wind, biomass and hydro power need to be studied in future.

Erneuerbare Energien im Verbund mit Hochleistungs-Bleiakkumulatoren zur Bereitstellung von Spitzenleistung - am Beispiel von Windkraftwerken im 20 kV-Versorgungsnetz der CEGEDEL / Luxemburg -

Die wachsende Weltbevölkerung bedingt einen höheren Energiebedarf, dies jedoch unter der Beachtung der nachhaltigen Entwicklung. Die derzeitige zentrale Versorgung mit elektrischer Energie wird durch wenige Erzeugungsanlagen auf der Basis von fossilen Primärenergieträgern und Kernenergie bestimmt, die die räumlich verteilten Verbraucher zuverlässig und wirtschaftlich über ein strukturiertes Versorgungssystem beliefert. In den Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetzen sind keine nennenswerten Speicherkapazitäten vorhanden, deshalb muss die von den Verbrauchern angeforderte Energie resp. Leistung jederzeit von den Kraftwerken gedeckt werden. Bedingt durch die Liberalisierung der Energiemärkte und die geforderte Verringerung der Energieabhängigkeit Luxemburgs, unterliegt die Versorgung einem Wandel hin zu mehr Energieeffizienz und erhöhter Nutzung der dargebotsabhängigen Energiequellen. Die Speicherung der aus der Windkraft erzeugten elektrischen Energie, wird in den Hochleistungs-Bleiakkumulatoren, errichtet im ländlichen Raum in der Nähe der Windkraftwerke, eingespeichert. Die zeitversetzte Einspeisung dieser gespeicherten elektrischen Energie in Form von veredelter elektrischer Leistung während den Lastspitzen in das 20 kV-Versorgungsnetz der CEGEDEL stellt die Innovation in der luxemburgischen Elektrizitätsversorgung dar. Die Betrachtungen beschränken sich somit auf die regionale, relativ kleinräumige Einbindung der Windkraft in die elektrische Energieversorgung des Großherzogtums Luxemburg. Die Integration der Windkraft im Regionalbereich wird in den Vordergrund der Untersuchung gerückt. Überregionale Ausgleichseffekte durch Hochspannungsleitungen der 230/400 kV-Systeme werden außer Acht gelassen. Durch die verbrauchernahe Bereitstellung von elektrischer Spitzenleistung vermindern sich ebenfalls die Übertragungskosten aus den entfernten Spitzenlastkraftwerken, der Ausbau von Kraftwerkskapazitäten kann in die Zukunft verschoben werden. Die Emission von Treibhausgasen in thermischen Kraftwerken wird zum Teil reduziert. Die Berechnungen der Wirtschaftlichkeit von Hybridanlagen, zusammengesetzt aus den Windkraftwerken und den Hochleistungs-Bleiakkumulatoren bringen weitere Informationen zum Einsatz dieser dezentralen Speichern, als Partner der nachhaltigen Energieversorgung im ländlichen Raum. Die untersuchte Einspeisung von erneuerbarer Spitzenleistung lässt sich auch in die Entwicklungsländer übertragen, welche nicht über zentrale Kraftwerkskapazitäten und Verteilungsnetze verfügen.