The Rising (Centenary Edition) Ireland: Easter 1916

The Easter Rising of 1916 not only destroyed much of the centre of Dublin - it changed the course of Irish history. But why did it happen? What was the role of ordinary people in this extraordinary event? What motivated them and what were their aims? These basic questions continue to divide historians of modern Ireland.

The Rising is the story of Easter 1916 from the perspective of those who made it, focusing on the experiences of rank and file revolutionaries. Fearghal McGarry makes use of a unique source that has only recently seen the light of day - a collection of over 1,700 eye-witness statements detailing the political activities of members of Sinn Féin and militant groups such as the Irish Republican Brotherhood. This collection represents one of the richest and most comprehensive oral history archives devoted to any modern revolution, providing new insights on almost every aspect of this seminal period.

The Rising shows how people from ordinary backgrounds became politicized and involved in the struggle for Irish independence. McGarry illuminates their motives, concerns, and aspirations, highlighting the importance of the Great War as a catalyst for the uprising. He concludes by exploring the Rising's revolutionary aftermath, which in time saw the creation of the independent state we see today.

Published to mark the centenary of the Easter Rising, this edition includes a new preface which reflects on the continuing importance of the Easter Rising as a symbol of Irish nationhood and which looks at the centenary commemorations in both Ireland and the UK within the wider context of the 'Decade of Centenaries.'

Remembering 1916: The Easter Rising, the Somme and the Politics of Memory in Ireland

The year 1916 witnessed two events that would profoundly shape both
politics and commemoration in Ireland over the course of the following
century. Although the Easter Rising and the Battle of the Somme were
important historical events in their own right, their significance also lay
in how they came to be understood as iconic moments in the emergence
of Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic. Adopting an interdisciplinary
approach drawing on history, politics, anthropology and cultural
studies, this volume explores how the memory of these two foundational
events has been constructed, mythologised and revised over the course
of the past century. The aim is not merely to understand how the Rising
and Somme came to exert a central place in how the past is viewed in
Ireland, but to explore wider questions about the relationship between
history, commemoration and memory.

Dublin 1916: theatre of revolt

At Easter 1916, Dublin city centre was one of a series of sites throughout Ireland where a rebellion was staged against British rule. It was a strategic failure, swiftly crushed by superior British forces. The event, however, subsequently took a central role in the mythology of modern Ireland.

The first visual representations were of the conflict’s aftermath: photographic journeys through landscapes of ruin. From the distance of the camera, we see none of the pockmarks of shell bursts, nor the etchings of machine guns. Instead, traces of life in the city seem to have been swept aside by an unseen hand: the passing of millennia or a violent action of nature. Architecture alone has witnessed and recorded its presence. Amongst the fragments, the shell of the General Post Office (G.P.O.) in Sackville Street is one of the few buildings still wholly recognizable. The remnants of its classical form, portico and pediment, columns and entablature seem to transcend its prosaic modern functions and allude to something more ancient. The bewilderment of city’s inhabitants is also recorded. Dubliners have become inquisitive tourists in streets which hitherto were the locus of everyday life. They wander around aimlessly in a landscape as alien and picturesque as Pompeii. This shift in perception was captured by the Irish poet W.B. Yeats who hinted that Dublin, purged of modern commercialism had transcended its petty inadequacies to revive a slumbering heroic past.

‘I have met them at the close of day
Coming with vivid faces
From counter or desk among grey
Eighteenth-century houses [.]’
All is changed, changed utterly:
A terrible beauty is born.’

His comments were prescient. Initially unpopular, the republican leaders, executed by the British, slowly became recast as heroic martyrs. Similarly, the spaces where their heroism was forged became venerated. The G.P.O. and Sackville Street, however, already had a republican history. It was originally conceived in the eighteenth century as part of a series of magnificent urban spaces to provide an arena of spectacle and self-celebration for the colonial Anglo-Irish and their vision of a Protestant republic. O’Connell/Sackville Street became the temporal, geographical and mythical hinge upon which two different versions of Irish republicanism waxed and waned. Its recasting after independence as a space of Catholic Nationalism bore testimony to its consistency in providing a backdrop for the production of ritual and myth. In the 1920s and 30s, as the nascent country, beset with economic stagnation and political tensions, turned to spectacle as a salve for it social problems, O’Connell Street and the G.P.O. provided its most sacred sites. Within the introduction of new myths, however, individual as well as national identities were created and consolidated. The emerging identity of modern Ireland became inextricably linked with that of one ambitious politician. His uses of the G.P.O. in particular revealed a perceptive understanding of the political uses of classical architecture and urban space.

Dublin 1916: theatre of revolt

In his essay, Anti-Object, Kengo Kuma proposes that architecture cannot and should not be understood as object alone but instead always as series of networks and connections, relationships within space and through form. Some of these relationships are tangible, others are invisible. Stan Allen and James Corner have also called for an architecture that is more performative and operative – ‘less concerned with what buildings look like and more concerned with what they do’ – as means of effecting a more intimate and promiscuous relationship between infrastructure, urbanism and buildings. According to Allen this expanding filed offers a reclamation of some of the areas ceded by architecture following disciplinary specialization:

‘Territory, communication and speed are properly infrastructural problems and architecture as a discipline has developed specific technical means to deal with these variables. Mapping, projection, calculation, notation and visualization are among architecture’s traditional tools for operating at the very large scale’.

The motorway may not look like it – partly because we are no longer accustomed to think about it as such – but it is a site for and of architecture, a territory where architecture can be critical and active. If the limits of the discipline have narrowed, then one of the functions of a school of architecture must be an attempt occupy those areas of the built environment where architecture is no longer, or has yet to reach. If this is a project about reclamation of a landscape, it is also a challenge to some of the boundaries that surround architecture and often confine it, as Kuma suggests, to the appreciation of isolated objects.

M:NI 2014-15
We tend to think of the motorway as a thing or an object, something that has a singular function. Historically this is how it has been seen, with engineers designing bridges and embankments and suchlike with zeal … These objects like the M3 Urban Motorway, Belfast’s own Westway, are beautiful of course, but they have caused considerable damage to the city they were inflicted upon.

Actually, it’s the fact that we have seen the motorway as a solid object that has caused this problem. The motorway actually is a fluid and dynamic thing, and it should be seen as such: in fact it’s not an organ at all but actually tissue – something that connects rather than is. Once we start to see the motorway as tissue, it opens up new propositions about what the motorway is, is used for and does. This new dynamic and connective view unlocks the stasis of the motorway as edifice, and allows adaptation to happen: adaptation to old contexts that were ignored by the planners, and adaptation to new contexts that have arisen because of or in spite of our best efforts.

Motorways as tissue are more than just infrastructures: they are landscapes. These landscapes can be seen as surfaces on which flows take place, not only of cars, buses and lorries, but also of the globalized goods carried and the lifestyles and mobilities enabled. Here the infinite speed of urban change of thought transcends the declared speed limit [70 mph] of the motorway, in that a consignment of bananas can cause soil erosion in Equador, or the delivery of a new iphone can unlock connections and ideas the world over.

So what is this new landscape to be like? It may be a parallax-shifting, cognitive looking glass; a drone scape of energy transformation; a collective farm, or maybe part of a hospital. But what’s for sure, is that it is never fixed nor static: it pulses like a heartbeat through that most bland of landscapes, the countryside. It transmits forces like a Caribbean hurricane creating surf on an Atlantic Storm Beach: alien forces that mutate and re-form these places screaming into new, unclear and unintended futures.

And this future is clear: the future is urban. In this small rural country, motorways as tissue have made the whole of it: countryside, mountain, sea and town, into one singular, homogenous and hyper-connected, generic city.

Goodbye, place. Hello, surface!

1916-2016. The 1916 Easter Rising

Commissioned by An Post to commemorate the centenary of the Easter Rising, this illustrated book draws on eye-witness accounts to assess this key turning-point in modern Irish history. Leading historian Fearghal McGarry explores the impact of events at the General Post Office, as well as setting the rebellion in its wider historical context. His account concludes with an assessment of the Rising's commemoration since 1916 and a commentary on the definitive stamps issued by An Post to mark the formative event in the emergence of an independent Irish nation.

Estudio de factibilidad para la creación de una empresa productora y exportadora de tomate de árbol, hacia Alemania, ubicada en la parroquia de San José de Minas, al noroccidente de Pichincha

El presente proyecto lo hemos realizado con la finalidad de determinar la factibilidad de la creación de una empresa productora y exportadora de tomate de árbol hacia Alemania. Empezamos con un Estudio de Mercado, en el cual determinamos que existe un mercado potencial, pese a que la demanda del tomate de árbol en los últimos cinco años ha sido variable, en su proyección se ha establecido que será creciente para los próximos años, esto nos da un primer indicio de que sería favorable el proyecto; los datos obtenidos de la oferta de esta fruta nos indican que las importaciones de tomate de árbol por parte de Alemania no presentan un gran volumen y los principales proveedores son Colombia y España. Con los datos anteriormente establecidos hemos determinado que la demanda insatisfecha presenta un volumen considerable y que pese a que nuestros principales competidores y nosotros presentemos un gran volumen de exportaciones futuras no se llegaría a cubrir en su totalidad dicha demanda, lo cual quiere decir que tenemos la oportunidad de llegar a este mercado y tener la posibilidad de aumentar nuestras exportaciones. Por las cualidades nutricionales del tomate de árbol hemos estimado que es un producto exportable; y que con los cuidados y controles necesarios podremos ingresar a un mercado exigente como es el de Alemania. Para su exportación se utilizarán cajas de cartón corrugado, que completamente empacadas tienen un peso de 2.5 kg.; y su precio de exportación será de 6,25 dólares el kg. Para dar a conocer nuestro producto participaremos en ferias promocionales. El canal de distribución que vamos a utilizar para nuestro producto es productor-importador.

A cartografia educacional de um território como fator enriquecedor da oferta educativa. O caso da localidade de São José da Lamarosa

Com a elaboração da cartografia educacional do território da localidade de São José da Lamarosa, concelho de Coruche, pretendia-se identificar e caraterizar, com algum pormenor, as aprendizagens institucionais que estiveram disponíveis nesse território, no período 2005-2010. Aspirava-se identificar o potencial formador das várias instituições da sociedade civil, nos contextos formais e não formais de educação, assim como o seu contributo para a qualificação da população. Realizou-se uma primeira abordagem teórica, fundamentada nos contributos de diversos autores no campo de estudo em análise, tomando por base as palavras-chave estabelecidas e registadas nesta página. A fim de realizar o estudo empírico optou-se por uma metodologia de complementaridade entre o cariz qualitativo e o cariz quantitativo, com aproximação ao estudo de caso, optando-se por uma análise de dados efetuada de forma descritiva e interpretativa. A recolha de dados realizou-se através da aplicação de inquérito por questionário aplicado. Depois da recolha, análise e interpretação dos dados recolhidos estabeleceram-se algumas considerações, realçando-se o importante potencial formador das instituições inquiridas, que organizaram e disponibilizaram atividades propensas a situações de aprendizagem, e que constituíram uma maior valia para o território. Salientou-se ainda a necessidade de uma reestruturação organizacional a nível das instituições mais ativas do território, no sentido de se estabelecerem parcerias mais consistentes, contribuindo para a real qualificação do território. No final da dissertação expressaram-se recomendações e sugestões que poderão potenciar futuras investigações; ### Abstract: The cartography educational territory of the village of São José da Lamarosa aims to identify and characterize, in some detail, learned that were available at that territory in the period of 2005-2010. The aim of this study is to identify the potential forming for the various civil society institutions in formal and non-formal education, as well as it’s contribute to the population quality. Held to the first theoretical approach, based on the contributions from various authors on the field study analysis, established and make registered based to the keywords on this page. In the order to perform the empirical study chosen complementary methodology between the qualitative and quantitative methods, with the case study approach, opting for a data analysis performed in descriptive and interpretative. Collection data was realized through by the applicable questionnaires. After the collection, analysis and interpretation data had to settle down some considerations, underlying the important potential trainers from some institutions that organized and provided prone learning activities, which constitute the greater value to the territory. Also mention for the needs of some restructuring organizational within the more active institutions in that territory, in order to establish more consistent partnerships, to contribute for the real territory qualification. At the end of this thesis will express some recommendations and suggestions that may useful for the future research.

Pedro José da Fonseca e a sua obra lexicográfica

Este trabalho tem por objecto de estudo a obra de Pedro José da Fonseca, precipuamente a obra lexicográfica - Pawum Lexicon (1762), Diccionario Portuguez, e Latino (1771), Diccionario abbreviado da fabula (1779) e o Diccionario da Lingoa Portugueza (1 793). Necessidade premente num contexto de remodelação de todo o panorama do ensino em Portugal e de modificação das estruturas e hábitos da sociedade portuguesa, a composição destas obras iria corresponder ao consumo escolar e às solicitações da prática pedagógica almejada pela reforma pombalina. No plano geral da descrição crítica destes dicionários, atribui-se especial relevância, no cotejamento com as fontes, ao aperfeiçoamento da técnica lexicográfica. Propõe-se: o esboço da biografia do autor e um breve enquadramento históricocultural da 2" metade do século XVIII; o estudo da obra literária de Pedro da Fonseca, examinando o seu pensamento linguístico; análise da técnica de composição dicionan'stica a nível macro e microestrutural e, por fim, uma reflexão em torno do "corpus" lexical português nos dicionários de Fonseca.

Didática de línguas e cultura linguística no Colégio D. José I

Parti do pressuposto de que uma Cultura Linguística construída de forma sólida em todas as suas vertentes favorece o conhecimento e o contacto com o Outro, proporcionando o enriquecimento cultural e linguístico. Seguro de que a actual orientação plural da Didática das Línguas desempenha um papel fulcral numa sociedade global como aquela em que vivemos e que a escola é um lugar de encontro de alunos, de culturas e línguas, decidi que era importante identificar as imagens das línguas escolares que se manifestam na comunidade educativa do Colégio D. José I em Aveiro. Este trabalho é realizado com a colaboração de um grupo de alunos de Espanhol do sétimo ano de escolaridade para seguidamente perceber como reagem os mesmos ao tratamento da temática das imagens das línguas e se é possível obter como resultado as transformações da Cultura Linguística. Para tal, segui uma metodologia de investigação com características de investigação-acção, já que o estudo iria decorrer no terreno com o intuito de tentar perceber para agir em conformidade com a realidade e tendo como universo os alunos de Espanhol do sétimo ano de escolaridade. Foram utilizados quatro instrumentos de recolha de dados: frases construídas pelos alunos de Espanhol relativas às línguas escolares; o registo áudio da aula em que se debateram ideias e os resultados do trabalho de campo; um inquérito por questionário adaptado de estudos anteriores; uma revisitação das frases dos alunos sobre as línguas escolares. Os dados foram analisados com recurso ao programa Excel e as questões abertas sujeitas a análise de conteúdo. A análise permitiu concluir que o panorama relativo às imagens das línguas escolares tem sofrido subtis alterações ao longo da última década, principalmente no tocante ao Francês e ao Espanhol, e que os alunos reagem, não só de forma positiva como mostram sofrer subtis mudanças na sua Cultura linguística. Face às conclusões obtidas propõe-se um caminho apoiado em princípios enquadradores de uma educação plurilingue e de aceitação do Outro, passível de promover imagens mais positivas das línguas e das suas aprendizagens e favorecer a construção da Cultura Linguística nos alunos. Considero ainda que a escola deve ser o elemento facilitador de um contacto saudável entre as línguas e os alunos, criando assim tendências de contactos mais diversificados a longo prazo.

Imagen y poesía en José Juan Tablada y Alonso de Ledesma

La manía del bibliófilo suele convertirse en un laberinto de ese tipo de encuentros fortuitos que los ingleses del siglo XVIII llamaron “serendipity”. En este ensayo, gracias a mis incursiones bibliofílicas en el ámbito de la literatura aurisecular, salió a flote un precedente muy probable del haikú hispánico (aceptada la relatividad de su parentesco con el haikú japonés) en otras formas casi ideográficas de la poesía que se cultivó siglos muy anteriores al modernismo. En este caso se trata de pequeñas estrofas que acompañaban sendos grabados, cuyos motivos emblemáticos obligaban a una expresión sintética y profundamente visual, casi gestual. En un estudio paralelo, cotejo los Jeroglíficos de Alonso de Ledesma con algunos hai-kai de José Juan Tablada, separados por una distancia de tres siglos, pero identificados en su búsqueda poética.

Avós e netos - duas gerações unidas: um projecto de actividades intergeracionais na Aldeia de São José de Alcalar

Dissertação mest., Gerontologia Social, Universidade do Algarve, 2009

José Manuel Fraile Gil, El Mayo y su fiesta en tierras madrileñas, (apéndice musical de Eliseo Parra)

De entre los muchos repertorios de textos recogidos de la tradición oral hispánica que en los últimos años han ido publicándose, éste sobresale por un rasgo excepcional: su autor dedica igual espacio, aténcion, tiempo, rigor y esmero tanto al asunto puramente textual (los mayos) como as las cuestiones referidas al contexto folklórico (la fiesta) en el que los textos se actualizan.

José Luís Forneiro, El romancero tradicional de Galicia: una poesía entre dos lenguas ("Biblioteca Mítica", 3) Oiartzun (guipuzkoa), Sendoa, 2000, 317 pp.

O estudio do romanceiro de Galicia vén merecendo unha atención especial tanto dentro como fóra do país [pénsese nas análises de A. Valenciano (1998) ou A. Requeixo (1996), entre outras].

Reseña : José Del Valle (ed.) (2013), A Political History of Spanish: The Making of a Language, Cambridge/New York, Cambridge University Press. [ISBN: 978-1-107-00573-0]

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