Gasto energético de pacientes em ventilação mecânica: estudo comparativo das modalidades controlada e assistida através da calorimetria indireta

A necessidade de estimar com precisão o gasto energético dos pacientes gravemente doentes é cada vez mais importante para que se possa planejar uma nutrição adequada. Está bem estabelecido que tanto a desnutrição quanto o excesso alimentar prejudicam a evolução favorável destes doentes, especialmente quando estão sob ventilação mecânica. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o Gasto Energético Total (GET) dos pacientes ventilados mecanicamente nos modos controlado e assistido, através da calorimetria indireta, medidos pelos monitores de gases TEEM-100 e DATEX-OHMEDA, verificando a necessidade de ajuste no aporte calórico em cada modo, correlacionando-os com a equação de Harris-Benedict (H-B). Foram estudados 100 pacientes em que os gases exalados (CO2 e O2) foram medidos durante 20 minutos em cada modo ventilatório (controlado e assistido) e o gasto energético calculado pela fórmula de “Weir”, determinando o GET, em 24 horas e comparado com o GET estimado pela equação de H-B. A média do escore APACHE II foi 21,1± 8,3. A média dos valores estimados pela equação de H-B foi de 1853,87±488,67 Kcal/24 h, considerando os fatores de atividade e estresse. Os valores médios obtidos pela calorimetria indireta (CI) foram de 1712,76 ±491,95 Kcal/24 h para a modalidade controlada e de 1867,33±542,67 Kcal/24 h para a assistida. A média do GET na modalidade assistida foi de 10,71% maior do que na controlada (p<0,001). A comparação das médias do GET, obtidos por CI com a equação de H-B ajustada para fatores de atividade e estresse demonstraram que a equação superestimou em 141,10 Kcal/24 h (8,2%) (p=0,012), quando na modalidade controlada. Retirando-se os fatores de atividade, observou-se uma tendência não significativa a subestimar em 44,28 Kcal/24 h (2,6%) (p=0,399). Quando na modalidade assistida, a comparação com H-B sem o fator de atividade, a medida por CI subestima em 198,84 Kcal/24 h, (10,71%), (p=0,001), enquanto que com o fator de atividade também subestimam, mas em 13,46 Kcal/24 h (0,75%) sem significância estatística (p=0,829). As diferenças observadas com o uso ou não de vasopressor, presença ou não de infecção e sepse como causa de internação na UTI, o tipo de dieta parenteral ou enteral ou sem dieta, e as faixas etárias não tiveram significância estatística, portanto não tiveram influência no gasto energético entre os modos ventilatórios. Os homens quando ventilando no modo controlado gastaram mais energia em relação às mulheres (1838,08 vs. 1577,01; p=0,007). Concluindo-se, os dados sugerem que devemos considerar o fator de atividade de 10%, somente quando em VM assistida, uma vez que este fator de atividade determina hiperalimentação, quando no modo controlado.

Confecção e avaliação de órtese de nitinol auto-expansível com aplicação em vias aéreas

Este trabalho tem como objetivo a confecção de órtese auto-expansível, utilizando fios da liga de nitinol para aplicação em vias aéreas. O processo iniciou na obtenção de um trançado manual e posterior determinação de gabaritos para a confecção das órteses. Após a trançagem, as órteses são submetidas a tratamento térmico a 530ºC, o que gera uma coloração superficial que varia com o tempo de permanência no forno. Essas colorações apresentam variações da cor parda, roxa, azul escura e azul clara, que foram avaliadas mediante testes de variação dimensional, ensaios de compressão e fadiga. Sendo apresentada também a metalografia do fio utilizado na trançagem. As órteses de cor azul escura apresentaram melhor comportamento mecânico e com estas foram realizados ensaios de fadiga. A avaliação da órtese in vivo, foi feita na traquéia de gatos, utilizados na experimentação animal, pelo Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Devido ao resultado positivo dessa avaliação, obteve-se autorização para novo estudo do Ministério da Saúde, pela sua Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa – CONEP, para o implante em vias aéreas humanas, em fase de implementação.

Resposta ao atendimento fonoaudiológico a crianças com paralisia cerebral em uso de sondas para alimentação

A diversidade de alterações fonoaudiológicas em crianças paralisadas cerebrais que utilizam sondas para alimentação torna necessário um estudo que avalie a relação das alterações antes e após intervenção fonoaudiológica. O Objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a resposta ao atendimento fonoaudiológico em crianças com paralisia cerebral em uso de sondas para alimentação. Trata-se de ensaio clínico randomizado duplo cego, com 37 crianças, entre três meses e quatro anos, com paralisia cerebral, utilizando sondas enterais para a alimentação, sem via oral, divididas em dois grupos. O Grupo Intervenção – atendimento fonoaudiológico terapêutico, e o Grupo Controle – tratamento fonoaudiológico placebo. Nos órgãos fonoarticulatórios, foram avaliados lábios, língua, dentes, bochechas e palato e nas funções estomatognáticas, observou-se respiração, sucção, mastigação, deglutição e fala. Após um mês, as crianças foram reavaliadas. Os resultados mais relevantes foram: Grupo intervenção: 50% iniciou alimentação pela via oral. Sensibilidade de língua, palato, lábios e bochechas, mais de 50% normalizaram. Sucção não-nutritiva, 50% organizaram o padrão de sucção, e mais de 70% melhoraram ritmo, pressão intra-oral, vedamento labial e freqüência. Deglutição, 50% passaram a deglutir normalmente. Grupo controle: não houve melhora em relação ao início da via oral, vedamentolabial e sucção não nutritiva. Sensibilidade de língua, bochechas, palato e gengivas – mais de 80% permaneceram iguais. Deglutição, 15,7% pioraram quanto ao ruído. Não foi identificado outro estudo nacional para avaliar a atuação fonoaudiológica em crianças paralisadas cerebrais comparadas quanto ao atendimento. Houve melhora no grupo intervenção, enquanto o outro permaneceu sem modificação na maioria das variáveis. Os resultados obtidos podem contribuir para o trabalho fonoaudiológico junto às crianças que utilizam sondas para alimentação e também contém informações importantes, podendo despertar o interesse para o início de novas e mais completas pesquisas que visem ampliar os conhecimentos sobre o tema proposto.

Efeito do tratamento térmico do titânio sobre a proliferação de células pré-osteoblásticas

Titanium is a biomaterial widely employed in biomedical applications (implants, prostheses, valves, stents). Several heat treatments are usually used in order to obtain physical properties required to different applications. This work studied the influence of the heat treatment on microstructure of commercial pure titanium, and their consequences in growth and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells. Discs of titanium were treated in different temperatures, and characterized by optical microscopy, image analysis, wettabillity, roughness, hardness and X-ray diffraction. After the heat treatment, significant modifications in these properties were observed. Pattern images of titanium, before and after the cell culture, were compared by overlapping to analyze the influence of microstructure in microstructure and preferences guidance cells. However, in general, titanium discs that showed a higher residual strength also presented an increase of cells numbers on surface

Desmame em recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso ao nascer no primeiro retorno ambulatorial após a alta hospitalar

Investigate intrahospital and neonatal determinants associated to the weaning of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Methods: 119 VLBW (<1500g) infants 81 were monitored from July 2005 through August 2006, from birth to the first ambulatory visit after maternity discharge. This maternity unit uses the Kangaroo Method and the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative. Results: Out of 119 VLBW infants monitored until discharge, 88 (75%) returned to the facility, 22 (25%) were on exclusive breastfeeding (EB) and 66 (75%) were weaned (partial breastfeeding or formula feeding). Univariate analysis found an association between weaning and lower birth weight, longer stays in the NICU and longer hospitalization times, in addition to more prolonged enteral feeding and birth weight recovery period. Logistic regression showed length of NICU stay as being the main determinant of weaning. Conclusion: The negative repercussion on EB of an extended stay in the NICU is a significant challenge for health professionals to provide more adequate nutrition to VLBW infants

Effects of nutritional support on hospital outcome in dogs and cats

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Uma intervenção educativa para profissionais de saúde na prevenção de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica

Quasi-experimental study, prospective with quantitative approach, performed at the Hospital do Coração in Natal, aimed at verified the existence of difference between the care given by health professionals to the patients under mechanical ventilation (MV) in the Intensive Care Unit, before and after an educative intervention. The population was of 31 professionals, with data collected between november 05 of 2007 to march 27 of 2008. The results show a yong population, female gender, middle level of education, nursing technique, working between 05 and 09 years on nursing profession, and 01 to 04 years on Intensive Care Unit; almost all, never had an kind of training over prevent pneumonia associated to mechanical ventilation; from those that had training, occur on the work place with duration from 12 to 24 hours. About endotracheal intubation, the cuff was tested with a sterilized syringe had a positive change after a educative intervention, increased from 75,0% to 100,0%; the sterile guide was used on 75,0% before and 100,0% after an educative intervention. Regarding endotracheal suction procedure, was not informed to the patient on 72,7% before, however was informed on 56,7% after; the hands was not previously washed 68,5% before, however was 63,3% after the procedure; mask was used on 74,2 % opportunities before and 76,7% after; the aspiration catheter had adequated size on 98,9% observation before and 100,0% after; the gaze was sterilized on 95,7% before and 100,0% after; the ventilator was connected to the patient during the aspiration intervals on 94,4% observation before and 100,0% after; the ambu bag was clean and protected on 76,1% before and 85,7% after; the aspiration catheter was discarded after be used on 98,9% before and 100,0% after; FIO2 was turned to the begging value on 32,9% observation before and 12,0% after; before the procedure 71,9% professions washed their hands and 73,3% after; before, notes of aspiration results were performed on 70,8% observation and 86,7% after. Regarding devices used on respiratory tract, aspirator flasks were not swapped on 84,6% observations before and 71,0% after; daily látex extention change was not performed on 93,6% observation before and 87,1% after; the ambu bag change was not performed on 50,0% observation before even if was duty or unprotected and on 75,8% opportunities was changed, after; nebulization was not prepared with sterile fluids or manipulated aseptically on 65,2% observation before, perhaps was on 71,7% after; before nebulizers were not changed on 65,2% observations, perhaps were on 60,9% after. Concerning ventilator breathing circuits, condense fluids cumulated on circuits were removed on 55,0% opportunities before, and 64,0% after; moisturizer was not filled with sterile water when already had small amount of liquid inside on 78,4% observations before, and 90,2% after; MV circuits were changed on 97,0% observations on presence of visible duty or when presents some kind of failure, before and 98,4% after. About body position, on 51,3% observations the decubitus position change were done before and 78,2% after; fowler position was maitened on 95,5% observations before and 98,2% after; Regarding respiratory physiotherapy, enteral diet was not interrupted before respiratory physiotherapy on 94,9% before and 90,0% after; respiratory physiotherapy devices were not disinfected or sterile on 69,6% observations before but they re on 60,0% after; before the cateter was not tested before introduction enteral diet or medications on 100,0% but after was done on 15,2%. About enteral feeding, intestine motility and measure of stomach contents were not done on 100,0% observations before, but was 15,2% after. We conclude that 05 of 07 valuated procedures in relation to MV, had a significant improvement on quality of care given after educative intervention, when compared before intervention

Assistência de enfermagem e o risco para úlceras de pressão medido pela Escala de Braden em unidade de terapia intensiva

The problem facing the incidence of pressure ulcers (UP) in the hospital environment especially in the intensive care unit (ICU), although it is an old and frequent event in our professional practice, it is not notified in the researches as much as it should be. We observed a tendency to invest in therapeutical and in studies about the production of sophisticated new bandages. Few, however, are the investments in research on preventive measures in order to prevent or at least slow down the development of lesions. In this sense, the study aimed to analyze the correlation between nursing care and the risk of developing UP measured by the Braden scale in ICU patients. This is a descriptive study of longitudinal quantitative approach. The project obtained a favourable opinion from the Ethics Committee of HUOL (no 486/10). Data collection was carried out in the Hospital of Unimed in Natal during six months in 2011. The sample was of 32 patients hospitalized in ICU for over four days. The results were processed in SPSS 15.0 for descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. We identified that, only 9.4% of our sample developed UP, being predominantly male, elderly people aged above 60 years, Caucasian, with diagnostic hypothesis at the time of hospitalization of sepsis, were clinical patients, who presented hemodynamic instability, using orotracheal tube (TOT), enteral probe (SNE), vesical probe delay (SVD) and had values of albumin and hemoglobin levels below normal. In addition, these patients had a longer hospital stay, longer usage of TOT, SNE, SVD, increased use of sedation and drain than those who did not develop UP and were all at risk for developing these injuries second Braden scores. 66.7% of the lesions developed were located in the sacral region, limiting the degree I and all patients that developed were considered serious, 100.0% of them have evolved since the death. Small were the differences between the averages of Braden scores between patients with and without UP, 11,9+2,4 against 12,4+2,6 with p = 0.627. The clinical aspects of the patients in the study were instrumental in the development of UP, once, these findings were statistically significant through the Mann-Whitney test, and appropriateness of nursing conduct was decisive for the prevention of pressure ulcers in critical patients, since many were those classified as at risk (28) and few who have developed lesions (03)

Canaliculites: apresentação de série de casos atendidos na Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu-UNESP - com ênfase no tratamento realizado

A canaliculite é uma afecção rara da via lacrimal. Os autores apresentam uma série de cinco casos tratados na Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu-UNESP, comentam os achados à luz da literatura pertinente e tecem considerações sobre o tratamento efetuado, ressaltando que a canaliculotomia pode ter bons resultados mesmo que o canalículo não receba suturas ou moldes.

Laparoscopic management of iatrogenic lesions

Purpose: To present our series of patients who underwent laparoscopic correction of iatrogenic lesions and a review of the literature.Patients and Methods: We evaluated 23 patients who underwent laparoscopic correction of iatrogenic lesions. Thirteen patients had open surgery, 6 had an endoscopic procedure, and 4 had a laparoscopic approach as the first surgical procedure. Vesicovaginal fistulas (VVF) developed in seven patients after open abdominal hysterectomies, and 1 patient presented with a VVF after ureterolithotripsy. A urethral cutaneous fistula developed in one patient after a laparoscopic resection of endometriosis nodules, and 1 patient presented with a ureterovaginal fistula after a perineoplasty. Three patients presented with encrusted ureteral stents after ureterolithotripsy. Ureteral stenosis developed in seven patients: three after open abdominal surgery, three after ureteroscopy, and one after pyeloplasty. One patient had a ureteral injury during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, and two patients had bowel injuries after a tension-free vaginal tape procedure and a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.Results: All patients underwent laparoscopic correction of the iatrogenic injuries. One patient had an early recurrence of a VVF, and one patient had a recurrence of a ureteral stenosis. There was one conversion to open surgery because of technical difficulties and one major bleeding event that necessitated blood transfusion. A lower limb compartmental syndrome developed in one patient.Conclusion: Despite the small number of patients and different types of surgeries performed, laparoscopic management of iatrogenic lesions seems to be feasible and safe in experienced hands. Its precise role in the management of this stressful condition still needs to be determined.

Evaluation of chemopreventive activity of glutamine by the comet and the micronucleus assay in mice's peripheral blood

This research has evaluated the effects of enteral supplementation of glutamine in clastogens and genotoxic damages caused by the acute administration of cisplatin. For this. it was utilized Swiss mice distributed in eight experimental groups: control, cisplatin, glutamine, in three different doses and the combination of these with cisplatin. The results show that the glutamine was present in neither genotoxic nor mutagenic activity. When in association with glutamine and cisplatin, in simultaneous treatment, it was verified the frequency decreased of micronuclei and comets. The damage reduction percentages to the micronucleus ranged from 95.4 to 91.8% after 24 h of administration of these compounds and 76.7 to 56.8% after 48 h. In the same time the damage reduction percentages to the comet test ranged from 117.0 to 115.0%. The results suggest that glutamine is capable of preventing genotoxic and mutagenic damage according to the experimental design proposed. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

O uso da gastrostomia percutânea endoscópica

A gastrostomia percutânea endoscópica foi introduzida na prática clínica como via alternativa de alimentação enteral. É procedimento que não necessita de anestesia ou laparotomia, como a gastrostomia cirúrgica. A gastrostomia percutânea endoscópica tem como objetivos a manutenção do aporte nutricional e a melhoria da qualidade de vida e sobrevida dos pacientes. É indicada quando o paciente necessita de dieta enteral por período superior a um mês. A freqüência de complicações varia de 1,0% a 10,0% e a mortalidade de 0,3% a 1,0%. É propósito deste trabalho abordar aspectos relevantes desse método de alimentação enteral, aprimorar seu manejo, bem como facilitar o manejo pelos pacientes que dele se utilizam. Para isso, vamos comentar as indicações e contra-indicações da gastrostomia percutânea endoscópica, técnica de colocação, material das sondas, antibiótico profilático, início de utilização, custo do procedimento, além de suas complicações, aspectos legais e éticos.

Long-term histopathologic evaluation of inferior vena cava after modified Greenfield filter implantation - Experimental study in sheep

Aim. The authors assess a modified Greenfield filter (GF) for the long-term patency, filter tilting and histopathologic alterations of the inferior vena cava (IVC).Methods. Adult sheep (n=7) underwent modified GF placement in the IVC. Cavograms were obtained every 3 months and pulmonary angiography at 12 months. Histopathologic and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were performed on the IVC explanted at 12 months.Results. Cavograms showed that all IVC were patent at the end of the study. Filter tilting occurred in 2/7 animals and extrusion of struts was not observed. Macroscopic examination at explantation showed minimal venous wall thickening. Microscopic examination showed minimal IVC fibrosis and intimal hyperplasia. SEM showed endothelium on the IVC surface at the filter implantation site and a presumed endothelial layer covering partially or totally the struts. The interface filter-IVC was covered by deposits of leucocytes and platelets. No signs of pulmonary embolism were found in all pulmonary angiograms of both groups.Conclusion. The modified filter presented good biocompatibility, stability and absence of thrombogenicity at 12 months. It presented low tendency to tilting and extrusion of struts. The long-term histopathologic alterations in vena caval wall were minimal and the appearance of the studied filters in the IVC was similar to stents placed in the arterial system.

Serum Vitamins in Adult Patients With Short Bowel Syndrome Receiving Intermittent Parenteral Nutrition

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Nutritional management and weight changes during hospitalization of Brazilian infants with diarrhoea: Primary reliance on oral feeding or continuous nasogastric drip with locally made, modulated minced chicken formula

The nutritional management of infants admitted with diarrhoea to the University Hospital of Botucatu includes a change from bolus feeding of a modulated minced-chicken formula to a continuous nasogastric drip (NGD) feeding, whenever the required calorie intake is not achieved or the diarrhoea does not subside. To evaluate this approach, the clinical course and weight changes of 63 children, aged 1-20 months, were reviewed; most (81 per cent) were below the third percentile for weight at admission and 76 per cent had a total duration of diarrhoea ≥10 days. Associated infections, mainly systemic, were present at or after admission in 70 per cent of them. Twenty-five survivors needed nutritional support (NS), predominantly NGD, for a median duration of 30 per cent of their admission time, and were compared to 31 survivors managed without NS. Those who necessitated NS lost weight for a significantly longer median time (12x4 days, p<0.005), but their total weight loss was similar (5x4 per cent) as well as diarrhoea's duration (8x7 days). There was a tendency for a longer hospitalization (21x16 days 0.05