Spatial clusters of suicide in the municipality of Sao Paulo 1996-2005: an ecological study

Background: In a classical study, Durkheim mapped suicide rates, wealth, and low family density and realized that they clustered in northern France. Assessing others variables, such as religious society, he constructed a framework for the analysis of the suicide, which still allows international comparisons using the same basic methodology. The present study aims to identify possible significantly clusters of suicide in the city of Sao Paulo, and then, verify their statistical associations with socio-economic and cultural characteristics. Methods: A spatial scan statistical test was performed to analyze the geographical pattern of suicide deaths of residents in the city of Sao Paulo by Administrative District, from 1996 to 2005. Relative risks and high and/or low clusters were calculated accounting for gender and age as co-variates, were analyzed using spatial scan statistics to identify geographical patterns. Logistic regression was used to estimate associations with socioeconomic variables, considering, the spatial cluster of high suicide rates as the response variable. Drawing from Durkheim's original work, current World Health Organization (WHO) reports and recent reviews, the following independent variables were considered: marital status, income, education, religion, and migration. Results: The mean suicide rate was 4.1/100,000 inhabitant-years. Against this baseline, two clusters were identified: the first, of increased risk (RR = 1.66), comprising 18 districts in the central region; the second, of decreased risk (RR = 0.78), including 14 districts in the southern region. The downtown area toward the southwestern region of the city displayed the highest risk for suicide, and though the overall risk may be considered low, the rate climbs up to an intermediate level in this region. One logistic regression analysis contrasted the risk cluster (18 districts) against the other remaining 78 districts, testing the effects of socioeconomic-cultural variables. The following categories of proportion of persons within the clusters were identified as risk factors: singles (OR = 2.36), migrants (OR = 1.50), Catholics (OR = 1.37) and higher income (OR = 1.06). In a second logistic model, likewise conceived, the following categories of proportion of persons were identified as protective factors: married (OR = 0.49) and Evangelical (OR = 0.60). Conclusions: This risk/ protection profile is in accordance with the interpretation that, as a social phenomenon, suicide is related to social isolation. Thus, the classical framework put forward by Durkheim seems to still hold, even though its categorical expression requires re-interpretation.

Tuzla City (BiH): an example of geohazard induced by salt extraction

Salt deposits characterize the subsurface of Tuzla (BiH) and made it famous since the ancient times. Archeological discoveries demonstrate the presence of a Neolithic pile-dwelling settlement related to the existence of saltwater springs that contributed to make the most of the area a swampy ground. Since the Roman times, the town is reported as “the City of Salt deposits and Springs”; "tuz" is the Turkish word for salt, as the Ottomans renamed the settlement in the 15th century following their conquest of the medieval Bosnia (Donia and Fine, 1994). Natural brine springs were located everywhere and salt has been evaporated by means of hot charcoals since pre-Roman times. The ancient use of salt was just a small exploitation compared to the massive salt production carried out during the 20th century by means of classical mine methodologies and especially wild brine pumping. In the past salt extraction was practised tapping natural brine springs, while the modern technique consists in about 100 boreholes with pumps tapped to the natural underground brine runs, at an average depth of 400-500 m. The mining operation changed the hydrogeological conditions enabling the downward flow of fresh water causing additional salt dissolution. This process induced severe ground subsidence during the last 60 years reaching up to 10 meters of sinking in the most affected area. Stress and strain of the overlying rocks induced the formation of numerous fractures over a conspicuous area (3 Km2). Consequently serious damages occurred to buildings and infrastructures such as water supply system, sewage networks and power lines. Downtown urban life was compromised by the destruction of more than 2000 buildings that collapsed or needed to be demolished causing the resettlement of about 15000 inhabitants (Tatić, 1979). Recently salt extraction activities have been strongly reduced, but the underground water system is returning to his natural conditions, threatening the flooding of the most collapsed area. During the last 60 years local government developed a monitoring system of the phenomenon, collecting several data about geodetic measurements, amount of brine pumped, piezometry, lithostratigraphy, extension of the salt body and geotechnical parameters. A database was created within a scientific cooperation between the municipality of Tuzla and the city of Rotterdam (D.O.O. Mining Institute Tuzla, 2000). The scientific investigation presented in this dissertation has been financially supported by a cooperation project between the Municipality of Tuzla, The University of Bologna (CIRSA) and the Province of Ravenna. The University of Tuzla (RGGF) gave an important scientific support in particular about the geological and hydrogeological features. Subsidence damage resulting from evaporite dissolution generates substantial losses throughout the world, but the causes are only well understood in a few areas (Gutierrez et al., 2008). The subject of this study is the collapsing phenomenon occurring in Tuzla area with the aim to identify and quantify the several factors involved in the system and their correlations. Tuzla subsidence phenomenon can be defined as geohazard, which represents the consequence of an adverse combination of geological processes and ground conditions precipitated by human activity with the potential to cause harm (Rosenbaum and Culshaw, 2003). Where an hazard induces a risk to a vulnerable element, a risk management process is required. The single factors involved in the subsidence of Tuzla can be considered as hazards. The final objective of this dissertation represents a preliminary risk assessment procedure and guidelines, developed in order to quantify the buildings vulnerability in relation to the overall geohazard that affect the town. The historical available database, never fully processed, have been analyzed by means of geographic information systems and mathematical interpolators (PART I). Modern geomatic applications have been implemented to deeply investigate the most relevant hazards (PART II). In order to monitor and quantify the actual subsidence rates, geodetic GPS technologies have been implemented and 4 survey campaigns have been carried out once a year. Subsidence related fractures system has been identified by means of field surveys and mathematical interpretations of the sinking surface, called curvature analysis. The comparison of mapped and predicted fractures leaded to a better comprehension of the problem. Results confirmed the reliability of fractures identification using curvature analysis applied to sinking data instead of topographic or seismic data. Urban changes evolution has been reconstructed analyzing topographic maps and satellite imageries, identifying the most damaged areas. This part of the investigation was very important for the quantification of buildings vulnerability.

Modelling and analysis of internally BFRP reinforced beams at elevated temperatures

The aim of the work is to conduct a finite element model analysis on a small – size concrete beam and on a full size concrete beam internally reinforced with BFRP exposed at elevated temperatures. Experimental tests performed at Kingston University have been used to compare the results from the numerical analysis for the small – size concrete beam. Once the behavior of the small – size beam at room temperature is investigated and switching to the heating phase reinforced beams are tested at 100°C, 200°C and 300°C in loaded condition. The aim of the finite element analysis is to reflect the three – point bending test adopted into the oven during the exposure of the beam at room temperature and at elevated temperatures. Performance and deformability of reinforced beams are straightly correlated to the material properties and a wide analysis on elastic modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion is given in this work. Develop a good correlation between the numerical model and the experimental test is the main objective of the analysis on the small – size concrete beam, for both modelling the aim is also to estimate which is the deterioration of the material properties due to the heating process and the influence of different parameters on the final result. The focus of the full – size modelling which involved the last part of this work is to evaluate the effect of elevated temperatures, the material deterioration and the deflection trend on a reinforced beam characterized by a different size. A comparison between the results from different modelling has been developed.

Alla ricerca dell'autenticità. Kathy Acker e Vladimir Sorokin a confronto

Il mio lavoro di tesi si intitola "Alla ricerca dell'autenticità. Kathy Acker e Vladimir Sorokin a confronto". La comparazione riflette sulle inaspettate similarità sociali, e di conseguenza letterarie, di Usa e Urss dagli anni Settanta agli anni Novanta, indagate attraverso l'arte dei due scrittori citati nel titolo.  Kathy Acker è nata nel 1947 a New York e durante gli anni Settanta frequentò assiduamente la comunità artistica definita "Downtown New York". Vladimir Sorokin è nato nel 1955 nei dintorni di Mosca e negli stessi anni entrò all'intorno del circolo "Moskovskij Konzeptualism" della grande città. Queste due comunità artistiche erano create dalla libera aggregazione di artisti, scultori, letterati, poeti, musicisti.. in un vortice creativo in contrasto con la chiusura sociale e artistica degli ambiti definibili come accademici o ufficiali.  Con le loro opere Acker e Sorokin cercarono di distruggere le norme sovraimposte e arrivare all'"autenticità" riguardo al sé, all'homo sovieticus, all'uomo americano e riguardo al genere umano in generale.  Nell'arco del mio studio l'utopia del radioso avvenire sovietico e l'utopia del sogno americano d'oltreoceano si sono rivelati come prigioni della vita di ogni giorno, in grado di allontanare l'uomo dai suoi desideri veri e dai suoi impulsi più umani. Le risposte artistiche delle due comunità in generale e dei due scrittori in particolare sono volte alla liberazione dai vincoli dell'utopia e alla riscoperta di ciò che è ritenuto come debolezza e bassezza dell'uomo. Le due comunità artistiche cercarono il contatto con un vasto pubblico non elitario, cercano un linguaggio comprensibile da tutti. Contemporaneamente il corpo con tutte le sue pulsioni cerca di riguadagnare il proprio spazio in un sè egemonizzato dalla mente. Ma quel che queste comunità artistiche soprattutto fanno è porre domande alla coscienza e incoscienza della società. Cercano di trasformare il terrore quotidiano in qualcosa di comprensibile e scaricabile, un ruolo che una volta era proprio dei rituali trasgressivi del popolo e che dal Novecento, con la trasformazione del popolo in massa omologata, sono venuti a mancare. Acker e Sorokin cercano strutture narrative e artistiche in grado di proporre alla “corporealtà collettiva” una via di redenzione ritualistica. Questi artisti non si conformano e sono in grado di illuminare, di dare sostentamento all'individuo nella ricerca personale di una lingua, di un pensiero, di un mito in cui vivere. Reagiscono al balbettio omologante delle società di massa, non si adeguano a nessuna forma fissa e anche la loro arte continua a evolvere, a fallire, a cercare.

Einzelpartikel- und Ensemblemessungen mit dem Aerosolmassenspektrometer (AMS): Untersuchungen zu Quellen und chemischer Prozessierung von Aerosolpartikeln im Submikrometerbereich

Atmosphärische Aerosolpartikel haben einen Einfluss sowohl auf das Klima als auch auf die menschliche Gesundheit, wobei sowohl die Größe, als auch die chemische Zusammensetzung der Partikel maßgeblich sind. Um insbesondere die chemische Zusammensetzung der Partikel in Abhängigkeit ihrer Quellen besser zu verstehen, wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit massenspektrometrische Untersuchungen thermisch verdampfbarer Partikel im Submikrometerbereich durchgeführt. Hierzu wurden sowohl die Massenspektren einzelner Partikel, als auch die von Ensembles von Partikeln mit dem Aerodyne Aerosolmassenspektrometer (AMS) in mehreren Feldmesskampagnen untersucht. Für die Messung von Einzelpartikelmassenspektren wurde das AMS zunächst durch den Einbau eines optischen Partikeldetektors (light scattering probe) modifiziert und anschließend eingehend charakterisiert. Dabei wurde festgestellt, dass mit dem Gerät im Partikelgrößenbereich von etwa 400-750 nm (untere Grenze bedingt durch die Detektionseffizienz des optischen Detektors, obere Grenze durch die Transmissionseffizienz des Aerosoleinlasssystems) quantitative Einzelpartikelmessungen möglich sind. Zudem wurde die Analyse der erhaltenen Messdaten systematisiert, und durch Einsatz von Standardspektren ein Sortieralgorithmus für die Einzelpartikelmassenspektren entwickelt, der erfolgreich auf Daten von Feldmesskampagnen angewandt werden konnte. Mit diesem Sortieralgorithmus sind zudem quantitative Aussagen über die verschiedenen Partikelbestandteile möglich. Im Sommer 2009 und im Winter 2010 fanden im Großraum Paris zwei einmonatige Feldmesskampagnen statt, bei denen unter anderem der Einfluss der Abluftfahne der Megastadt auf seine Vororte untersucht wurde. Erhöhte Konzentrationen sekundär gebildeter Aerosolkomponenten (Nitrat, Sulfat, oxidiertes organisches Aerosol (OOA)) waren insbesondere beim Herantransport kontinentaler Luftmassen zu beobachten. Im Gegensatz dazu waren die beobachteten Konzentrationen der Tracer primärer Emissionen NOx, BC (black carbon) und HOA (hydrocarbonlike organic aerosol) neben der lokalen Quellstärke insbesondere durch die herrschende Windgeschwindigkeit beeinflusst. Aus dem Vergleich der Messungen an drei Stationen konnte der Einfluss der Megastadt Paris auf seine Vororte (unter Annahme gleicher lokaler Emissionen an den zwei Vorort-Stationen) zu 0,1-0,7 µg m-3 BC, 0,3-1,1 µg m-3 HOA, und 3-5 ppb NOx abgeschätzt werden. Zudem konnten für zwei Stationen aus den Ensemble- bzw. den Einzelpartikelmessungen unabhängig voneinander zwei verschiedene HOA-Typen unterschieden werden, die den Quellen „Kochen“ und „Autoabgase“ zugeordnet wurden. Der Anteil der Partikel aus den Quellen „Kochen“ bzw. „Autoabgase“ am Gesamt-HOA betrug 65,5 % und 34,5 % für die Ensemblemessungen in der Innenstadt (nahe vieler Restaurants), und für die Einzelpartikelmessungen in einem Vorort 59 % bzw. 41 % (bezogen auf die Partikelanzahl, welche hier der Masse etwa proportional ist). Die Analyse der Einzelpartikelmassenspektren erbrachte zudem neue Erkenntnisse über den Mischungszustand der Einzelpartikel. So konnte belegt werden, dass Nitrat, Sulfat und OOA intern gemischt sind, HOA-Partikel aber als externe Mischung mit diesen vorliegen. Zudem konnte anhand der Tagesgänge der Masse pro Partikel von OOA, Nitrat und Sulfat und der Anzahl der diese Substanzen enthaltenden Partikel gezeigt werden, dass der im Ensemblemodus beobachtete fehlende Tagesgang der Sulfat-Massenkonzentration wahrscheinlich durch die gegensätzlichen Effekte der Modulation der Partikelanzahlkonzentration durch die sich verändernde Mischungsschichthöhe und der variierenden Masse an Sulfat pro Partikel (mittägliche photochemische Neuproduktion und Kondensation auf existierende Partikel) erklärt werden kann. Für OOA ist eine ähnliche Erklärung des Ensemblemodus-Tagesganges jedoch nur teilweise möglich; weitere Arbeit ist daher nötig, um auch für diese Substanzklasse belastbare Aussagen aus dem Vergleich der Ensemble- und Einzelpartikelmessungen zu erhalten. Im Rahmen einer Labormesskampagne an der AIDA-Kammer in Karlsruhe wurden Ensemble- und Einzelpartikelmassenspektren von Bakterien aufgenommen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass es prinzipiell möglich ist, Bakterien in Außenluft mittels Einzelpartikelmessungen nachzuweisen, jedoch wahrscheinlich nur bei sehr hohen Anzahlkonzentrationen. Der Nachweis von Bakterien und anderen primären biologischen Aerosolpartikeln mit dem AMS sollte daher in weiterführenden Experimenten noch optimiert werden.

Exhibits

The Carnegie Museum in downtown Houghton has a pair of Finnish-connected exhibits on display. A photographic exhibit titled “The Last Days of Italian Hall” by local photographer Eric Munch will be open to the public, as well as “Family Ties: Memorials to Those Lost in the 1913 Italian Hall Tragedy” by the Houghton-Keweenaw Genealogical Society. Munch’s photographs were taken in the early and mid 1980s, shortly after he moved to the Copper Country, and consist of both interior and exterior shots of the Hall, including some taken at the time of its demolition. The “Family Ties” exhibit is the result of a project through which HKGS members researched the genealogy of every Italian Hall tragedy victim. Also on exhibit is "From the Old School: Memories from the Old Houghton High School 1923-1989". Exhibit includes oral histories by former students and faculty recorded as a community project by students from the Class of 2013. Winning projects from the Western UP Science Fair (grades 4-8) are also being displayed. Carnegie Museum exhibit information can be obtained by calling (906) 482-7140.

Exhibits

The Carnegie Museum in downtown Houghton has a pair of Finnish-connected exhibits on display. A photographic exhibit titled “The Last Days of Italian Hall” by local photographer Eric Munch will be open to the public, as well as “Family Ties: Memorials to Those Lost in the 1913 Italian Hall Tragedy” by the Houghton-Keweenaw Genealogical Society. Munch’s photographs were taken in the early and mid 1980s, shortly after he moved to the Copper Country, and consist of both interior and exterior shots of the Hall, including some taken at the time of its demolition. The “Family Ties” exhibit is the result of a project through which HKGS members researched the genealogy of every Italian Hall tragedy victim. Also on exhibit is "From the Old School: Memories from the Old Houghton High School 1923-1989". Exhibit includes oral histories by former students and faculty recorded as a community project by students from the Class of 2013. Winning projects from the Western UP Science Fair (grades 4-8) are also being displayed. Carnegie Museum exhibit information can be obtained by calling (906) 482-7140.

The Copper Strike of 1968-1969

In May of 1968, workers at the Kingston mine, a branch of the Calumet Division of Universal Oil Products walked off the site in protest of a safety issue involving a man-car. Knowing their contracts were due for negotiation in just a few months, the workers quickly returned, only to find themselves striking yet again just three months later, when negotiations failed. Requesting pay equal to that of the workers at the nearby White Pine mine was unacceptable to the heads of Universal Oil, the corporation which bought the long running Calumet & Hecla just a year earlier in 1968. The strike would last for nine months, ending in a total shutdown of all mining operations on the Keweenaw Peninsula, and bring an economic hardship to the area that would take decades to recover from. The Copper Strike of 1968-1969 is often forgotten, though extremely important to the story of the copper industry in Michigan, as well as to the United States. This paper has not yet been submitted.

Cervical cancer screening in Hispanic women as compared with other ethnic groups on an urban campus

Although Pap screening has decreased morbidity and mortality from cervical cancer, reported statistics indicate that among ethnic groups, Hispanic women are one of the least likely to follow screening guidelines. Human papillomavirus (HPV), a major risk factor for cervical cancer, as well as pre-cancerous lesions, may be detected by early Pap screening. With a reported 43% prevalence of HPV infection in college women, regular Pap screening is important. The purpose of this descriptive, cross-sectional survey was to examine self-reported cervical cancer screening rates in a target population of primarily Mexican-American college women, and to discover if recognized correlates for screening behavior explained differences in screening rates between this and two other predominant groups on the University of Houston Downtown campus, non-Hispanic white and African-American. The sample size consisted of 613 women recruited from summer 2003 classes. A survey, adapted from an earlier El Paso study, and based on constructs of the Health Belief Model (HBM), was administered to women ages 18 and older. It was found that although screening rates were similar across ethnic groups, overall, the Hispanic group obtained screening less frequently, though this did not reach statistical significance. However, a significant difference in lower screening rates was found in Mexican American women ages <25. Additionally, of the predicted correlates, the construct of perceived barriers from the HBM was most significant for the Mexican American group for non-screening. For all groups, knowledge about cervical cancer was negatively correlated with ever obtaining Pap screening and screening within the past year. This implies that if health counseling is given at the time of women's screening visits, both adherence to appropriate screening intervals and risk factor avoidance may be more likely. Studies such as these are needed to address both screening behaviors and likelihood of follow-up for abnormal results in populations of multicultural, urban college women. ^

What Makes Small-City Downtowns Viable?

The paper examines the experience of Connecticut's urban centers over the past century with an eye toward informing public policy. An in-depth qualitative discussion describes the rise and characteristics of urbanism, and then its unraveling. Linear regression analysis then quantifies the impact of various contributory factors on urban economic health in Connecticut cities since 1980. The findings suggest that local policymakers are largely unable to influence economic conditions in their cities.